Hofłkřgo

Hofłkřgo
Type
Alignment
Head direction
Tonal	Yes
Declensions	No
Conjugations	No
Genders	Masculine, Feminine, Neuter
Nouns decline according to...
Case	Number
Definiteness	Gender
Verbs conjugate according to...
Voice	Mood
Person	Number
Tense	Aspect
Meta-information
Statistics Nouns % Verbs % Adjectives % Syntax 0% Words of 1500
Creator	[[User:|]]

Hofłkřgo is a naturalistic constructed language (natlang) spoken in the Hufakřğ region on the fictional world of Zamn̥a. Hofłkřgo is classified as a fusional language, for the majority of the lexicon can serve multiple meanings and is comprised largely of multiple affixes strung together.

Phonology

Consonants

		Bilabial	Labio-dental	Dental	Alveolar	Post-alveolar	Retroflex	Palatal	Velar	Uvular		Glottal
Nasal		m̥, m	ɱ̥, ɱ	n̥, n			(ɳ̥), ɳ	(ɲ̥), ɲ	ŋ̥, ŋ	(ɴ̥), ɴ
Plosive	Unaspirated	p, b		(t), (d)					k, g	q, ɢ		ʔ
	Aspirated								kh	qh		ʡ
Fricative			f, v	θ, ð	s, z	ʃ, ʒ	(ʐ)		x, ɣ	χ, ʁ
										(χh)
Affricate					t͡s, d͡z	t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ			k͡x
Trill		ʙ			(r̥), r
Click		ʘ
Approximant		w, (w̆)			(ɹ̥), ɹ		(ɻ̥), ɻ	j	(w)	(w̆)

Hofłkřgo has a large amount of vocalic consonants which are pronounced as consonants but appear in syllables as vowels. These are bolded. Purely allophonic sounds present in the language are in parentheses.

Vowels

Monophthongs

	Frontal	Central	Dorsal
Close	i, y		u, u:
Mid	ɪ	ə	o
Open Mid	ɛ, ɛ:
Open		a

Multiphthongs

Hofłkřgo features the diphthongs [ɛa], [oi], and in the standard dialect, [iu], although the latter is pronounced as [y:] in most rural dialects. In addition, Hofłkřgo also features the triphthong [uaɛ], colloquially pronounced as [w̩e:]; and the tetraphthong [ɛɻya], colloquially pronounced as [ɛɻʁ̩a].

Phonotactics

The syllable shape for Hofłkřgo is (C)(C)(V)(C). Some words are just a single vowel or consonant, and others use fairly difficult consonant blends like tqʰ.

Stress

The stressed syllable usually alternates. For example, "hofłkřgo" is pronounced "ho,fɻ'kř,go'". However, syllables starting with ž are excluded from this pattern. If the word is very long, the stress is usually on the second syllable and every third syllable after that.

Orthography

Romanisation

Consonants

Letter	p	b			m̥	m	bb	bw
Sound	p	b			m̥	m	ʙ	ʘ
Letter			f	v	ɱ̥	ɱ
Sound			f	v	ɱ̥	ɱ
Letter	t	d	þ	ð	n̥	n	r
Sound	t͡s	d͡z	θ	ð	n̥	n	r
Letter	c	dz	š	ž	s	z	zv
Sound	t͡ʃ	d͡ʒ	ʃ	ʒ	s	z	ʐw̆
Letter	k	g	č	y ɣ	nk, ŋ̥	ng, ŋ		gh
Sound	k	g	x	ɣ	ŋ̥	ŋ		gʰ
Letter	q	ğ	h	ɦ	ƙ	n̵		ɋ
Sound	q	ɢ	χ	ʁ	k͡x	ɴ		qʰ
Letter	x ʻ	xh ʺ
Sound	ʔ	ʡ
Letter	w	l	j
Sound	w	l	j

Vowels

Letter	ü	a	e	é	ı	i	j	o
Sound	ə	a	ɛ	ɛ:	ɪ	i	y	o
Letter	u	w	ř	ł	ň	n̄
Sound	u	ū	ɹ̩	ɻ̩	ɳ̩	ɳ̩:

Diphthongs

Letter	ę	ě	ē	ñ	oi	iu
Sound	ɛa	w̩ɛ uaɛ	ɛɻʁ̩a ɛɻya	ɳ̩ɪ ɲ̩	oɪ oi	iu y:

When t or d is followed by another consonant rather than a vowel or vocalic consonant, it makes the affricate into a plosive, making t a [t] sound and d a [d] sound.

