Gmoa

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[[]] '
Type

Word origins

Alignment

Head direction

Tonal
No
Declensions
No
Conjugations
No
Genders
No
Nouns decline according to...
Case	Number
Definiteness	Gender
Verbs conjugate according to...
Voice	Mood
Person	Number
Tense	Aspect

General information[]

Phonology[]

Consonants[]

	Bilabial	Dental	Alveolar	Post-alveolar	Palatal	Velar
Nasal	m		n			n
Plosive	p b		t d		c j	k g
Fricative	ff vv	f v	s	x z
Affricate		p
Approximant					y
Trill
Flap or tap			r
Lateral fric.			r
Lateral app.
Lateral flap

"R" is rolled word initial, tapped word central and final.

"N" becomes velar when followed by a velar consonant.

"P" becomes an affricate word final (very uncommon, but it happens).

Not shown in the chart is "w" which is equivalent to the English "w".

Vowels[]

An asterisk indicates a short sound.

	Front	Near-front	Central	Back
Close	i			u
Near-close		i*
Close-mid	e			o/o*
Mid			u/a*
Open-mid	e*
Near-open
Open				a

Vowels are long if they are stressed or are in open syllables. Vowels are short in closed unstressed syllables.

Diphthongs are pronounced as they appear, unless it is comprised of the same vowel twice in a row. The only vowel pairs that cannot be diphthongs are "ie", "uo" and "ou", and all vowel pairs must be diphthongs (therefore, any of the aforementioned vowel pairs cannot exist).

When a vowel appears twice in a row, they create unique sounds:

aa - like "a", but begins with a more rounded sound (technically speaking, the open back rounded vowel).

ee - pronounced as "ye".

oo - Pronounced as the English long "o" sound.

"Uu" and "ii" don't exist in Gmoa.

An important note on the "O":

In English, a long "o" starts off in the close-mid position, but gradually turns into a more closed vowel by the end. You can see this if you try to say "oh" slowly. In Gmoa, the "o" (pronounced the same long and short besides a difference in duration) never does this; it stays in the close-mid position for the entire duration of the sound.

Alphabet[]

The full alphabet shown in order is:

Aa, Bb, Dd, Ee, Ff, Gg, Ii, Jj, Kk, Mm, Nn, Oo, Pp, Rr, Ss, Tt, Uu, Vv, Ww, Xx, Cc, Yy, Zz

Phonotactics[]

There aren't any formal limitations on Gmoan phonotactics. Theoretically, any syllable you can imagine can exist - if the term "syllable" can't even be safely used to describe some of the letter clusters used in Gmoa.

Grammar[]

	Gender	Cases	Numbers	Tenses	Persons	Moods	Voices	Aspects
Verb	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Nouns	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Adjectives	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Numbers	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Participles	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Adverb	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Pronouns	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Adpositions	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Article	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Particle	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No

Nouns[]

Nouns are very simple grammatically speaking. They don't decline - word order and prepositions show purpose and a verbal particle shows number in subjects and objects - the only way to show the number of the indirect objects, owners, etc. besides context is to add a number or a word such as "many, several". The most difficult aspect of nouns is that most of them have two forms: informal and "formal".

Often times, the informal is the shorter form of the two (besides a few exceptions). It's used to talk about objects/activities that you enjoy, and close friends and family. The "formal" is used to talk about people you should show respect to (stranger, boss, etc.) The reason I put it in quotation marks is because of its use with non-sentient nouns; then it describes an object/activity you don't like. This can be sketchy, because it can (rarely) be used to describe people you don't like if said with the wrong tone, so you could seriously offend someone, and even be excluded form certain transactions/relationships (i.e. get fired), if you say it with a bad attitude. Also, if you use the formal to describe a friend, it could be considered hurtful, implying that you guys aren't as close as they thought. So long as your careful in how you speak to others, though, you'll be fine.

Some examples of nouns:

Jmi->Jamiat - walk, stroll, jog
Gto->Gestor - vehicle (doesn't have to have an engine, e.x. horse-and-buggy)
Arten->As - fruit
Ex->Xiat - vegetable
Mo->Map - sound
Plis->Polisarna - Police officer (Arna - person*)
Aliot->Arosarna - Firefighter (A->Aros - fire)
Maa->Maartnigta - Politician (Maa->Maart - politics; Nigta->Nwatnde - scholar)^

*Arna is an example of a word without the formal/informal distinction.

^Notice how formal compounds may not consist fully of formal words. It can consist of both formal and informal nouns. This doesn't happen with informal compound words, however (i.e. they can only contain informal nouns).

Pronouns[]

These also have no plural. Read on the verbal particle for more on this.

First person is "e", second "aru", third "to".

Adjectives[]

They always come before their noun, even in sentences such as "He is pompous." (Explained with "Oe" in the verb section).

Verbs The most complicated part of speech is the verb. It is conjugated for tense and mood, prefixed to indicate questions, exclamations and unconjugated verbs, and takes a particle which gives the subject and object of a sentence number.

Also - just a side note - regular verbs must always begin with a consonant. This might mean adding an arbitrary consonant word initial when deriving a verb from some other part of speech (e.x. Esi->Elten - food->->Zesi - eat). Verbs are always formed from the informal when derived from nouns.

Tense and Mood

There are three tenses and three moods in Gmoa shown through a suffix. A complete chart:

Jmi (to walk)	Indicative	Subjunctive	Imperative
Future	Jminen	Jmixe	--
Present	Jmi	Jmis	Jmo*
Past	Jmin	Jmisen	--

If the final vowel of a verb is "i" or "e", then the vowel changes to "o" and "a" respectively. Otherwise, a verb gets a "-(o)y" ending.

