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Kitonese Kikohi 俟言 | |||
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Type | |||
Analytic | |||
Alignment | |||
Topic | |||
Head direction | |||
final | |||
Tonal | |||
Yes | |||
Declensions | |||
Yes | |||
Conjugations | |||
Yes | |||
Genders | |||
No | |||
Nouns decline according to... | |||
Case | Number | ||
Definiteness | Gender | ||
Verbs conjugate according to... | |||
Voice | Mood | ||
Person | Number | ||
Tense | Aspect |
The Kitonese language (Kikohi 俟言) is a language spoken by around 8,930,000 people, primarily in the Kingdom of Kiton (Kiton 俟東) where it is the national language. Since 63BC, Kitonese has been written with Chinese characters, Kekwefu (tayunga kekwefu 夏寫), and its vocabulary consists mainly of Sanskrit words, making it a rare language which combines Sanskrit and Chinese influences on a major scale.
General
The language known today as Kitonese was the local dialect of Akeyaksa (akeya ksa kohi 焦域言), the ancient capital of Kiton. When King Sengyan (Sengyan Kimaita 成寅王) moved his capital to Akeyaksa, he declared the local dialect as the national language. To this day, Kitonese is widely used and universally understood in the Kingdom. While Kitonese is the official language in all constituent kingdoms of Kiton, the State Union of Ailongeng'ai uses the indigenous Sari'iki language as the official state language, which is part of the Tongic group of the Austronesian language family.
Orthography
Pronunciation
Grammar
The Kitonese language follows the SOV pattern very rigidly. This means that a sentence must always end in a verb. Although this rule may seem unnecessary due to case markings, this helps determine the semantic function of a word as verbs and derived nouns are represented by the same word (eg. seka 為 to do and seku 為 action).
Predicate sentences
Predicate sentences are the simplest form of sentence which equates or attributes a quality to a noun.
音戒乃雄也 | Injeh nai wirah seh. | Injeh is a man. |
此乃扶桑也 | Sisi nai fusong seh. | This is a tree. |
乃師合格也 | Nai guruh hoigoi seh. | He is a good teacher. |
The particle nai 乃 is employed between the two nouns as an equal sign, but this copula only works for equating sentences with two nouns. The verb here is seh 也, and may be omitted in informal speech. It is important to note that the third person singular nominative (he, she, it) is not present in common usage.The word kaku 舉 is used to mean "they". The third person singular oblique (him, her, it) is stated as eigi 之.
昊青也 | Siohi niruwa seh. | The sky is blue. |
虞渴也 | Nga ekopo seh. | I am thirsty. |
師合格也 | Guruh hoigoi seh. | The teacher is good. |
Direct objects
Direct objects are objects that are recepient of the action and are known as the accusative. In the below --sentence, "ball" is the direct object. It is not marked by the particle -wak -沃
持蹴鞠沃已踢 | Chirifu rikenura wak rikandei. | Chirifu has kicked the ball. |
柱衾沃在着 | Hitika piyang wak tilikkei. | Hitikaja is putting on the shirt. |
弗吳遠視有見 | Fuh ngwo duradarshanah siremakkei. | You are not watching television. |
Indirect object
The indirect object, or dative, is an entity affected by an action. Usually, it has the meaning of "to something" and is marked by kei- 至-.
子夌金沃至童將賜 | Chilong kana wak kei mesa nukengei. | Chilong will give money to the child. |
之至我予柔 | Eigi kei nga kesojoh. | Give it to me. |
今,雄至佐佑羅阜在臻 | Inoi, wirah kei Sayaula Kota safungkelekkei. | Today, the man is coming to Sayaula City. |
Emphasis
Emphasis can be brought by arranging word order within a sentence.
