General information[]
Ingva (meaning "tongue") is a language created upon Proto-Indo-European roots as a possible daughter-language of PIE, a variant which was the first to part from it (and thus suffered of no main family influence).
Phonology[]
Mutations from PIE[]
This table contains all sound mutations that occurred from PIE to Ingva:
| PIE | Ingva | PIE Example | Ingva Example | Translation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| h₁, h₂, h₃, a | ø | *éǵh₂ | jeg | I |
| b | p | *h₂eh₁b-el- | jepatl | apple |
| bʰ | v | *bʰer- | var | to bear, carry |
|
d (before vowel) |
c | *dewk- | cavk | to lead |
|
d (before consonant) |
i | *dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s | ingva | tongue, language |
|
d (at word end) |
st | *h₁ed- | jest | to eat |
| dʰ | d | *dʰewb- | daúp | deep |
|
e, é (between two consonants) |
a | *dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s | ingva | tongue, language |
|
e, é (at word beginning) |
je | *éǵh₂ | jeg | I |
|
e, é (at word end) |
ai | *ne | nai | no |
|
g, ǵ, gʰ, ǵʰ (at word beginning or end) |
k | *ǵenh₁- | kan | to give birth |
| g, ǵ, gʰ, ǵʰ | g | *dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s | ingva | tongue, language |
| gʷ, gʰw, ǵʰw | gv | *dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s | ingva | tongue, language |
| i, y | i | *winǵʰ- | vingur | elm |
| ĺ̥ | l | *wĺ̥kʷos | ólkve | wolf |
|
k (at word beginning) |
kh | *ki- | khe | he |
|
ḱ (at word beginning) |
gj | *ḱḗr | gjar | heart |
| k, ḱ | k | |||
| kʷ | kv | *-kʷe | kvai |
also, as well |
| l | tl | *h₂eh₁b-el- | jepatl | apple |
|
p (before consonant) |
ø | *ph₂tḗr | har | father |
| t | h | *ph₂tḗr | har | father |
|
t (before a, e, h, i, j, o, r, ú, v, w) |
þ | *túh₂ | þú | you (sg.) |
|
i (at word end) |
e | *ki- | khe | he |
| w | v | *wel | val | folk, people |
|
w (before consonant) |
ó | *wĺ̥kʷos | ólkve | wolf |
| wb | úp | *dʰewb- | daúp | deep |
|
y (at word beginning) |
hj | *yeg- | hjak | ice |
Swadesh list[]
| No. | English | Ingva |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | I | jeg |
| 2 | you (singular) | þú |
| 3 | he | khe |
| 4 | we | — |
| 5 | you (plural) | — |
| 6 | they | — |
| 7 | this | — |
| 8 | that | — |
| 9 | here | — |
| 10 | there | — |
| 11 | who | — |
| 12 | what | — |
| 13 | where | — |
| 14 | when | — |
| 15 | how | — |
| 16 | not | — |
| 17 | all | — |
| 18 | many | — |
| 19 | some | — |
| 20 | few | — |
| 21 | other | — |
| 22 | one | — |
| 23 | two | — |
| 24 | three | — |
| 25 | four | — |
| 26 | five | — |
| 27 | big | — |
| 28 | long | — |
| 29 | wide | — |
| 30 | thick | — |
| 31 | heavy | — |
| 32 | small | — |
| 33 | short | — |
| 34 | narrow | — |
| 35 | thin | — |
| 36 | woman | — |
| 37 | man (adult male) | — |
| 38 | man (human being) | — |
| 39 | child | — |
| 40 | wife | — |
| 41 | husband | — |
| 42 | mother | — |
| 43 | father | har |
| 44 | animal | — |
| 45 | fish | — |
| 46 | bird | — |
| 47 | dog | — |
| 48 | louse | — |
