Jxosledu

Jxosledu Jxosledus qajo
Type
Synthetic
Alignment
Ergative
Head direction
right
Tonal
No
Declensions
Yes
Conjugations
Yes
Genders
No
Nouns decline according to...
Case	Number
Definiteness	Gender
Verbs conjugate according to...
Voice	Mood
Person	Number
Tense	Aspect

General information

Jxosledu (Jxosledus qajo /ʈʂχɤsle.tɯs qɑʈʂɤ/) is a language spoken by the Aethos (Ädosgero) on the planet Aetho (Ädo), which orbits the stars Ayo and Tiźa. It is a descendant of Proto-Serazi.

Jxosledu is the majority language in the Republican Monarchy of Jxosledu (Jxosledus Äźäruno Hutyudara), the largest Serazian state. The maritime state borders the Great Inner Ocean on the south-eastern side of Aetho's single crescent-shaped supercontinent, and is a major leader in the ongoing industrial revolution of the planet.

Phonology

Consonants

	postalveolar	dorsal	uvular	glottal
nasal	n
stop	t t’	k̟ k̟’	q q’
fricative	s z ɬ	ɕ ʑ	χ	h
affricate	ʈʂ ʈʂ’
approximant	l	j	ɰ̙

• The postalveolar consonants are all apical, except for /ʈʂ/, /ʈʂ’/, and [ɽ], which are subapical/retroflex.
• The lax consonants are voiced intervocalically.
• The glottal transition /h/ takes on certain characteristics of vowels it appears after, namely: after back vowels it becomes [ɣ] and after front vowels it becomes [ʝ] (both devoiced in the coda).
• The lateral approximant is pronounced [ɽ] intervocalically and never begins a word.
• /ɰ/ is an unrounded post-velar approximant.

Vowels

	front	back
close	ɪ	ɯ
mid	e	ɤ
open	æ	ɑ

Stress

Stress is always on the first syllable of a word with no exceptions. Pitch is even throughout a whole word, the only feature of stress that appears is higher volume.

Orthography

Native script

Writing direction

The script is written in the same direction as Arabic, right-to-left rows arranged top-to-bottom.

Native Collation

d, t, s, z, j, c, f, l/r, g, k, ś, ź, y, w, n, q, q', x, h, i, e, ä, u, o, a

Transliteration

This page is written using the Latin transliteration, shown below, of the Jxosledu alphabet.

letter	a	ä	c	d	e	f	g	h	i	j	k	l	n
phoneme	/ɑ/	/æ/	/ʈʂ’/	/t/	/e/	/ɬ/	/k̟/	/h/	/ɪ/	/ʈʂ/	/k̟’/	/l/	/n/
letter	o	q	q'	r	s	ś	t	u	w	x	y	z	ź
phoneme	/ɤ/	/q/	/q’/	[ɽ]	/s/	/ɕ/	/t’/	/ɯ/	/ɰ/	/χ/	/j/	/z/	/ʑ/

examples

• faroźi [ɬɑɽɤʑɪ], "froth"
• cq'ara [ʈʂ’q’ɑɽɑ], "screw"
• äqxd [æqχt], "seven"

Nouns

Declension

There are three declension classes for nouns: consonant final, weak vowel final, and strong vowel final. The weak vowels are ä, e, and i and strong vowels are a and u. Weak vowel nouns lose their final vowel when case endings with an initial vowel are applied.

case	consonant	weak vowel	strong vowel
abs	-o	-0	-0
erg-gen	-s	-s	-s
dat	-ey	-ey	-w
inst-com	-ed	-ed	-d
loc	-dä	-d	-d
equ	-ug	-ug	-gu
adv	-ut	-ut	-tu
voc	-i	-i	-0