持者蹴鞠沃至其友已踢 | Sa Chirifu paopoi kei negi takang rikandei. | Chirifu had kicked the ball to his friend. |
蹴鞠沃者持至其友已踢 | Sa paopaoi wak, Chirifu kei negi takang rikandei. | Chirifu had kicked the ball to his friend. |
至友者持蹴鞠已踢 | Sa kei takang, Chirifu paopoi rikandei. | Chirifu had kicked the ball to his friend. |
Adjectives
The adjectives preceed the noun in a noun phrase.
Ayiki inetenga 祭士老 The old priest Pitanakeh shi 考上御 Honourable Grandfather (form of formal address)
Sometimes, adjectives can proceed a noun. This tends to happen in Sanskrit terms.
Suniata karah 空字 Kitonese space punctuation Naka Raya 大君 Great King, Maharaja
Adverbs
Adverbs describe the action of the clause and preceed the verb. They end with the word yate 樣.
Negi tebaratri ijun kajiyata nyaoetei. 其餐夜;速樣乍嚼 He ate his dinner quickly.
Verbs
The lexical form of verbs end in -eh. This the form found in dictionaries.
- taraheh 行 cross
- kanahe 食 dine f.
- nyaweh 嚼 eat inf.
- aukeleh 去 or 格至 go
Kitonese syntax dictates that verbs be placed at the end of a sentence. Take the informal sentence, ngwoi kanafu ahi nyawasi 吳 食嚼, "You are eating food". Notice how "food", kanafu 食 is derived from the verb kanaheh; nyaweh 嚼 also becomes nyawasi. These will be discussed later on.
Honorific
.....
Mood
.....
Tense
Present tense
The present tense is unique that it conjugates with respect to person.
Person | taraheh 行 to cross | kanahe 食 to dine f. | aukeleh (f. form 格至) to go |
---|---|---|---|
First person | tarahi | kanahe | aukeyi |
Second person | tarahasi | kanahasi | aukasi |
Third person | tarahei | kanahei | aukelei |
Pronouns
Formal
Person | Nominative | Accusative | Genitive |
---|---|---|---|
First person | sg. asaihi 余, pl. asane 諸余 | sai 我 | segi 我 |
Second person | sg. kiterehi 若, pl. kitene 諸若 | teh 奈 | tegi 奈 |
Third person | no sg., pl. yehe 諸伊 | eigi 之 | negi 其 |
Informal
Person | Nominative | Accusative | Genitive |
---|---|---|---|
First person | nga 虞 | nga 虞 | seng 虞 |
Second person | ngwo 吳 | ngwo 吳 | teng 吳 |
Third person | no sg., kaku 舉 pl. | eigi 之 | negi 其 |
Miscellaneous
Influences of Sanskrit and Chinese
The whole of Kitonese culture is a unique mix of ancient Indic and Sinitic influences on the native Ki tradition. The obvious influences of Chinese is Kekwefu, the Chinese writing system brought by the early Chinese immigrant tribe of Shichi 矢子 in 2300BC as per tradition. (Shichi was the ancestor of many noble families in Kiton, including the present ruling house of Kangtaga 庚德.) The Chinese influences seen in Kitonese culture are markedly different from modern Chinese due to lack of contact for centuries since the mid-Shang dynasty and this helps us paint a clearer picture of the formative years of Chinese civilization. These influences tend to be kept to the noble tiers of society and longstanding tradition, such as royal naming customs and noble clan names.
Indic culture, on the other hand, seems to be more widespread and pervasive throughout the common people. It was the language of literacy, religion and science for many centuries. Its prolific use meant the adaption of many Sanskrit words, changed to adapt to Kitonese pronunciations. Clear examples include
suyah/Suyeh "sun/sun-god" cf. Sans. surya "sun" samujah "sea" cf. Sans. samudra "ocean" narijufu 'death" cf. Sans. mṛtyu "death".
Words such as Sans. vṛksha "birch" evolved to wangasang "tree";
vṛksham -> urkshang -> urngsang -> wangsang -> wangasang.
A non-exhaustive list of rules to predict the Kitonese equivalent of a Sanskrit word:
- Ascertain its gender. It may end in -ah (male), -am (neuter) or -ā (female).
