Kobot

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Kobot /kobot/ is the native language of the Sylaf people in the provinces of Katšjat, Lija, Nogafê, and Oarıetamf and an official language of the Sylaf Republic, an island nation in the Indian Ocean. It is classified as a Lako-Subric language. Kobot is notable for its agglutinative grammar and its sampling of many European, Asian, and Lako-Subric languages, notably Norwegian, Kobot, and Italian. It is the closest relative to Randot

Name: Kobot Type: Agglutinative Alignment: Nominative-Accusative Head Direction: Number of genders: 0 Declensions: Yes Conjugations: Yes Nouns declined according to Case Number Definitiveness Gender Verbs conjugated according to Voice Mood Person Number Tense Aspect

General information

	Gender	Cases	Numbers	Tenses	Persons	Moods	Voices	Aspects
Verb	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes
Nouns	No	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	No	No
Adjectives	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No
Numbers	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Participles	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Adverb	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Pronouns	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	No
Adpositions	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Article	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Particle	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No

Geographic distribution

Official status

Kobot is the former lingua franca and one of ten official languages of the Sylaf Republic. There are two main dialects: one spoken in the regions of Katšjat and Oarıêtamf (the standardized version), and one spoken on the island of Kobonî. The Katšjat dialect was previously the national language until the presidency of Porvo Koljobarātan. It is now mainly spoken as a second language by all on Sadhak (except for Katšjat, where it is the primary language, and Morkovo, where it is in equal usage with Randot), a first (mainly elders) or second language in the southern Sylaf islands (100% of the population over 15 speaks it fluently), and as a minority language in the north (only 80% of the population speaks it fluently, compared to 95% fluency in Randot). It is taught in all schools in the beginner levels, but is phased out in favor of more popular foreign languages in schools by age 8. There are three national newspapers in Kobot, compared to 5 in Porvojy Randot. The regulatory body for the language is the International House of the Kobot Language and Southern Sylaf Culture (Înterńavi Husek Kobot Lińgivez os Suvu Sîlâf Tacafaz)

Dialects

There are two main dialects spoken in the Sylaf Republic. They are

• Katšjat dialect (djalak kat'jatiz), the initial basis of Standard Kobot, and
• Kobonî dialect (djalek kobonîz).

Phonology

Consonants

The following are phonemic transcriptions of Rangyan consonants.

Consonant phonemes

	Labial	Dental	Alveolar	Post-alveolar	Alveolo-palatal	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Phrayngeal	Glottal
Nasal	mʰ m mʲ		nʰ n nʲ				ŋʰ ŋ ŋʲ
Stop	pʰ bʰ p b pʲ bʲ		tʰ dʰ t d tʲ dʲ			cʰ ɟʰ c ɟ cʲ ɟʲ	kʰ gʰ k g gʲ gʲ	ɢʰ ɢ ɢʲ
Sibilant Fricative		sʰ zʰ s z sʲ zʲ	ʃ ʒ	ʂ ʐ	ɕ ʑ
Non-sibilant Fricative	fʰ vʰ f v fʲ vʲ	θʰ ðʰ θ ð θʲ ðʲ				ʝ	xʰ x xʲ	ʁʰ ʁ ʁʲ		h hʲ
Flap			ɾʰ ɾ ɾʲ
Approximant			ɹʰ ɹ ɹʲ			j
Lateral Approximant		ɫ l lʲ

Affricates
ɖʐ ʤ dʑ	t͡sʰ t͡s t͡sʲ

Co-articulated Consonants
w ʍ

Vowels

Monophthongs

	Front	Near-front	Central	Near-back	Back
Close	i y				u
Near-close		ɪ
Close-mid	e ø				o
Mid			ə
Open-mid					ɔ
Open	a

Diphthongs

In the Kobot language, because semivowels /j/ and /w/ may follow consonants in initial position in a word, they are sometimes considered to be elements of diphthongs and triphthongs rather than separate consonant phonemes.