Examples

case	"spirit"	"person"	"mother"	"froth"	"ability"	"screw"
abs	ahaśo	gero	dädä	faroźi	kanu	cq'ara
erg-gen	ahaśs	gels	dädäs	faroźis	kanus	cq'aras
dat	ahaśey	gerey	dädey	faroźey	kanuw	cq'araw
inst-com	ahaśed	gered	däded	faroźed	kanud	cq'arad
loc	ahaśdä	geldä	dädäd	faroźid	kanud	cq'arad
equ	ahaśug	gerug	dädug	faroźug	kanugu	cq'aragu
adv	ahaśut	gerut	dädut	faroźut	kanutu	cq'aratu
voc	ahaśi	geri	dädi	faroźi	kanu	cq'ara

Cases

• Absolutive: marks the absolutive argument of a verb (mother)
• Ergative-genitive: marks the ergative argument of a verb, genitives, and possession (mother's)
• Dative: marks the destination of an action or object (to/for mother)
• Instrumental-comitative: marks accompaniment and what is used to complete an action (with mother)
• Locative: marks the location of something (near mother)
• Equative: marks what an object is like (like mother)
• Adverbial: marks what something is as and marks adverbs (as a mother)
• Vocative: marks what is directly referred to (mother!)

Adjectives

Adjectives have a similar declension scheme to consonant-final nouns regardless of what they end in, except that the absolutive, ergative-genitive, and vocative cases receive no ending.

case		"enjoyable"
abs	-0	orokan
erg-gen	-0	orokan
dat	-ey	orokaney
inst-com	-ed	orokaned
loc	-dä	orokandä
equ	-ug	orokanug
adv	-ut	orokanut
voc	-0	orokan

Pronouns

The personal pronouns decline like regular nouns, with the exception that the consonant-final pronouns have no absolutive -o.

	sg	pl
1ex	fan	gaga
1in		iśal
2	śu	eśe
3prox	di	zäri
3dist	ho	zäno

Verbs

Infinitive/Supine: a-root-a

Personal prefixes

	sg	pl
1ex	f-	ga-
1in		fa-
2	w/u-	uxa-
3	0-	al/el/il-

Evidence/Generalness suffixes

	EPIS	GNO
direct	-e	-ne
reportative	-źe	-niźe
inferential	-te	-nite

• The <i> in the gnomic reportative and inferential endings is typically not pronounced except in poetry.

Negation

Negation is expressed using the prefix zi- which is placed immediately before the root. ex. fdaye "I did it" > fzidaye "I didn't do it", ukanune "you can" > uzikanune "you can't"

Examples

		Direct		Reportative		Inferential
		sg	pl	sg	pl	sg	pl
Episodic	1ex	f-e	ga-e	f-źe	ga-źe	f-te	ga-te
	1in		fa-e		fa-źe		fa-te
	2	w/u-e	uxa-e	w/u-źe	uxa-źe	w/u-te	uxa-te
	3	0-e	al/el/il-e	0-źe	al/el/il-źe	0-te	al/el/il-te
Gnomic	1ex	f-ne	ga-ne	f-niźe	ga-niźe	f-nite	ga-nite
	1in		fa-ne		fa-niźe		fa-nite
	2	w/u-ne	uxa-ne	w/u-niźe	uxa-niźe	w/u-nite	uxa-nite
	3	0-ne	al/el/il-ne	0-niźe	al/el/il-niźe	0-nite	al/el/il-nite

adaya "to do"

		Direct		Reportative		Inferential
		sg	pl	sg	pl	sg	pl
Episodic	1ex	fdaye	gadaye	fdayźe	gadayźe	fdayte	gadayte
	1in		fadaye		fadayźe		fadayte
	2	udaye	uxadaye	udayźe	uxadayźe	udayte	uxadayte
	3	daye	aldaye	dayźe	aldayźe	dayte	aldayte
Gnomic	1ex	fdayne	gadayne	fdayniźe	gadayniźe	fdaynite	gadaynite
	1in		fadayne		fadayniźe		fadaynite
	2	udayne	uxadayne	udayniźe	uxadayniźe	udaynite	uxadaynite
	3	dayne	aldayne	dayniźe	aldayniźe	daynite	aldaynite

aoroa "to like"

