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Kihā́mmic

Revision as of 20:47, 1 April 2012 by Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán (talk | contribs) (→‎Possessive pronouns)
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Name: Kihā́mmic

Type: Fusional

Alignment: Nominative-accusative

Head Direction: Final (occasionally initial)

Number of genders: 3

Declensions: Yes

Conjugations: Yes

Nouns declined
according to
Case Number
Definitiveness Gender
Verbs conjugated
according to
Voice Mood
Person Number
Tense Aspect
Kihā́mmic
kihāmatī́zô tárak
Spoken in: Kihāmát
Region: North America
Total speakers: 5,283,084 (native)
Ranking: 121
Genetic classification: Panlaffic languages
Official status
Official language in: Kihāmát
Regulated by: The Kihā́mmic Institute of Language and Linguistics
Language codes
ISO 639-1 kh
ISO 639-2 kih
SIL kih
See also: Language – Lists of languages

pá mamûnám ontā́ bán : non nobis solum : not for ourselves alone

General information

Kihāmát

Kihāmát on Google Maps.

The Kihā́mmic language (Kihā́mmic Latin: Lố kihāmatī́zô tárak, [ˈlo kɪɦɑːmaˈtiːzo ˈtaɾak]) is the main language spoken in Kihāmát. It is an inflected fusional nominative-accusative language, which has two numbers, three genders and nine cases. There are over five million native speakers of Kihā́mmic at present; nearly seventy per cent of the country's population, the majority of the remaining thirty per cent speak Kihā́mmic fluently as their second language. The language belongs to the isolated Panlaffic language family, which is indigenous to the eight islands that make up Kihāmát. There are six other extant Panlaffic languages, including the closely related Church Kihā́mmic.

Phonology and orthography

See also: Kihā́mmic phonology and IPA for Kihā́mmic.

The Kihā́mmic language can be written in either the native Panlaffic script, in which all Panlaffic languages are traditionally written, or in the Standardised Romanised Panlaffic Alphabet used below.

Consonants

Grapheme IPA Description Notes
P p [p] voiceless bilabial plosive -
L l [l], [ɫ] alveolar lateral approximant, velarised alveolar lateral approximant [l] becomes [ɫ] before another consonant
M m [m], [ɱ] bilabial nasal, labiodental nasal [m] becomes [ɱ] before f and v
N n [n], [ŋ] alveolar nasal, velar nasal [n] becomes [ŋ] before g and k
D d [d] voiced alveolar plosive -
H h [h], [ɦ] voiceless glottal fricative, voiced glottal fricative [h] becomes [ɦ] before y, after k and between two vowels
K k [k] voiceless velar plosive -
R r [ɾ], [ɹ] alveolar tap, alveolar approximant [ɾ] becomes [ɹ] at the start of a word
B b [b] voiced bilabial plosive -
Þ þ [θ], [ð] voiceless dental fricative, voiced dental fricative -
V v [v] voiced labiodental fricative -
Z z [z] voiced alveolar fricative -
Ž ž [ʒ] voiced palato-alveolar fricative -
F f [f] voiceless labiodental fricative -
G g [g] voiced velar plosive -
S S [s] voiceless alveolar fricative -
Š š [ʃ] voiceless palato-alveolar fricative -
Č č [t͡ʃ] voiceless palato-alveolar affricate -
T t [t] voiceless alveolar plosive -
Y y [j] palatal approximant -

Vowels

Grapheme IPA Description Notes
A a [a] open front unrounded vowel -
Ā ā [ɑː] long open back unrounded vowel -
E e [ɛ], [e] open-mid front unrounded vowel, close-mid front unrounded vowel [ɛ] becomes [e] at the end of a word for most speakers
O o [ɒ] open back rounded vowel -
Ô ô [o] close-mid back rounded vowel -
Ō ō [ɔː], [ɔ] long open-mid back rounded vowel, open-mid back rounded vowel, -
I i [ɪ], [i] near-close near-front unrounded vowel, close front unrounded vowel i only very rarely stands for [i]
Ī ī [iː] long close front unrounded vowel -
Ə ǝ [ǝ], [ɜ] mid-central vowel, open-mid central unrounded vowel [ǝ] becomes [ɜ] when stressed for most speakers
U U [ʊ] near-close near-back vowel -
Û û [u], [uː] close back rounded vowel, long close back rounded vowel [u] sometimes becomes lengthened when stressed
Ū ū [uː] long close back rounded vowel -

Digraphs and trigraphs

Most of the consonant clusters and diphthongs are self-evident, however, the less obvious of these are shown below:

Grapheme IPA Description Notes
DZ dz [d͡z] voiced alveolar affricate -
DŽ dž [d͡ʒ] voiced palato-alveolar affricate -
DS ds [d͡z] voiced alveolar affricate -
KG kg [kː] geminated voiceless velar plosive -
KGH kgh [ç] voiceless palatal fricative -
GK gk [gː] geminated voiced velar plosive -
GKH gkh [ç] voiceless palatal fricative -
ÚI úi [wi] voiced labio-velar approximant, close front unrounded vowel -
TZ tz [t͡s] voiceless alveolar affricate -
TS ts [t͡s] voiceless alveolar affricate -

Alphabet

Coat of Arms (transparent)

The Kihā́mmic Coat of Arms

As previously mentioned, all of the Panlaffic languages have traditionally been written in the Panlaffic alphabet, the chief variant of which is the Kihā́mmic one. However, use of the Romanised alphabet is gaining use, mainly due to the Internet.