| 49 | snake | — |
| 50 | worm | — |
| 51 | tree | — |
| 52 | forest | — |
| 53 | stick | — |
| 54 | fruit | — |
| 55 | seed | — |
| 56 | leaf | — |
| 57 | root | — |
| 58 | bark | — |
| 59 | flower | — |
| 60 | grass | — |
| 61 | rope | — |
| 62 | skin | — |
| 63 | meat | — |
| 64 | blood | — |
| 65 | bone | — |
| 66 | fat | — |
| 67 | egg | — |
| 68 | horn | — |
| 69 | tail | — |
| 70 | feather | — |
| 71 | hair | — |
| 72 | head | — |
| 73 | ear | — |
| 74 | eye | — |
| 75 | nose | — |
| 76 | mouth | — |
| 77 | tooth | — |
| 78 | tongue | — |
| 79 | fingernail | — |
| 80 | foot | — |
| 81 | leg | — |
| 82 | knee | — |
| 83 | hand | — |
| 84 | wing | — |
| 85 | belly | — |
| 86 | guts | — |
| 87 | neck | — |
| 88 | back | — |
| 89 | breast | — |
| 90 | heart | — |
| 91 | liver | — |
| 92 | drink | — |
| 93 | eat | — |
| 94 | bite | — |
| 95 | suck | — |
| 96 | spit | — |
| 97 | vomit | — |
| 98 | blow | — |
| 99 | breathe | — |
| 100 | laugh | — |
| 101 | see | — |
| 102 | hear | — |
| 103 | know | knai |
| 104 | think | — |
| 105 | smell | — |
| 106 | fear | — |
| 107 | sleep | — |
| 108 | live | — |
| 109 | die | — |
| 110 | kill | — |
| 111 | fight | — |
| 112 | hunt | — |
| 113 | hit | — |
| 114 | cut | — |
| 115 | split | — |
| 116 | stab | — |
| 117 | scratch | — |
| 118 | dig | — |
| 119 | swim | — |
| 120 | fly | — |
| 121 | walk | — |
| 122 | come | — |
| 123 | lie | — |
| 124 | sit | — |
| 125 | stand | — |
| 126 | turn | — |
| 127 | fall | — |
| 128 | give | — |
| 129 | hold | — |
| 130 | squeeze | — |
| 131 | rub | — |
| 132 | wash | — |
| 133 | wipe | — |
| 134 | pull | — |
| 135 | push | — |
| 136 | throw | — |
| 137 | tie | — |
| 138 | sew | — |
| 139 | count | — |
| 140 | say | — |
| 141 | sing | — |
| 142 | play | — |
| 143 | float | — |
| 144 | flow | — |
| 145 | freeze | — |
| 146 | swell | — |
| 147 | sun | — |
| 148 | moon | — |
| 149 | star | — |
| 150 | water | — |
| 151 | rain | — |
| 152 | river | — |
| 153 | lake | — |
| 154 | sea | — |
| 155 | salt | — |
| 156 | stone | — |
| 157 | sand | — |
| 158 | dust | — |
| 159 | earth | — |
| 160 | cloud | — |
| 161 | fog | — |
| 162 | sky | — |
| 163 | wind | — |
| 164 | snow | — |
| 165 | ice | — |
| 166 | smoke | — |
| 167 | fire | — |
| 168 | ash | — |
| 169 | burn | — |
| 170 | road | — |
| 171 | mountain | — |
| 172 | red | — |
| 173 | green | — |
| 174 | yellow | — |
| 175 | white | — |
| 176 | black | — |
| 177 | night | — |
| 178 | day | — |
| 179 | year | — |
| 180 | warm | — |
| 181 | cold | — |
| 182 | full | — |
| 183 | new | — |
| 184 | old | — |
| 185 | good | — |
| 186 | bad | — |
| 187 | rotten | — |
| 188 | dirty | — |
| 189 | straight | — |
| 190 | round | — |
| 191 | sharp | — |
| 192 | dull | — |
| 193 | smooth | — |
| 194 | wet | — |
| 195 | dry | — |
| 196 | correct | — |
| 197 | near | — |
| 198 | far | — |
| 199 | right | — |
| 200 | left | — |
| 201 | at | — |
| 202 | in | — |
| 203 | with | — |
| 204 | and | — |
| 205 | if | — |
| 206 | because | — |
| 207 | name | — |