Devanagariisation

Hofłkřgo can alternatively be written in Devanagari.

Consonants

Letter	प	ब			म़	म	ऱ	ब़
Sound	p	b			m̥	m	ʙ	ʘ
Letter			फ़	व	મ઼	મ
Sound			f	v	ɱ̥	ɱ
Letter	त	द	थ	ध	ऩ	न	र
Sound	t͡s	d͡z	θ	ð	n̥	n	r
Letter	च	ज	श	झ़	स	ज़	zv
Sound	t͡ʃ	d͡ʒ	ʃ	ʒ	s	z	ʐw̆
Letter	क	ग	×	×̣	ङ़	ङ		घ
Sound	k	g	x	ɣ	ŋ̥	ŋ		gʰ
Letter	क़	ग़	ह़	ह	ॹ	ङ़		ख़
Sound	q	ɢ	χ	ʁ	k͡x	ɴ		qʰ
Letter	ॽ	ॽ़
Sound	ʔ	ʡ
Letter	व़	ल	य
Sound	w	l	j

Vowels

Letter	अ	आ ा	ए े	ऐ ै	इ ि	ई ी	ऍ ॅ	ओ ो
Sound	ə	a	ɛ	ɛ:	ɪ	i	y	o
Letter	उ ु	ऊ ू	ऋ ृ	ऌ ॢ	अं ं	अँ ँ
Sound	u	ū	ɹ̩	ɻ̩	ɳ̩	ɳ̩:

Diphthongs

Letter	ए̲ े̲	ए̳ े̳	एॢॅा ेॢॅा	ञ ्ञ्	ओेि ोि	इु िु
Sound	ɛa	w̩ɛ uaɛ	ɛɻʁ̩a ɛɻya	ɳ̩ɪ ɲ̩	oɪ oi	iu y:

Ɱ̥otřkéně

The Ɱ̥otřkéně script is the primary one used to write Hofłkřgo, and is written from bottom right to top left.

Unicode Private Use characters

HofłkřgoOfficial Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

A

B

C

D

E

F

U+E10x







#

#













U+E20x

.

.









.

.









U+E30x













.

.







U+E40x















.







U+E50x













.









U+E60x













.









U+E70x





.

.

.

.

.

.





.

U+E80x





.

Notes 1.^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points

Grammar

The Hofłkřgo language has a complex grammar with various noun, pronoun and article declensions, along with verb tenses.

Gender

Hofłkřgo has 3 genders: masculine, feminine, and non-binary, reflecting the three biological genders of the alien creatures speaking the language. There used to be a neuter inanimate and a neuter animate gender, but these ultimately fell into disuse. The genders are each associated with a specific vowel.

Gender	Vowel
Masculine	e
Feminine	i
Non-Binary	u

Number

Hofłkřgo has four grammatical numbers: singular, dual, trial and plural. These are only marked on nouns, not verbs.

Nouns

Hofłkřgo has 16 cases: nominative, reflexive, accusative, dative, possessed, possessive, genitive, privative, adelative, superessive, subessive, incessive, excessive, inclusive, exclusive and discoverative. The reflexive case is nearly identical to the inducive case in Ithkuil, whilst the discoverative case refers to the discoverer or owner of the noun.

The case markings are endings which always begin with a consonant, but if the word being modified ends in a consonant, the gendered ending for the noun is added.

	Singular	Dual	Trial	Plural
Nominative	-	-š	-ž	-s
Reflexive	-me	-miš	-miž	-mis
Accusative	-m	-mit	-mið	-mit
Dative	-ƙe	-ƙa	-n̵a	-mit
Possessed	-n̵	-pet	-peð	-nas
Possessive	-n̵e	-ƙa	-n̵a	-mit
Genitive	-n̵e	-pet	-peð	-mit
Privative	-n̵en	-ƙan	-n̵an	-mit
Adelative	-nı	-nıs	-nın	-nıt
Superessive	-m̥	-m̥as	-m̥an	-m̥at
Subessive	-m	-mas	-man	-mat
Incessive	-ɱ̊	-ɱ̊as	-ɱ̊an	-ɱ̊at
Excessive	-ɱ	-ɱas	-ɱan	-ɱat
Inclusive	-n̥	-n̥as	-n̥an	-n̥at
Exclusive	-n	-nas	-nan	-nat
Discoverative	-ngř	-nkřš	-nkřž	-nkřs