Panlaffic alphabet

The Panlaffic alphabet is a true alphabet. An example of its use is on the Coat of Arms of Kihāmát, as shown to the left. The word on the scroll spells "Kihāmát" in its native script.

Although the Panlaffic script in the past had two cases, a majuscule and a minuscule, only the majuscule is now generally used and the minuscule is never used in any official context.

Romanised alphabet

P L A Ā M N E D H K O Ô Ō R B Þ I Ī V Ə Z Ž F G S Š Č U Û Ū T Y
p l a ā m n e d h k o ô ō r b þ i ī v ə z ž f g s š č u û ū t y



Nota bene

  1. Acute accents over vowels indicate primary stress.
  2. A is always stressed if it the last letter of a word.
  3. Ə is never stressed unless it is the only vowel in the word.
  4. Pluralisation moves the stress to the infix, -am-, unless this would violate rule two.

Basic grammar

The table below gives a basic idea of the structure of Kihā́mmic grammar.

Gender Cases Numbers Tenses Persons Moods Voices Aspects
Verb Yes No Yes Yes No Yes No No
Nouns Yes Yes Yes No No No No No
Adjectives Yes Yes Yes No No No No No
Numbers Yes Yes Yes No No No No No
Participles Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No
Adverb No No No No No No No No
Pronouns Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No No
Adpositions No No No No No No No No
Article Yes Yes Yes No No No No No
Particle No No No No No No Yes Yes

Cases

The Kihā́mmic language has nine cases:

  1. Nominative
  2. Accusative
  3. Genitive
  4. Ablative
  5. Allative (or dative-allative)
  6. Instrumental
  7. Prepositional
  8. Terminative
  9. Comparative (or equative)

Nouns

Nouns have three genders: masculine, feminine and neuter; two numbers: singular and plural; they are also declined according to case.

Masculine

Translation→ building moon, Moon
Case ↓ Singular Plural Singular Plural
Nominative hót hotám ốnô ônámô
Accusative hótā hotámā ốnā ônámā
Genitive hótī hotámī ốnī ônámī
Ablative hotá hotamá ôná ônamá
Allative hótô hotámô ốnō ônámō
Instrumental hótû hotámû ốnû ônámû
Prepositional hóte hotáme ốne ônáme
Terminative hótə hotámə ốnə ônámə
Comparative hótak hotámak ốnak ônámak

Feminine

Translation→ star, Sun wind
Case ↓ Singular Plural Singular Plural
Nominative kāžá kāžamá fáve faváme
Accusative kāžér kāžámer fáver favámer
Genitive kāžī́ kāžámī fávī favámī
Ablative kāžā́ kāžamā́ favá favamá
Allative kāžố kāžámô fávô favámô
Instrumental kāžû́ kāžámû fávû favámû
Prepositional kāžé kāžáme fávet favámet
Terminative kā́žə kāžámə fávə favámə
Comparative kāžák kāžámak fávak favámak

Neuter

Translation→ eye bone
Case ↓ Singular Plural Singular Plural
Nominative čû́ čámû tákī takámī
Accusative čû́ čámû tákī takámī
Genitive čī́ čámī tákīn takámīn
Ablative čá čamá taká takamá
Allative čố čámô tákô takámô
Instrumental čū́ čámū tákû takámû
Prepositional čé čáme táke takáme
Terminative čə́ čámə tákə takámə
Comparative čák čámak tákak takámak

Diminutives and augmentatives

Diminutives add -ûn(á/û) unless the word ends in a vowel, in which case add -kûn(á/û).

Augmentatives add -at(á/û) but add -mat(á/û) when the word ends in a vowel.

Adjectives do not change according to diminutives or augmentatives.

Articles

Articles appear as both definite (i.e. "the") and indefinite (i.e. "a", "an" or "some") and are declined as nouns.

Definite

The definite articles correspond to the English "the" and the French "le", "la", "l'" or "les".

Gender → Masculine Feminine Neuter
Case ↓ Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
Nominative lố lámô lá lamá lû́ lámû
Accusative lā́ lámā lér lámer lû́ lámû
Genitive lī́ lámī lī́ lámī lī́ lámī
Ablative lá lamá lā́ lámā lá lamá
Allative lṓ lámō lố lámô lố lámô
Instrumental lû́ lámû lû́ lámû lū́ lámū
Prepositional lé láme lé láme lé láme
Terminative lə́ lámə lə́ lámə lə́ lámə
Comparative lák lámak lák lámak lák lámak

Indefinite

The indefinite articles correspond to the English "a", "an" or "some" and the Portuguese "um", uma", "uns" or "umas". Note that indefinite pronouns drop the vowel in the pluralisation infix used elsewhere.