- Convert -am to -ang. Proper nouns are to be converted from -ah to -eh and -am to -eng.
- m may change to n.
- r may change to y.
- i and u may expand to eye and ewe.
- hu and hv -> fu and f. (This rule is constant throughout the Kitonese language.)
- tr/ty -> tr/j; dr/dy -> j.
- Therefore:
- m. suryah -> suyah; Saviter -> Sautreh
- n. ashyam -> ashang; madhu -> nedeweng
- f. dhenu -> tainu; kanta -> kanta
Kitonese naming convention
Kitonese names are usually Chinese, Indic or native in origin. Western names are increasingly popular, but this topic will only address indigenous naming traditions. Kitonese naming customs differ between commoners (those not in a chiefly clan), chiefly clan members and chiefs.
Commoners
Names of members of the general public contain patronyms rather than surnames. They tend to be Indic or native in origin.
Top ten male names:
- Hitika 柱 pillar
- Souyikah 有陽 solar
- Ketu 羯度 The star, Ketu
- Injeh 尹戒 Indra, Hindu king of gods (Injeh 胤 is used when referring the god Indra.)
- Chirifu 持 dharma
- Kaju 速 speed
- Ashuyin 夫御 Ashvin, Hindu version of Gemini
- Hitanusi 人主 Hitanusi, direct translation of Narendra, meaning master of men
- Nowu 信 valour
- Hiohoimodo 孝亥僕 servant of Hiohoi
Top ten female names:
- Nashi 淑、奈矢 virgin
- Songma 桑馬 Soma, Moon (The name Selena is also commonly spelt as such.)
- Shachi 佘旨 Shachi, Hindu version of Hera
- Sheti 卸提 peace
- Puya 婦耶 lotus
- Saraiwati 佐來娘 Saraswati, Hindu goddess of wisdom (The name Sarah is spelled 佐羅.)
- Rita 利妲
- Shita 矢妲
- Einji 胤姬 Aindri, same person as Shachi (the names Angie and Angela are commonly spelt as such.)
- Kita 姬妲
Sample sentences
Genesis 1:1
Nakadi, Parameshuarah akaman wa bumi wak kinetei.
大元,上帝天及地乍造
In the beginning, God created the heavens and the earth. Gen 1:1, TSB
The Tensu Standard Bible (TSB) was printed in 1931 and was commissioned by King Tensu (殿巳王), Sanjayananda, Kangtaga XCI. It is the standard biblical text and the version used throughout this article.
Bhagavad Gita 4:7
Ya Baratajah! Hinnefu yo chomoluk ng chirifu wa nakakoshitu ngi mechirifu tahei, yannefu yo segi atman shigangei.
咨伯羅多嗣!該時夭降矣法亦大勢矣非法有、此時夭我本將顯
O son of Bharata! Wherever the law is in decline and irreligiousity is on the rise, then I will personally undergo incarnation." Krishna, BV 4:7 (translation own)
Tower of Babel
Translation of the Tower of Babel (Gen 11:1-9) in the Tensu Standard Bible, 1931.
KJV | TSB (Kekwefu) | TSB (Transliterated) |
---|---|---|
Now the world was of one language, and of one speech. | 今者,天矣所下稀若言及稀若婆訶佐乍也 | Inoi sa, sotapi ngi siohi saru kohi heju wa bahasa heju seh. |
Lo, as they journeyed from the east, that they found a plain in the land of Shinar; and they dwelt there. | 俞,自西遊刻夭舉 原大於錫諾地乍覓,亦舉於彼乍安 | Sake, hia noyawai ayanatan kweh yo kaku para je bi Shinartele iheketei, ani kaku yaji sopetei. |
They said to one another, "O! Let us bake bricks and do it thoroughly." They used brick instead of stone, and tar for mortar. | 帶諸伊至其對乍謂,曰:「嗚呼,諸虞伊沃灶柔,帶之夫魯波夫魯波為柔」。諸伊以磚石乍代,以糨焦砂代 | Ne yehe ki negi roko komata iti: "Yaneh, asane ishitikah angnikesejoh, wa eigi puruwapuruwa shojoh". Yehe sih ishitikah shila lepukata, sih meleike onoso lepukata. |
Fake Death Note Rules
- Waka fu Detnot ngi chofayana ingawak wak hi tawoputa ngi siohi kekweha, deh yafu jong majak.
