The Hwakahan language is a Kithano-Japonic language native to the Kitonese northwest. 60% of its vocabulary is Japonic (kata-kata Nihanikari), with 45% being native Hwakahan and 15% being borrowed from other Kaika languages such as Sakanese. Hwakahan also includes loanwords from Vedic Sanskrit as well as languages such as the Chinese languages and Malay.
| Hwakahan | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type | |||||||||||||
| Alignment | |||||||||||||
| Head direction | |||||||||||||
| Tonal | No | ||||||||||||
| Declensions | No | ||||||||||||
| Conjugations | No | ||||||||||||
| Genders | |||||||||||||
| Nouns decline according to... | |||||||||||||
| Case | Number | ||||||||||||
| Definiteness | Gender | ||||||||||||
| Verbs conjugate according to... | |||||||||||||
| Voice | Mood | ||||||||||||
| Person | Number | ||||||||||||
| Tense | Aspect | ||||||||||||
| Meta-information | |||||||||||||
| Progress | 0% | ||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||
| Creator | [[User:|]] | ||||||||||||
Classification and Dialects[]
Hwakahan is classified as belonging to the Kithano-Japonic branch of the Japonic language family. When coastal Jomons arrived in Kiton in around 10,000 BCE to 500 CE, they brought with them their proto-old-Japanese (POJ) language from which Hwakahan evolved. It was the court language of the Hwakahan kingdom in the 9th century CE, and a literary language widely held in esteem throughout Kiton in the pre-Sakan era, being the language of the Kaika Christian texts.
The language consists of several dialects, the prestige dialect being the Kaseu dialect, spoken in Kashiapa, which is being spread through local television stations.
Phonology[]
Consonants[]
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Post-alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ||||
| Plosive | b | t | k | |||
| Fricative | h | |||||
| Affricate | dʒ | |||||
| Approximant | ||||||
| Trill | ||||||
| Lateral fric. | r | |||||
| Lateral app. | l | |||||
| Semivowel | w ʍ | j |
Vowels[]
| Front | Near-front | Central | Near-back | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High | |||||
| Near-high | |||||
| High-mid | |||||
| Mid | |||||
| Low-mid | |||||
| Near-low | |||||
| Low |
Phonotactics[]
Writing System[]
| Letter | k | t | hw | m | n | h | l | w | s | r | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sound | ||||||||||||
| Letter | a | e | i | o | u | |||||||
| Sound | ||||||||||||
| Letter | ||||||||||||
| Sound |
Nouns[]
Hwakahan nouns are classified into declinables and indeclinables. Words such as tuan (door), keun (you, mister) and kuan (boy, man) have the -n ending removed when attached to a particle such as hwa, ni, hwe, ne, he, to.
Verbs, adjectives and the copula[]
Verbs, adjectives and the copula ari are all declinable in Hwakahan. In Kitonese and Kithanovedic languages, adjectives are treated as nouns and do not decline as verbs do, and the copula is some variation of the KV indeclinable particle hi. In Hwakahan, these all are declined through the same paradigm and treated as the same entity.
Copula[]
The predicate is equated with the subject of the sentence, e.g., in the sentence Asoka Kaika ari, "Ashok is a Kaika", Kaika ari is the predicate of the sentence, while Asoka is the subject. The subject and predicate are equated with the copula ari.
| Stem | Terminative | Continuitive | Past | Attributive | Negative | Imperative | Continuative |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ari | ari | ari/a- | ari- | an | ahu | ariya! | are |
Verbs and adjectives[]
Adjectives are treated as verbs in Hwakahan, similar to languages such as classical Japanese. Technically, verbs are divided into transitive vs. intransitive verbs, with each being further divided into stative and dynamic verbs. Hwakahan verbs are considered to be a subset of intransitive verbs, with stative and dynamic variations. Throughout the rest of the article, adjectives will be included in the catch-all term "verb" unless specifically adressed.
| Stem | Terminative | Continuitive | Past | Attributive | Negative | Imperative | Continuative |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ari | ari | ari/a- | ari- | an | ahu | ariya! | are |
| aku | akan ari | aki/aka- | aki- | akan | akahu | akiya! | ake |
| inu | in ari | ini/ina- | ini- | in | inahu | iniya! | ine |
| keu | kin ari | ki/kiya- | ki- | kin | kihu | kiya! | kiye |
| su | sun ari | si/si- | si- | sun | sehu | siya! | se |
| -su | -san ari | -si/-si- | -si- | -san | -sehu | -siya! | -se |
Indicative verbs[]
Hwakahan verbs are formed from the root word though the suffix -an ari for verbs -eri colloquially, e.g. toku (to attach) is tokan ari (attaches), tauhu (to give) is tauhan ari, takaku (to be tall) is takakan ari and takamu (to grow tall) is takaman ari when used as a verb.
Syntax[]
Lexicon[]
tuan door
kuan son
nian daughter
Keun mister
taun, hin sun
toku moon
Example text[]
Takama ni an wa Titi,
Na Nai pawitrasokiya.
Na karajaai kiya,
Na iska narasokiya,
Takama ni ta totu ni enahi.
Adei ni anna hwa atariya,
Tatha wa kasohai hwa wahasiya.