Gender → Masculine Feminine Neuter
Case ↓ Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
Nominative án anám aná anmá ánû ánmû
Accusative ánā ánmā áner ánmer ánû ánmû
Genitive ánī ánmī ánī ánmī ánī ánmī
Ablative aná ánmá ánā ánmā aná anmá
Allative ánô ánmō ánô ánmô ánô ánmô
Instrumental ánû ánmû ánû ánmû ánū ánmū
Prepositional áne ánme áne ánme áne ánme
Terminative ánə ánmə ánə ánmə ánə ánmə
Comparative ának ánmak ának ánmak ának ánmak

Adjectives

In Kihā́mmic, an adjectives agrees with the noun it qualifies in gender, number and case.

Type I

Type I adjectives have the standard singular masculine ending -nômô. Note that the pluralisation infix -am- becomes -a- in all cases here due to the presence of n.

Translation→ red
Singular
Case ↓ Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative vílnômô vilnamá vílnûmû
Accusative vílnômā vílnamā vílnûmû
Genitive vílnômī vílnamī vílnûmī
Ablative vilnômá vílnamā vilnûmá
Allative vílnômō vílnamô vílnûmô
Instrumental vílnômû vílnamû vílnûmū
Prepositional vílnôme vílname vílnûme
Terminative vílnômə vílnamə vílnûmə
Comparative vílnômak vílnamak vílnûmak
Plural
Case ↓ Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative vilánômô vilanamá vilánûmû
Accusative vilánômā vilánamā vilánûmû
Genitive vilánômī vilánamī vilánûmī
Ablative vilanômá vilánamā vilanûmá
Allative vilánômō vilánamô vilánûmô
Instrumental vilánômû vilánamû vilánûmū
Prepositional vilánôme viláname vilánûme
Terminative vilánômə vilánamə vilánûmə
Comparative vilánômak vilánamak vilánûmak

Type II

Type II adjectives have the standard singular masculine ending -ôvan.

Translation→ high
Singular
Case ↓ Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative látkôvan latkavá látkûvû
Accusative látkôvanā látkavā látkûvû
Genitive látkôvanī látkavī látkûvī
Ablative latkôvaná látkavā látkûvá
Allative látkôvanō látkavô látkûvô
Instrumental látkôvanû látkavû látkûvū
Prepositional látkôvane látkave látkûve
Terminative látkôvanə látkavə látkûvə
Comparative látkôvanak látkavak látkûvak
Plural
Case ↓ Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative latkámôvan latkamavá latkámûvû
Accusative latkámôvanā latkámavā latkámûvû
Genitive latkámôvanī latkámavī latkámûvī
Ablative latkamôvaná latkámavā latkámûvá
Allative latkámôvanō latkámavô latkámûvô
Instrumental latkámôvanû latkámavû latkámûvū
Prepositional latkámôvane latkámave latkámûve
Terminative latkámôvanə latkámavə latkámûvə
Comparative latkámôvanak latkámavak latkámûvak

Type III

Type III adjectives have the standard singular masculine ending -amô or -ômô (but not -nômô). Note that here rather than the usual infix -am- the vowels a and ô mutate to become ā and ō respectively, these infixes are stressed unless the last letter is a.

Translation→ distant
Singular
Case ↓ Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative tṓrnamô tōrnamá tṓrnamû
Accusative tṓrnamā tṓrnamā tṓrnamû
Genitive tṓrnamī tṓrnamī tṓrnamī
Ablative tōrnamá tṓrnamā tōrnamá
Allative tṓrnamō tṓrnamô tṓrnamô
Instrumental tṓrnamû tṓrnamû tṓrnamū
Prepositional tṓrname tṓrname tṓrname
Terminative tṓrnamə tṓrnamə tṓrnamə
Comparative tṓrnamak tṓrnamak tṓrnamak
Plural
Case ↓ Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative tōrnā́mô tōrnāmá tōrnā́mû
Accusative tōrnā́mā tōrnā́mā tōrnā́mû
Genitive tōrnā́mī tōrnā́mī tōrnā́mī
Ablative tōrnāmá tōrnā́mā tōrnāmá
Allative tōrnā́mō tōrnā́mô tōrnā́mô
Instrumental tōrnā́mû tōrnā́mû tōrnā́mū
Prepositional tōrnā́me tōrnā́me tōrnā́me
Terminative tōrnā́mə tōrnā́mə tōrnā́mə
Comparative tōrnā́mak tōrnā́mak tōrnā́mak

Type IV

Type IV adjectives have the standard singular masculine ending -atī́zô.