		Direct		Reportative		Inferential
		sg	pl	sg	pl	sg	pl
Episodic	1ex	foroe	gaoroe	foroźe	gaoroźe	forote	gaorote
	1in		faoroe		faoroźe		faorote
	2	woroe	uxaoroe	woroźe	uxaoroźe	worote	uxaorote
	3	oroe	aroroe	oroźe	aroroźe	orote	arorote
Gnomic	1ex	forone	gaorone	foroniźe	gaoroniźe	foronite	gaoronite
	1in		faorone		faoroniźe		faoronite
	2	worone	uxaorone	woroniźe	uxaoroniźe	woronite	uxaoronite
	3	orone	arorone	oroniźe	aroroniźe	oronite	aroronite

Syntax

Sentence-level word order

Modal particles-Verb-Object-Subject

Noun phrases

Genitives-Noun-Adjectives

Vocabulary

Colors

The Aethos are trichromats, meaning they have three primary colors, but their primary colors are different than the Human red, green, and blue. They have orange, green, and violet

Primary colors

• dise [tɪ.se.]: orange
• hetu [he.t’ɤ.]: green
• asuqli [ɑ.sɯ̽q.lɪ.]: violet

Dark primary colors

• dise hauj [tɪ.se.hɑ.ɯʈʂ.]: brown, red
• hetu hauj [he.t’ɤ.hɑ.ɯʈʂ.]: dark green
• asuqli hauj [ɑ.sɯ̽q.lɪ.hɑ.ɯʈʂ.]: near-UV

Secondary colors

• śifdo [ɕɪɬ.tɤ.]: greenish yellow
• neo [ne.ɤ.]: cyan-blue
• sago [sɑ.k̟ɤ.]: "orange-violet", magenta

Neutral colors

• haujo [hɑ.ɯ.ʈʂɤ.]: black
• wayo [ɰ̙ɑ.jɤ.]: white
• zore [zɤ.ɽe.]: gray

Numerals

The Jxosledus count in the unheard of base-14 (tetradecimal), rather than base-ten (decimal). This is because the Aethos have eight fingers and six toes.

#	name	14+#	#*14	#*196
0	gośś	disg
1	al	areddis	disg	jäsgä
2	ced	cededdis	dijed	cedjäsgä
3	taro	tareddis	ditaro	tarojäsgä
4	fidda	fiddaddis	difidda	fiddajäsgä
5	yu	yuddis	diyu	yujäsgä
6	iśä	iśeddis	diiśä	iśäjäsgä
7	äqxd	äqxdeddis	diäqxd	äqxdjäsgä
8	oriśä	oriśeddis	dioriśä	oriśäjäsgä
9	ollu	olluddis	diollu	ollujäsgä
10	offidda	offiddaddis	dioffidda	offiddajäsgä
11	oldaro	oldareddis	dioldaro	oldarojäsgä
12	oljed	oljededdis	dioljed	oljedjäsgä
13	oral	orareddis	dioral	oraljäsgä
14	disg	dijed	jäsgä	disjäsgä

• ex. yudiyuyujäsgä (555) =1055
• dijedtarojäsgä (320) =616
• ceddiäqxd (72) =100

Stellar system

The planet Aetho orbits around a close binary pair of stars, so it and its four companions have two suns.

Body	Pronunciation	Type	Color
Ayo	/ɑjɤ/	G3-type star	yellow
Tiźa	/t’ɪʑɑ/	M4-type star	red
Fegiho	/ɬekɪhɤ/	greenhouse runaway	yellow
Ädo	/ætɤ/	inhabited terrestrial	blue
Käfde	/k’æɬte/	gas dwarf	lavender
Jarino	/ʈʂɑlɪnɤ/	gas giant	beige
Juwulhe	/ʈʂɯɰɯlhe/	frozen super-earth	gray