尚弗耋挼之施煐名沃於13之日之間寫,則伊將殁
If the user of the Death Note fails to consecutively write names within 13 days of each other, then the user will die. - Waka muguh pele fuyupan woh angnihan sisi note ijun mekushuterikei yaraiba, deh saru jiufu ahi chuh shieh eisih mayehetawan narah gi wagakengei heka.
若某 以手殽或火滅,此書;非克用成,即庶生矣諸與此觸了人;將斷
If a person makes this notebook unusable by tearing it up or burning it, all the humans who have touched the Death Note will die.
Vocabulary
No. | English | Kitonese |
---|---|---|
1 | I | f. asaihi 吾 inf. nga 虞 |
2 | you (singular) | f. kiterehi 若 inf. ngweoi 吳 |
3 | he | yafu 伊 |
4 | we | asane 諸吾 |
5 | you (plural) | atene 諸若 |
6 | they | kaku 舉 |
7 | this | sisi 是 |
8 | that | heha 此 |
9 | here | taji 於是 |
10 | there | yaji 於此 |
11 | who | f. kareifu 孰 inf. kiulong 何郎 |
12 | what | f. sawatah 訾 inf. kah 何 |
13 | where | keji 於何 |
14 | when | kannefu 何時 |
15 | how | fuwah 何乍 |
16 | not | fuh 弗 |
17 | all | saru 庶 |
18 | many | santaga 山澤 |
19 | some | angoi 指 |
20 | few | geoi 少 |
21 | other | heja 他 |
22 | one | hija 一 |
23 | two | puta 雙 |
24 | three | nito 三 |
25 | four | iya 四 |
26 | five | ido 五 |
27 | big | je, naka 大 |
28 | long | nanga 長 |
29 | wide | — |
30 | thick | helawa 粗 |
31 | heavy | arawa 重 |
32 | small | saiwa 細 |
33 | short | kongawa 欸 |
34 | narrow | ayewa 窄 |
35 | thin | masawa 佇 |
36 | woman | f. watehi 姑娘 inf. nyoh 女 |
37 | man (adult male) | narah 子 |
38 | man (human being) | yajung 人 |
39 | child | teseh 小 |
40 | wife | shimati 御婦 |
41 | husband | shiman 御夫 |
42 | mother | shawashi 母御, awe 孃 |
43 | father | taiyeshi 父御, aei 爹 |
44 | animal | hewan 獸 |
45 | fish | sangana 魚 |
46 | bird | taraiba 禽 |
47 | dog | kukurang 犬 |
48 | louse | — |
49 | snake | sarwah 巴 |
50 | worm | — |
51 | tree | fusong 扶桑 |
52 | forest | wangasang 林 |
53 | stick | kaiya 梆 |
54 | fruit | pulah 果 |
55 | seed | siwua ne pulah 種,卵果 |
56 | leaf | ngep 葉 |
57 | root | pafu 根 |
58 | bark | — |
59 | flower | fuoi 華 |
60 | grass | ga 草 |
61 | rope | gekwahesu 草結 |
62 | skin | pi 皮 |
63 | meat | kap 肉 |
64 | blood | fuake 血 |
65 | bone | chalap 髓 |
66 | fat | — |
67 | egg | siwua 卵 |
68 | horn | — |
69 | tail | — |
70 | feather | — |
71 | hair | — |
72 | head | — |
73 | ear | — |
74 | eye | f. netrah 羑處 inf. ngata 目 |
75 | nose | — |
76 | mouth | — |
77 | tooth | — |
78 | tongue | — |
79 | fingernail | — |
80 | foot | — |
81 | leg | — |
82 | knee | — |
83 | hand | ti 手 |
84 | wing | — |
85 | belly | tawadep 服 |
86 | guts | — |
87 | neck | — |
88 | back | — |
89 | breast | — |