Translation→ Kihā́mmic
Singular
Case ↓ Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative kihāmatī́zô kihāmatī́ze kihāmatī́zī
Accusative kihāmatī́zā kihāmatī́zā kihāmatī́zī
Genitive kihāmatī́zī kihāmatī́zī kihāmatī́zīn
Ablative kihāmatīzá kihāmatī́zā kihāmatīzá
Allative kihāmatī́zō kihāmatī́zô kihāmatī́zô
Instrumental kihāmatī́zû kihāmatī́zû kihāmatī́zû
Prepositional kihāmatī́ze kihāmatī́zet kihāmatī́ze
Terminative kihāmatī́zə kihāmatī́zə kihāmatī́zə
Comparative kihāmatī́zak kihāmatī́zak kihāmatī́zak
Plural
Case ↓ Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative kihāmámatīzô kihāmámatīze kihāmámatīzī
Accusative kihāmámatīzā kihāmámatīzā kihāmámatīzī
Genitive kihāmámatīzī kihāmámatīzī kihāmámatīzīn
Ablative kihāmamatīzá kihāmámatīzā kihāmamatīzá
Allative kihāmámatīzō kihāmámatīzô kihāmámatīzô
Instrumental kihāmámatīzû kihāmámatīzû kihāmámatīzû
Prepositional kihāmámatīze kihāmámatīzet kihāmámatīze
Terminative kihāmámatīzə kihāmámatīzə kihāmámatīzə
Comparative kihāmámatīzak kihāmámatīzak kihāmatīzak

Type V

Type V adjectives have the standard singular masculine ending -ónsô.

Translation→ church
Singular
Case ↓ Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative āčónsô āčónse āčónsī
Accusative āčónsā āčónsā āčónsī
Genitive āčónsī āčónsī āčónsīn
Ablative āčonsá āčónsā āčonsá
Allative āčónsō āčónsô āčónsô
Instrumental āčónsû āčónsû āčónsû
Prepositional āčónse āčónset āčónse
Terminative āčónsə āčónsə āčónsə
Comparative āčónsak āčónsak āčónsak
Plural
Case ↓ Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative āčámonsô āčámonse āčámonsī
Accusative āčámonsā āčámonsā āčámonsī
Genitive āčámonsī āčámonsī āčámonsīn
Ablative āčamonsá āčámonsā āčamonsá
Allative āčámonsō āčámonsô āčámonsô
Instrumental āčámonsû āčámonsû āčámonsû
Prepositional āčámonse āčámonset āčámonse
Terminative āčámonsə āčámonsə āčámonsə
Comparative āčámonsak āčámonsak āčámonsak

Comparatives

More

To say phrases involving comparisons such as "The dog is bigger than the cat", the word "rū́namô" [more] precedes the adjective and the adjective is followed by "kā́" [than]. So the example sentence translates as:

"Lố gốt sói rū́namô ránômô kā́ lá kará"

N.B.: rū́namô declines appropriately as a type III adjective.

Less

To say phrases such as "The cat is smaller than the dog", the word "kónsô" [less] precedes the adjective which is also followed by "kā́". So the example given translates as:

"Lá kará séi kónse ránama kā́ lố gốt"

N.B.: kónsô declines as a type V adjective.

As... as

To say phrases such as "You are as short as me", the word "kán" [also] precedes the adjective which is also followed by "kā́". So the example given translates as:

"Dán sói kán dénômô kā́ ékô"

Superlatives

Most

To use superlatives, for example, "This dog is the biggest, the word "ródamô" [most] is placed before the adjective. Thus the sentence above translates as:

"Lố gốt sói lố ródamô ránômô"

N.B.: ródamô also declines as a type III adjective.

Least

To say superlative phrases such as "The cat is the smallest, the word "katrónsô" [least] is placed before the appropriate adjective. So the sentence above translates as:

"Lá kará séi lá katrónse ranômá"

N.B.: katrónsô declines as a type V adjective.

Personal pronouns

Personal pronouns are declined just as noun, except for the fact that plural personal pronouns do not exactly resemble the pluralised version of the corresponding singular personal pronouns. The plural forms of the second and third person personal pronouns can be used as polite personal pronouns as well, just as in French "vous" can be the plural or polite form of "you" and as "Вы" can also do the same in Russian.