j-	w-	-ɪ
jɔ	wɔ	ɔɪ
ja	wa	aɪ
je	we	eɪ
jə	wə
	wi
jɪ	wɪ
jo	wo	oɪ
jø	wø	øɪ
ju	wu	uɪ
jy	wy	yɪ

Triphthongs

j-	w-
jɔɪ	wɔɪ
jaɪ	waɪ
jeɪ	weɪ
jəɪ	wəɪ
joɪ	woɪ
jøɪ	wøɪ
juɪ	wuɪ
jyɪ	wyɪ

Orthography

Kobot uses a Latin alphabet. The alphabet is mostly phonetic, where letters have one sound depending on their position in the word. Two accents are used: the acute on consonants (´) and the circumflex on vowels (ˆ). An apostrophe is used when the encoding does not allow the acute accent to appear properly. Several special symbols appear and serve a purpose, but are not counted as letters.

Letter	IPA
A a	ɔ
B b	b
C c	q
C' c'	t͡s
Ç ç	ɟ
Ḉ ḉ	c
D d	d
D' d'	ð
E e	e
F f	f
G g	g
G' g'	ʤ
H h	h
H' h'	ħ
I i	i
J j	j
K k	k
K' k'	x
L l	l
L' l'	lj
M m	m
N n	n
Ń ń	ɲ (initial, medial), ŋ (final)
O o	o
P p	p
R r	ɹ
Ŕ ŕ	ɾ
Ř ř	ʁ
S s	s
S' s'	ʃ
T t	t
T' t'	ʧ
U u	u
V v	v
W w	w
W' w'	ʍ
X x	θ
Z z	z
Z' z'	ʒ
 â	a
Ê ê	ə
Î î	ɪ
Ô ô	ø
Y y	y

Symbol	Purpose
h'	Aspirates a consonant when following one.
ê	Palatalizes a consonant at the end of a word.
ẽ	Denotes /ə/ at the end of a word. Handwritten as "êê" by the elders of Sadhak and the natives of Kobonî, but written "ẽ" by younger people.
ı	Because two accented letters cannot appear next to each other or at the end of a word, this symbol denotes the existence of a special letter before or after it.
ĵ	Palatalizes a consonant in the middle of a word.
q	Represents "ç" at the end of a word. "qı" represents ḉ at the end of a word.

Using ı

Orthographic rules state that two letters with accent marks or apostrophes cannot be next to each other. Vowels must always be accented to show their pronunciation, so the symbol "ı" is used as the apostrophe either before or after a consonant. It is only placed before a consonant if either the letter "i" or "î" succeeds the consonant to make the orthography less confusing.

Letters	Orthography	Example
Two consonants with apostrophes a vowel with a circumflex and a consonant with an apostrophe	First letter keeps the circumflex/apostrophe, second letter is followed by "ı".	k' + z' = k'zı â + z' = âzı
A circumflexed vowel followed by two letters with apostrophes	Vowel keeps the accent, first consonant is followed by "ı", second consonant keeps the apostrophe.	ê + g' + s' = êgıs'
A consonant with an apostrophe is followed by î	The consonant is preceded with "ı".	l' + î = ılî
Two consonants with apostrophes preceded by i or î.	Vowel remains the same, first consonant is followed by "ı", second consonant keeps the apostrophe.	i + c' + n' = icın'
Two consonants with apostrophes followed by i or î.	First vowel keeps apostrophe, second vowel is preceded by "ı", vowel remains the same.	c' + z' + i = c'ızi
Two consonants with apostrophes with i or î in between.	First consonant is preceded by "ı", vowel remains the same, second consonant is followed by "ı"	k' + î + z' = ıkîzı

Apostrophes cannot appear at the end of a word. "ı" is used instead.

Stress

Stress is free, but most popularly is placed on the first or second syllable.

Grammar

Connecting Vowels

To connect the cases, grammatical numbers, articles, and demonstrative pronouns to a word more easily when lacking a vowel at the beginning or end of a word, a vowel is added that corresponds to the vowel in the syllable of the noun before or after the extension.