90 | heart | aefuh 心 |
91 | liver | — |
92 | drink | — |
93 | eat | f. kanahe 食 inf. nyawe 嚼 |
94 | bite | — |
95 | suck | — |
96 | spit | — |
97 | vomit | — |
98 | blow | — |
99 | breathe | fuhihe 呼吸 |
100 | laugh | — |
101 | see | sire 見 |
102 | hear | fuame 聆 |
103 | know | sangse 曉 |
104 | think | — |
105 | smell | — |
106 | fear | — |
107 | sleep | nepe 寢 |
108 | live | jiuhe 生 |
109 | die | narijuhe 死 |
110 | kill | hanahe 殺 |
111 | fight | — |
112 | hunt | — |
113 | hit | — |
114 | cut | — |
115 | split | — |
116 | stab | — |
117 | scratch | — |
118 | dig | — |
119 | swim | — |
120 | fly | — |
121 | walk | pasihe 走 |
122 | come | safungkele 臻、臨至 |
123 | lie | — |
124 | sit | — |
125 | stand | — |
126 | turn | — |
127 | fall | — |
128 | give | kesu 予, agesoku 上予 (upwards), nuku 赐 (downwards) |
129 | hold | — |
130 | squeeze | — |
131 | rub | — |
132 | wash | — |
133 | wipe | — |
134 | pull | — |
135 | push | — |
136 | throw | — |
137 | tie | — |
138 | sew | — |
139 | count | — |
140 | say | — |
141 | sing | ungdahe 欠 |
142 | play | — |
143 | float | — |
144 | flow | — |
145 | freeze | — |
146 | swell | — |
147 | sun | f. suyah 大陽, Sautreh 煜 |
148 | moon | f. sanja 大陰, Somawati 蘇摩娘 inf. thugi 月 |
149 | star | f. taifuyong 邰扈日, tarah 越 inf. taifuyong 星 |
150 | water | ko 水 |
151 | rain | aseo 雨 |
152 | river | ujah 川 |
153 | lake | kawajangwamu 水龐聚 |
154 | sea | f. samujah 舉川, yeng 日如 inf. singsong 海 |
155 | salt | — |
156 | stone | — |
157 | sand | — |
158 | dust | — |
159 | earth | — |
160 | cloud | ngumo 雲 |
161 | fog | kungumu |
162 | sky | akaman, siohi 天 |
163 | wind | — |
164 | snow | suda 雪 |
165 | ice | hego 冰 |
166 | smoke | megah 煙 |
167 | fire | ashu 炎 |
168 | ash | — |
169 | burn | ashumayehe 炎觸 |
170 | road | yop 路 |
171 | mountain | ngunungu 山 |
172 | red | injika 赤 |
173 | green | harihawa 青 |
174 | yellow | — |
175 | white | — |
176 | black | — |
177 | night | rachi 夜 |
178 | day | yong 日 |
179 | year | — |
180 | warm | — |
181 | cold | — |
182 | full | — |
183 | new | atawa 新 |
184 | old | — |
185 | good | hoigoi 合格 |
186 | bad | mo 非 |
187 | rotten | — |
188 | dirty | nopo 髒 |
189 | straight | aiwong 正 |
190 | round | gewa 彎 |
191 | sharp | puk 尖 |
192 | dull | nyuh 潑 |
193 | smooth | — |
194 | wet | — |
195 | dry | — |
196 | correct | aiwong 正 |
197 | near | — |
198 | far | — |
199 | right | — |
200 | left | — |
201 | at | -hi |
202 | in | -hi |
203 | with | soto |
204 | and | wa |
205 | if | — |
206 | because | — |
207 | name | f. naneje 名大 inf. ingawak 名 |