Masculine

Singular
first person second person third person
nominative ékô (I) dán (you) šốn (he, it)
accusative ekôá daná šôná
genitive ékī dánī šốnī
ablative eká daná šôná
allative ékô dánô šốnô
instrumental ékû dánû šốnû
prepositional éke dáne šốne
terminative ékə dánə šốnə
comparative ékak dának šốnak









Plural
first person second person third person
nominative əkámô (we) tanám (you) žônám (they)
accusative əkamôá tanamá žônamá
genitive əkámī tanámī žônámī
ablative əkamá tanamá žônamá
allative əkámô tanámô žônámô
instrumental əkámû tanámû žônámû
prepositional əkáme tanáme žônáme
terminative əkámə tanámə žônámə
comparative əkámak tanámak žônámak









Feminine

Singular
first person second person third person
nominative ā́ke (I) līmá (you) gāná (she, it)
accusative ākeá līmaá gānaá
genitive ā́kī lī́mī gā́nī
ablative āká līmá gāná
allative ā́kô lī́mô gā́nô
instrumental ā́kû lī́mû gā́nû
prepositional ā́ke lī́me gā́ne
terminative ā́kə lī́mə gā́nə
comparative ā́kak lī́mak gā́nak









Plural
first person second person third person
nominative akáme (we) zīnamá (you) kānamá (they)
accusative akámeá zīnamaá kānamaá
genitive akámī zīnámī kānámī
ablative akamá zīnamá kānamá
allative akámô zīnámô kānámô
instrumental akámû zīnámû kānámû
prepositional akáme zīnáme kānáme
terminative akámə zīnámə kānámə
comparative əkámak tanámak žônámak









Neuter

Singular
first person second person third person
nominative - bû́ (you) ītī́ (it)
accusative - bûá ītīá
genitive - bī́ ītī́
ablative - bá ītá
allative - bố ītố
instrumental - bû́ ītû́
prepositional - bé īté
terminative - bə́ ī́tə
comparative - bák īták









Plural
first person second person third person
nominative mámû (we) vámû (you) ītámī (they)
accusative mamûá vamûá ītamīá
genitive mámī vámī ītámī
ablative mamá vamá ītamá
allative mámô vámô ītámô
instrumental mámû vámû ītámû
prepositional máme váme ītáme
terminative mámə vámə ītámə
comparative mámak vámak ītámak









The neuter second person singular is used in cases where either gender may apply and plural neuter pronouns are also used for mixed gender groups.

Reflexive

To form reflexive pronouns (i.e. myself/ourselves et cetera) the suffix -ná is added to singular pronouns and -nám added to plural pronouns. For example myself, masculine accusative, in Kihā́mmic is ekôná and ourselves, neuter instrumental, is mamûnám.

Possessive adjectives

Possessive adjectives are words such as the French "mon", "ton" or "son", they behave exactly as normal type I adjectives. They agree in case, number and gender with the noun.

Singular
Gender ↓ 1st person 2nd person 3rd person
Masculine énômô dánômô šốnômô
Feminine ā́nômô lī́nômô gā́nômô
Neuter - bnốmô ī́tnômô
Plural
Gender ↓ 1st person 2nd person 3rd person
Masculine ənốmô tánômô žốnômô
Feminine ánômô zī́nômô kā́nômô
Neuter mnốmô vnốmô ī́tnômô

Possessive pronouns

Possessive pronouns are words such as the English "mine", "yours" or "ours", they behave just as normal nouns would. They also agree in number and gender with the noun to which they refer (by adding "á" for feminine and "û" for neuter).

Singular
Gender ↓ 1st person 2nd person 3rd person
Masculine énôm dánôm šốnôm
Feminine ā́nam lī́nam gā́nam
Neuter - bnû́m ī́tnûm
Plural
Gender ↓ 1st person 2nd person 3rd person
Masculine ənốm tánôm žốnôm
Feminine ánam zī́nam kā́nam
Neuter mnû́m vnû́m ī́tnû́m

Interrogative pronouns

"Who"

The interrogative pronoun "kémû" [who] declines as below:

singular plural
nominative kémû kemámû
accusative kemûá kemamûá
genitive kémī kemámī
ablative kemá kemamá
allative kémô kemámô
instrumental kémû kemámû
prepositional kéme kemáme
terminative kémə kemámə
comparative kémak kemámak









"What"

The interrogative pronoun "kómû" [what] declines as below:

singular plural
nominative kómû komámû
accusative komûá komamûá
genitive kómī komámī
ablative komá komamá
allative kómô komámô
instrumental kómû komámû
prepositional kóme komáme
terminative kómə komámə
comparative kómak komámak









"Which kind"

The interrogative pronoun "tómû" [which kind] declines as below:

singular plural
nominative tómû tomámû
accusative tomûá tomamûá
genitive tómī tomámī
ablative tomá tomamá
allative tómô tomámô
instrumental tómû tomámû
prepositional tóme tomáme
terminative tómə tomámə
comparative tómak tomámak









"Which"

The interrogative pronoun "kétômô" [which] declines as a normal type III adjective.

"Whose"

The interrogative pronoun "kénôm" [whose] declines just as a normal noun and agrees in number and gender with the object to which it refers (by adding "á" for feminine and "û" for neuter).

"How many"

The interrogative pronoun "fáztamô" [how many] also declines as a normal type III adjective.

Demonstrative pronouns

"This", "these"

The demonstrative pronoun "étômô" [this] declines as usual type III adjective. Étômô agrees in number, gender and case with the noun to which it refers.