Pronouns

Hofłkřgo has no first person; referring to oneself is usually done by saying "you of you" in the language (en̵ee). Instead, there are 2nd, 3rd and 4th persons. 2nd person refers to the audience talked to by the speaker. 3rd person refers to a third party like in English, but to one that is nearby and in relative vicinity, whereas 4th person refers to someone "outside the room". In other words, 3rd person is the equivalent to "this" and 4th person the equivalent of "that". Interrogative pronouns are nonexistent in the language. The only demonstrative pronoun is the undeclined žet, meaning "that". In Early Modern Hofłkřgo, another demonstrative pronoun, sžet, meaning "this", also existed, but this form has been largely lost due to its unusual pronounciation, having ultimately originated from Old Hofłkřgo ʈn̄dett.

Pronouns are declined identically to nouns.

2nd Person personal pronouns

2nd Person	Singular	Dual	Trial	Plural
Nominative	e	eš	ež	es
Reflexive	eme	emiš	emiž	emis
Accusative	em	emit	emið	emit
Dative	eƙe	eƙa	en̵a	emit
Possessed	en̵	epet	epeð	enas
Possessive	en̵e	eƙa	en̵a	emit
Genitive	en̵e	epet	epeð	emit
Privative	en̵en	eƙan	en̵an	emit
Adelative	enı	enıs	enın	enıt
Superessive	em̥	em̥as	em̥an	em̥at
Subessive	em	emas	eman	emat
Incessive	eɱ̊	eɱ̊as	eɱ̊an	eɱ̊at
Excessive	eɱ	eɱas	eɱan	eɱat
Inclusive	en̥	en̥as	en̥an	en̥at
Exclusive	en	enas	enan	enat
Discoverative	engř	enkřš	enkřž	enkřs

3rd Person personal pronouns

3rd Person	Singular	Dual	Trial	Plural
Nominative	a	aš	až	as
Reflexive	ame	amiš	amiž	amis
Accusative	am	amit	amið	amit
Dative	aƙe	aƙa	an̵a	amit
Possessed	an̵	apet	apeð	anas
Possessive	an̵e	aƙa	an̵a	amit
Genitive	an̵e	apet	apeð	amit
Privative	an̵en	aƙan	an̵an	amit
Adelative	anı	anıs	anın	anıt
Superessive	am̥	am̥as	am̥an	am̥at
Subessive	am	amas	aman	amat
Incessive	aɱ̊	aɱ̊as	aɱ̊an	aɱ̊at
Excessive	aɱ	aɱas	aɱan	aɱat
Inclusive	an̥	an̥as	an̥an	an̥at
Exclusive	an	anas	anan	anat
Discoverative	angř	ankřš	ankřž	ankřs

4th Person personal pronouns

4th Person	Singular	Dual	Trial	Plural
Nominative	ř	řš	řž	řs
Reflexive	řme	řmiš	řmiž	řmis
Accusative	řm	řmit	řmið	řmit
Dative	řƙe	řƙa	řn̵a	řmit
Possessed	řn̵	řpet	řpeð	řnas
Possessive	řn̵e	řƙa	řn̵a	řmit
Genitive	řn̵e	řpet	řpeð	řmit
Privative	řn̵en	řƙan	řn̵an	řmit
Adelative	řnı	řnıs	řnın	řnıt
Superessive	řm̥	řm̥as	řm̥an	řm̥at
Subessive	řm	řmas	řman	řmat
Incessive	řɱ̊	řɱ̊as	řɱ̊an	řɱ̊at
Excessive	řɱ	řɱas	řɱan	řɱat
Inclusive	řn̥	řn̥as	řn̥an	řn̥at
Exclusive	řn	řnas	řnan	řnat
Discoverative	řngř	řnkřš	řnkřž	řnkřs

Articles

Articles also decline similarly to nouns and pronouns. In nominative, reflexive, accusative and dative, the articles are the same, but they also vary by gender. In the chart, the first article is masculine, followed by feminine and non-binary. There are no indefinite articles.

The dative articles have formal and informal forms, though the informal forms are going out of use recently.