This chart applies to all regular verbs.

Prefixes

All verbs receive prefixes to indicate questions and exclamations (often accompanied by a change in tone). A question receives a "ge-" prefix, unless it's rhetorical - then it gets a "ye-" prefix. If the speaker is surprised, they can prefix it with "sa-".

Also, any verb left in the infinitive form gets a "pagi-" prefix.

Ex.

To gejminen ya? - Will he be running?
Aru yegas es e? - Do you doubt me?
Areel sarete* ya pagizesna! - Ariel wants to abstain from talking! (This may be surprising if the person in question is loquacious.)

*Verbs such as "rete (to want)" and "er (would. . . if)" can only take the subjunctive, since they can only describe a hypothetical scenario which may or may not come true.

The Particle

In Gmoa, there are no number declensions. There is, however, a set of particles placed after the verb (only one at any given time) that indicates number for the subject and object of a sentence. A chart for the subject only particles:

	Singular	Plural
1st	es	yes
2nd	es	ya
3rd	ya	ago

If there is an object, a suffix is added to the stem. No suffix if the object is singular. If the object is plural, "-ti" indicates a third-person object, "-i" second-person, and "-ye" first-person. These guidelines apply unless both subject and object are third person plurals, in which case we use the particle "agi."

One of these particles must be present any time a verb is present in a sentence (unless the verb is oe).

Irregular Verbs

Er (would. . . if)	Indicative	Subjunctive	Imperative
Future	--	era	--
Present	--	er	--
Past	---	era	--

Note: Verbs along the lines of "isko" never appear in the infinitive except for isolated translations.

Rete (to want)	Indicative	Subjunctive	Imperative
Future	--	rau	--
Present	--	rete	--
Past	--	re	--

Oe

Oe is highly irregular, in that it is hardly a verb at all. It only inflects for tense and takes no particle. Even stranger than that, it just outright disobeys word order (which should go SVO) by going OSV (O in this case may also refer to an adjective). As a matter of fact, the only reason I call it a verb is becase I don't have a better name for it.

Future tense is "os" and past is "oen."

Syntax[]

Vocabulary[]

No.	English
1	I	—
2	you (singular)	—
3	he	—
4	we	—
5	you (plural)	—
6	they	—
7	this	—
8	that	—
9	here	—
10	there	—
11	who	—
12	what	—
13	where	—
14	when	—
15	how	—
16	not	—
17	all	—
18	many	—
19	some	—
20	few	—
21	other	—
22	one	—
23	two	—
24	three	—
25	four	—
26	five	—
27	big	—
28	long	—
29	wide	—
30	thick	—
31	heavy	—
32	small	—
33	short	—
34	narrow	—
35	thin	—
36	woman	—
37	man (adult male)	—
38	man (human being)	—
39	child	—
40	wife	—
41	husband	—
42	mother	—
43	father	—
44	animal	—
45	fish	—
46	bird	—
47	dog	—
48	louse	—
49	snake	—
50	worm	—
51	tree	—
52	forest	—
53	stick	—
54	fruit	—
55	seed	—
56	leaf	—
57	root	—
58	bark	—
59	flower	—
60	grass	—
61	rope	—
62	skin	—
63	meat	—
64	blood	—
65	bone	—
66	fat	—
67	egg	—
68	horn	—
69	tail	—
70	feather	—
71	hair	—
72	head	—
73	ear	—
74	eye	—
75	nose	—
76	mouth	—
77	tooth	—
78	tongue	—
79	fingernail	—
80	foot	—
81	leg	—
82	knee	—
83	hand	—
84	wing	—
85	belly	—
86	guts	—
87	neck	—
88	back	—
89	breast	—
90	heart	—
91	liver	—
92	drink	—
93	eat	—
94	bite	—
95	suck	—
96	spit	—
97	vomit	—
98	blow	—
99	breathe	—
100	laugh	—
101	see	—
102	hear	—
103	know	—
104	think	—
105	smell	—
106	fear	—
107	sleep	—
108	live	—
109	die	—
110	kill	—
111	fight	—
112	hunt	—
113	hit	—
114	cut	—
115	split	—
116	stab	—
117	scratch	—
118	dig	—
119	swim	—
120	fly	—
121	walk	—
122	come	—
123	lie	—
124	sit	—
125	stand	—
126	turn	—
127	fall	—
128	give	—
129	hold	—
130	squeeze	—
131	rub	—
132	wash	—
133	wipe	—
134	pull	—
135	push	—
136	throw	—
137	tie	—
138	sew	—
139	count	—
140	say	—
141	sing	—
142	play	—
143	float	—
144	flow	—
145	freeze	—
146	swell	—
147	sun	—
148	moon	—
149	star	—
150	water	—
151	rain	—
152	river	—
153	lake	—
154	sea	—
155	salt	—
156	stone	—
157	sand	—
158	dust	—
159	earth	—
160	cloud	—
161	fog	—
162	sky	—
163	wind	—
164	snow	—
165	ice	—
166	smoke	—
167	fire	—
168	ash	—
169	burn	—
170	road	—
171	mountain	—
172	red	—
173	green	—
174	yellow	—
175	white	—
176	black	—
177	night	—
178	day	—
179	year	—
180	warm	—
181	cold	—
182	full	—
183	new	—
184	old	—
185	good	—
186	bad	—
187	rotten	—
188	dirty	—
189	straight	—
190	round	—
191	sharp	—
192	dull	—
193	smooth	—
194	wet	—
195	dry	—
196	correct	—
197	near	—
198	far	—
199	right	—
200	left	—
201	at	—
202	in	—
203	with	—
204	and	—
205	if	—
206	because	—
207	name	—