"That", "those"

The demonstrative pronoun "étôvan" [that] declines as a type II adjective. Étôvan also agrees in number, gender and case with the noun to which it refers.

"Such"

The demonstrative pronoun "étnômô" [such, suchlike, such as] declines as a normal type I adjective. Étnômô agrees in number, gender and case with the noun to which it refers.

Verbs

Verbs are conjugated according to tense, number, gender and mood. There are three moods; indicative, conditional and imperative, unlike English or French there is no subjunctive mood.

First conjugation, -áþ

First conjugation verbs have the ending -áþ in the infinitive. For example garanáþ [to play] is conjugated as follows:

Conjugation of garanáþ (to play)
Participles Present garanámô Past garanázamô
Singular
Gender → Masculine Feminine Neuter
Indicative Present
Simple garanói garanéi garanúi
Past
Imperfect garanáz garanazā́ garanazū́
Perfect agaranáz agaranazā́ agaranazū́
Pluperfect aiyagaranáz aiyagaranazā́ aiyagaranazū́
Future
Imperfect garantóp garantopā́ garantopū́
Perfect agarantóp agarantopā́ agarantopū́
Conditional Present bangaranói bangaranéi bangaranúi
Past banagaranáz banagaranazā́ banagaranazū́
Imperative garanaþố garanaþá garanaþû́
Plural
Gender → Masculine Feminine Neuter
Indicative Present
Simple garanóim garanéim garanúim
Past
Imperfect garanázm garanazā́m garanazū́m
Perfect argaranázm argaranazā́m argaranazū́m
Pluperfect aiyargaranázm aiyargaranazā́m aiyargaranazū́m
Future
Imperfect garantópm garantopā́m garantopū́m
Perfect argarantópm argarantopā́m argarantopū́m
Conditional Present bangaranóim bangaranéim bangaranúim
Past banargaranázm banargaranazā́m banargaranazū́m
Imperative garanaþmố garanaþmá garanaþmû́

Second conjugation, -ū́t

Second conjugation verbs have the ending -ū́t in the infinitive. For example kasū́t [to drink] is conjugated as follows:

Conjugation of kasū́t (to drink)
Participles Present kasámô Past kasû́samô
Singular
Gender → Masculine Feminine Neuter
Indicative Present
Simple kasû́n kasûnā́ kasûnī́
Past
Imperfect kasû́s kasûsā́ kasûsū́
Perfect akasû́s akasûsā́ akasûsū́
Pluperfect aiyakasû́s aiyakasûsā́ aiyakasûsū́
Future
Imperfect kasrót kasrotā́ kasrotū́
Perfect akasrót akasrotā́ akasrotū́
Conditional Present bankasû́n bankasûnā́ bankasûnī́
Past banakasû́s banakasûsā́ banakasûsū́
Imperative kasūtố kasūtá kasūtû́
Plural
Gender → Masculine Feminine Neuter
Indicative Present
Simple kasû́nm kasûnā́n kasûnī́n
Past
Imperfect kasû́sn kasûsā́n kasûsū́n
Perfect arkasû́sn arkasûsā́n arkasûsū́n
Pluperfect aiyarkasû́sn aiyarkasûsā́n aiyarkasûsū́n
Future
Imperfect kasrótn kasrotā́n kasrotū́n
Perfect arkasrótn arkasrotā́n arkasrotū́n
Conditional Present bankasû́nm bankasûnā́n bankasûnī́n
Past banarkasû́sn banarkasûsā́n banarkasûsū́n
Imperative kasūtnố kasūtná kasūtnû́

Third conjugation, -óš

Third conjugation verbs have the ending -óš in the infinitive. For example fûrnóš [to stand (up)] is conjugated as follows:

Conjugation of fûrnóš (to stand)
Participles Present fûrnámô Past fûrnážamô
Singular
Gender → Masculine Feminine Neuter
Indicative Present
Simple fûrnố fûrná fûrnû́
Past
Imperfect fûrnáž fûrnažā́ fûrnažū́
Perfect afûrnáž afûrnažā́ afûrnažū́
Pluperfect aiyafûrnáž aiyafûrnažā́ aiyafûrnažū́
Future
Imperfect fûrnót fûrnotā́ fûrnotū́
Perfect afûrnót afûrnotā́ afûrnotū́
Conditional Present banfûrnố banfûrná banfûrnû́
Past banafûrnáž banafûrnažā́ banafûrnažū́
Imperative fûrnošố fûrnošá fûrnošû
Plural
Gender → Masculine Feminine Neuter
Indicative Present
Simple fûrnốm fûrnám fûrnû́m
Past
Imperfect fûrnážm fûrnažā́m fûrnažū́m
Perfect arfûrnážm arfûrnažā́m arfûrnažū́m
Pluperfect aiyarfûrnážm aiyarfûrnažā́m aiyarfûrnažū́m
Future
Imperfect fûrnótm fûrnotā́m fûrnotū́m
Perfect arfûrnótm arfûrnotā́m arfûrnotū́m
Conditional Present banfûrnốm banfûrnám banfûrnû́m
Past banarfûrnážm banarfûrnažā́m banarfûrnažū́m
Imperative fûrnošmố fûrnošmá fûrnošmû

Voices

There are three voices in Kihā́mmic, the active, the dynamic passive and the static passive.