4th Person	Singular	Dual	Trial	Plural
Nominative	že/ži/žu	žeš/žiš/žuš	žez/žiz/žuz	žes/žas/žüs
Reflexive
Accusative
Dative (formal)
Dative (informal)		mit	mitız	mazün̥
Possessed	qň	qňš	qňz	qňs
Possessive	qe/qi/qu	qeš/qiš/quš	qez/qiz/quz	qes/qis/qus
Genitive
Privative	fe/fi/fu	feš/fiš/fuš	fez/fiz/fuz	fes/fis/fus
Adelative	žęnı	žęxanıs	žęxanın	žęxanıt
Superessive	žęm̥	žęxam̥as	žęxam̥an	žęxam̥at
Subessive	žęm	žęxamas	žęxaman	žęxamat
Incessive	žęxaɱ̊	žęxaɱ̊as	žęxaɱ̊an	žęxaɱ̊at
Excessive	žęxaɱ	žęxaɱas	žęxaɱan	žęxaɱat
Inclusive	žęxan̥	žęxan̥as	žęxan̥an	žęxan̥at
Exclusive	žęxan	žęxanas	žęxanan	žęxanat
Discoverative	žęxangř	žęxankřš	žęxankřž	žęxankřs

Lexicon

Numbers

Hofłkřgo utilises a duodecimal number system with cardinal, ordinal, and vetal numbers.

The numbers 1-9 are irregular ordinals, and 1-7 are irregular vetals. 12 and 24 are irregular cardinals.

Numbers 0-23

English	In digits (decimal)	In digits (duodecimal)	Cardinal	Ordinal	Vetal (age)		English	In digits (decimal)	In digits (duodecimal)	Cardinal	Ordinal	Vetal (age)		English	In digits (decimal)	In digits (duodecimal)	Cardinal	Ordinal	Vetal (age)
zero	0	0	N/A	N/A	mjn̥ı		eight	8	8	üp	üpaþ	up		sixteen	16	14	ðwgüzassı	ðwgüzassıŋ	uðüz
one	1	1	ðwt	þw	maðeþ		nine	9	9	bn̄	bŋ	ub		seventeen	17	15	ðwgün̥aɦé	ðwgün̥aɦéŋ	uðü
two	2	2	křɣ	kř	kaðonjþ		ten	10	X	tn̄n̵j	tn̄ŋ	utn̄		eighteen	18	16	ðwgüɱň̇bě	ðwgüɱň̇běŋ	uðüɱ
three	3	3	šanı	san̥	š		eleven	11	E	wƙ	wƙaŋ	uƙ		nineteen	19	17	ðwgüčwpēde	ðwgüčwpēdeŋ	uðüč
four	4	4	zassı	sas	sas		twelve	12	10	ðwgü	ðwgüŋ	uðü		twenty	20	18	ðwgüpiʻi	ðwgüpiʻiŋ	uðüp
five	5	5	n̥aɦé	n̥a	n		thirteen	13	11	ðwgüðwt	ðwgðwŋ	uðüð		twenty-one	21	19	ðwgübn̄	ðwgübŋ	uðüb
six	6	6	ɱň̇bě	ɱın	mın		fourteen	14	12	ðwgükřɣ	ðwgükřŋ	uðük		twenty-two	22	1X	ðwgütn̄n̵j	ðwgütn̄ŋ	uðüt
seven	7	7	čị̥pe	čị̥	čị̥p		fifteen	15	13	ðwgüšaņı	ðwgüšaņıŋ	uðuš		twenty-three	23	1E	ðwtüƙ	ðwtüƙaŋ	uðüƙ

Numbers 12-132

English	In digits (decimal)	In digits (duodecimal)	Cardinal	Ordinal	Vetal (age)		English	In digits (decimal)	In digits (duodecimal)	Cardinal	Ordinal	Vetal (age)
twelve	12	10	ðwgü	ðwgüŋ	uðü		eighty-four	84	70	čị̥pü	čị̥püŋ	učü
twenty-four	24	20	křgü	křgüŋ	ukü		ninety-six	96	80	üpü	üpüŋ	upü
thirty-six	36	30	šanü	šanüŋ	ušü		one hundred eight	108	90	bü	büŋ	ubü
fourty-eight	48	40	zassü	zassüŋ	uzü		one hundred twenty	120	X0	tü	tüŋ	utü
sixty	60	50	n̥aɦü	n̥aɦüŋ	un̥ü		one hundred thirty-two	132	E0	wƙü	wƙüŋ	uƙü
seventy-two	72	60	ɱň̇bü	ɱň̇büŋ	uɱü		one hundred fourty-four	144	100	ðwte	ðwteŋ	uðe