Active voice

The active voice is unmarked in Kihā́mmic.

Dynamic passive voice

Kihā́mmic has two passive voices, the first of which is the dynamic passive. It is formed by placing the particle pṓl before the appropriate verb. For example:

"I burn": Ékô rātố

"I am burnt": Ékô pṓl rātố

"I have burnt": Ékô arātáž

"I have been burnt": Ékô pṓl arātáž

"I will burn": Ékô fûrnót

"I will be burnt": Ékô pṓl fûrnót

The dynamic passive is used in phrases such as "I am burnt every time I go in the sun", more commonly expressed in modern English as "I get burnt every time I go in the sun".

Static passive voice

The second passive is the static passive. It is constructed just as the passive voice in English and French – by using the appropriate tense of "to be" followed by the past participle of the verb that is to be in the passive. E.g.:

"I am burnt": Ékô sói rātážamô

"I have been burnt": Ékô atáz rātážamô

"I will be burnt": Ékô tróp rātážamô

Continuous

Although Kihā́mmic has no aspects per se, there is a continuous particle that indicates that the verb has a continuous "aspect". The particle "aklá" is placed before the verb, for example:

"I play": Ékô garanói

"I am playing": Ékô aklá garanói

"I have played": Ékô agaranáz

"I have been playing": Ékô aklá agaranáz

"I will play": Ékô garantóp

"I will be playing": Ékô aklá garantóp

Reflexives

Reflexive verbs are produced the same way as in English. That is, the appropriate verb is followed by the reflexive counter-part of the verb's subject in the accusative case.

Negatives

Verbs are made negative by bā́n [not] accompanying the verb, normally proceeding it.

Irregular verbs

There are only eleven irregular verbs in Kihā́mmic, they are:

  1. sád : to be
  2. ímat: to have
  3. venád: to go
  4. libád: to like
  5. hotád: to want
  6. mégač: to be able
  7. snarát: to know [something]
  8. námač: to have to [moral obligation]
  9. koslát: to need [urgent need]
  10. akáfad: to kill
  11. šônát: to run

Adverbs

Adverbs are formed by replacing the adjective in question's ending with a corresponding adverbial ending.

  • Type I adjectives have the standard singular masculine ending -nômô. This ending is replaced by the adverbial ending –nō.
  • Type II adjectives have the standard singular masculine ending -ôvan. This is replaced by -ôvā.
  • Type III adjectives have the standard singular masculine ending -amô or -ômô (but not -nômô). These are replaced by -ā and -ō respectively.
  • Type IV adjectives have the standard singular masculine ending -atī́zô, which is replaced by –átzō.
  • Type V adjectives have the standard singular masculine ending -ónsô, which is replaced by –ónō.

Word order

Kihā́mmic, like all Panlaffic languages, has the basic word order subject-verb-object in transitive clauses, but has a free word order in intransitive clauses. However, due to the case system, word order can be rather varied even occasionally in transitive clauses. For example, the intransitive phrase "ékô džố ôyû́n lố ránômô hótô" ("I went into the big building") can be arranged in twelve different ways, whilst still remaining grammatically correct:

  1. Ékô džố ôyû́n lố ránômô hótô.
  2. Ékô džố ôyû́n lố hótô ránômô.
  3. Ékô ôyû́n lố ránômô hótô džố.
  4. Ékô ôyû́n lố hótô ránômô džố.
  5. Džố ékô ôyû́n lố ránômô hótô.
  6. Džố ékô ôyû́n lố hótô ránômô.
  7. Džố ôyû́n lố ránômô hótô ékô.
  8. Džố ôyû́n lố hótô ránômô ékô.
  9. Ôyû́n lố ránômô hótô ékô džố.
  10. Ôyû́n lố hótô ránômô ékô džố.
  11. Ôyû́n lố ránômô hótô džố ékô.
  12. Ôyû́n lố hótô ránômô džố ékô.

Though word order is variable prepositions are tied to the compliment as adjectives are tied to theirs, however adjectives may be placed before or after the corresponding nouns. Articles are also somewhat restricted; they must always precede the corresponding noun in the phrase, but, depending on the order of other words applying to the noun, may not be directly next to it. The word order varies the emphasis of the sentence, the primary emphasis being initial and secondary emphasis being final.

An example of the standard order of a transitive sentence is shown below:

"JosephNOM gave Mary’sGEN bookACC, which he’d read halfACC of at schoolPREP from MondayABL to ThursdayTERM, to StephenALL across the tableINST, which was a brownish colourCOMP."

"YôfánNOM stagáz Mā́rīGEN azpīáACC, kétômī šốn aiyahazbáz gûláACC yán əkghálePREP nán zûkláABL yû́nə kû́rklə TERM, ôyán ĪzvánôALL ûkrā́ əbrákûINST, kétômô táz ának dorák kófnômakCOMP."

Other

Swadesh list


No. English Kihā́mmic
1Iékô, ā́ke
2you (singular)dán, līmá, bû́
3hešốn
4weəkámô, akáme, mámû
5you (plural)tanám, zīnamá, vámû
6theyžônám, kānamá, ītámī
7thisétômô
8thatétôvan
9hereimná
10thereomná
11whokémû
12whatkómû
13whereumná
14whensanā́
15howfáz
16notbán
17alltôván
18manystág
19someanám
20fewədás
21otherkátrômô
22onezún
23twodočá
24threetṓk
25fourkûrá
26fivepréik
27bigránômô
28longlaā́mômô
29widekāpónsô
30thickangkhámô
31heavyþúdômô
32smallmálnômô
33shortdénômô
34narrowžā́rôvan
35thindoámô
36womanevmá
37man (adult male)hálô
38man (human being)éhalû
39childzū́zû
40wifekotá
41husbandmû́k
42mothermabá
43fatherdárat
44animalaták
45fishrīná
46birdīfá
47doggốt
48louselūgá
49snakezébô
50wormčabá
51treeečá
52forestíztāk
53stickklé
54fruitfûigá
55seedbót
56leafátəl
57rootyát
58barkklû́d
59floweršūriá
60grasslafá
61ropetáp
62skinbéld
63meatfandé
64bloodzánk
65bonetakī́
66fatlúp
67eggyék
68horngā́b
69tailgká
70feathervōpá
71hairzáv
72headkápt
73earorán
74eyečû́
75nosenūšá
76mouthotá
77toothnánû
78tonguetárûk
79fingernailongá
80footpádû
81legdžánû
82kneeépon
83handmánt
84wingvolt
85bellydū́m
86gutsokrənám
87neckkûl
88backdozá
89breastsense
90heartgərá
91liveryûnī́
92drinkkasū́t
93eatkaróš
94bitegašū́t
95suck—
96spit—
97vomit—
98blow—
99breathe—
100laugh—
101seebedóš
102hear—
103knowsnarát, aznaráþ
104thinkpridumstáþ
105smell—
106fear—
107sleep—
108livevežáþ, privežáþ
109die—
110killakáfad
111fight—
112hunt—
113hit—
114cut—
115split—
116stab—
117scratch—
118dig—
119swim—
120fly—
121walk—
122come—
123lie—
124sit—
125standfûrnóš
126turnpahebnóš
127fall—
128give—
129hold—
130squeeze—
131rub—
132wash—
133wipe—
134pull—
135push—
136throw—
137tie—
138sew—
139count—
140sayzakráþ
141singaináþ
142playgaranáþ
143float—
144flow—
145freeze—
146swell—
147sunkāžá
148moonốnô
149starkāžá
150waterográ
151rainžáû
152riverpaná
153lakeklôná
154seazûná
155saltsintá
156stonedól
157sandzā́þ
158dustúþ
159earthûþál
160cloudflûv
161fogód
162skyhā́n
163windfáve
164snowgáš
165iceglós
166smokerū́n
167firerā́t
168ashuþrá
169burnrātóš
170roadlā́g
171mountainklāvá
172redvílnômô
173greenbétnômô
174yellowžólnômô
175whiteálnômô
176blacknī́nômô
177nightmád
178dayklûré
179yearû́tû
180warmkáþômô
181coldhānômô
182fullpatī́zô
183newnámô
184olddốmô
185goodbatī́zô
186badítôvan
187rottenpûtázamô
188dirtysélnômô
189straightlánômô
190roundsônatī́zô
191sharpzápôvan
192dullþrənámô
193smoothzū́þômô
194wetókramô
195dryázkôvan
196correctranatī́zô
197nearklūsā́
198fardálžā
199rightpolá
200leftnalá
201atyán
202inyû́n
203withsū́
204andé
205ifdái
206becausepaškomá
207nametīdá


Other vocabulary

Other lists of vocabulary can be found below:

Example texts

Featured banner

Kihā́mmic:

Étômô tárak kraglošáz zúnā.
Šốn atáz spratážamô sád kraglošázamô sûčā́ šốnûmī batī́stûnī kālóī, kaiþástûnī é izbanûnámī mégačstûnī.

Gloss:

This language was featured [lit: "made important"] once.
It has been chosen [or "voted"] to be featured because of [or "thanks to"] its level of quality [lit: "goodness"], plausibility [lit: "truthfulness"] and useful ability [lit: "ableness"].


English:

This language was once featured.
Thanks to its level of quality, plausibility and usage capabilities, it has been voted as featured.
Community content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted.
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