Numbers 144-1584

In digits (decimal)	In digits (duodecimal)	Cardinal	Ordinal	Vetal (age)		In digits (decimal)	In digits (duodecimal)	Cardinal	Ordinal	Vetal (age)
144	100	ðwge	ðwgeŋ	uðe		1008	700	čị̥pe	čị̥peŋ	uče
288	200	křge	křgeŋ	uke		1152	800	üpe	üpeŋ	upe
432	300	šane	šaneŋ	uše		1296	900	be	beŋ	ube
576	400	zasse	zasseŋ	uze		1440	X00	te	teŋ	ute
720	500	n̥aɦe	n̥aɦeŋ	un̥e		1584	E00	wƙe	wƙeŋ	uƙe
864	600	ɱň̇be	ɱň̇beŋ	uɱe		1728	1000	ðwtę	ðwtęŋ	uðę

Numbers 1728-19008

In digits (decimal)	In digits (duodecimal)	Cardinal	Ordinal	Vetal (age)		In digits (decimal)	In digits (duodecimal)	Cardinal	Ordinal	Vetal (age)
1728	1000	ðwgę	ðwgęŋ	uðę		12096	7000	čị̥pę	čị̥pęŋ	učę
3456	2000	křgę	křgęŋ	ukę		13824	8000	üpę	üpęŋ	upę
5184	3000	šanę	šanęŋ	ušę		15552	9000	bę	bęŋ	ubę
6912	4000	zassę	zassęŋ	uzę		17280	X000	tę	tęŋ	utę
8640	5000	n̥aɦę	n̥aɦęŋ	un̥ę		19008	E000	wƙę	wƙęŋ	uƙę
10368	6000	ɱň̇bę	ɱň̇bęŋ	uɱę		20736	10000	ðwtě	ðwtěŋ	uðě

Adding an j- to the start of any cardinal number makes it negative. Ordinals cannot be negative, but vetals are made negative if the u is changed to an ě.

Numeral orthography

Just as letters can be romanised, numbers can as well. Below is a table. Negative numbers are integrated into the system as well. Numbers are written in descending place order right to left.

Numeral (decimal)	-6	-5	-4	-3	-2	-1
Numeral (duodecimal)
Ɱ̥otřkéně numeral
Numeral (decimal)	1	2	3	4	5	6
Numeral (duodecimal)
Ɱ̥otřkéně numeral	Ж	Ӂ	ડ	ઠ	ટ	ઢ
Numeral (decimal)	7	8	9	10	11	12
Numeral (duodecimal)				χ	ε	10
Ɱ̥otřkéně numeral	O	Ø	†	‡	L	Ж|
Numeral (decimal)	13	14	15	16	17	18
Numeral (duodecimal)	11	12	13	14	15	16
Ɱ̥otřkéně numeral	ЖЖ	ӁЖ	ડЖ	ઠЖ	ટЖ	ઢЖ
Numeral (decimal)	19	20	21	22	23	24
Numeral (duodecimal)	17	18	19	1χ	1ε	20
Ɱ̥otřkéně numeral	OЖ	ØЖ	†Ж	‡Ж	LЖ	Ӂ|

Example text

Hamlet's soliloquoy

Ði jaid, ř fřndet ði jaid, žet ju žu ɱřtebjm:

Očgo a ju ɱřteʻaþ bjmɱ̊at ði ju fürindfitš

Žes kwıntiğtɋius ɱřten aþpepen̵en̵e,

Očgo ði untiğ tiğtɋiumit cabjmmit,

Uʻj fřndet tan amit: ði tanandeyi, ði sñg.

English translation	Literal translation
To be, or not to be, that is the question: Whether 'tis nobler in the mind to suffer The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune, Or to take Arms against a Sea of troubles, And by opposing end them: to die, to sleep	To be, or opposite of to be, that is the question (big thought) Or it is nobler in thoughts to be bad The projectiles of big fortune, Or to take fighting objects on troubles, And by opposing end them: to die, to sleep

Preamble to the U.S. Constitution

Qes "United States"n̵e pepes, ði jřq ɱřteɱřte em, jřq iğen̥jʻanke, ði gevid žu tiğtɋiuʻankeƙe, ɱřtepepesun̵e"promote" j, gevid "freedom"n̵e Waʻm̥i̥tn̵e neterzvita, neterzvitaʻu "United States of America"n̵e "Constitution" ju fłqa fitš.

English translation	Literal translation
We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.	We the people of the United States, to make very good union, make fairness/peace, to give to the weaponary protection, promote being of good people, having God's saying of freedom, say this Constitution of the United States of America is good and proper.