Preceding/Succeeding Vowel	Connecting Vowel
a	î
e	i
i	e
o	î
u	e
â	e
ê	u
î	o
ô	a
y	ô

When the letter ê is used at the end of a word, but a suffix is added, it changes to "a", rather than be dropped or changed to "ĵ".

Word classes and phrase classes

Nouns

Kobot is a partially agglutinative language. There are no genders, but there is grammatical number and articles. These are attached at different points of the noun. There are numerous noun and prepositional cases whose places in a word vary.

Duals are made by adding "tan" to the end of a noun. Plurals are made by adding "n" to the end of a noun.

Singular	Dual	Plural
hus	husetan	husen
h'eritê	h'eritatan	h'eritan
vig'	vig'etan	vig'en

Noun Cases

Kobot has 38 noun cases, most of them being prepositional. Two of these are used with time phrases. A case is added by inserting one or several letters into the word's nominative case. There are three possible places a case segment can be placed: at the beginning of the word, before the grammatical number, or at the end of the word. The three positions are denoted in the chart below, respectively, as "beginning", "middle", and "end".

Case	Position	Segment	Example with "husenik" (the houses)	Example with "dali" (song)
Accusative	Middle	-m-	huseminek	dalim
Dative	Middle	-v-	husevinek	daliv
Genitive	Middle	-z-	husezinek	daliz
Partitive	Middle	-bi-	husebinek	dalibi
Abessive	Beginning	sam lejh' ç-	sam lejh' çehusenik	sam lejh' çîdali
Ablative	Beginning	s-	sehusenik	sîdali
Adessive	Beginning	r-	rehusenik	rîdali
Allative	Beginning	l-	lehusenik	lîdali
Apudessive-Left	Beginning	vasen bamĵ-	vasen bamĵehusenik	vasen bamıjîdali
Apudessive-Right	Beginning	hôre bamĵ-	hôre bamĵehusenik	hôre bamıjîdali
Comitative	Beginning	gom...	gom husenik	gom dali
Delative	Beginning	d-	dehusenik	dîdali
Elative	Beginning	bh'a-	bh'ahusenik	bh'adali
Essive	Beginning and End	as' n- -lẽ dif
Illative	Beginning	huj-	hujehusenik	hujîdali
Inessive	Beginning and Middle	k- -p-	kehusepinek	kîdalip
Intrative	Middle	-tt-	husettinek	dalitt
Locative	Beginning	n-	nehusenik	nîdali
Pertingent	Beginning	zd-/z-	zdehusenik	zdali
Prolative	Middle	-(v)imm-	husimmenik	dalivimm
Subessive	Beginning	kh'-	kh'ehusenik	kıhîdali
Superessive	End	-kma	husenikkma	dalikma
Temporal	Beginning and End	as' n- -bb dif
Ablative	Beginning and Middle	stalê -stala-	husestalanîk	stalê dalistala
Adverbial	Beginning and Middle	dumẽ -dumê-	dumẽ husedumênuk	dumẽ dalidumẽ
Aversive	End	-li	husenikeli	dalili
Casual	Beginning and Middle	per -(k')ed-	per husek'edinek	per dalik'ed
Comparitive	Middle	-mik-	husemikenik	dalimik
Egressive	End	-lê	husenikelê	dalilê
Semblative	End	-plu	husenikeplu	daliplu
Terminative	Middle	-kĵu-	husekĵunek	dalikĵu
Translative	Middle	-lô-	huselônak	dalilô
Vocative	Middle	-jy-	husejynôk	dalijy
Diminutive	Beginning and Middle	koli -hi-	koli husehinek	koli dalihi
Antidiminutive	Beginning and Middle	kapi -po-	kapi huseponîk	kapi dalipo

Pronouns and Articles

Kobot is notable for its use of the infinite fourth person, rather than a standard three-person system.

Person	Number	Gender	Nominative (Personal)	Dative (Reflexive)	Genitive (Possesive)	Reciprocal
First	Single	Male/Female	Kon	Kone	Kon	Nîkon
First	Dual	Male/Female/Mixed	Konat	Konate	Kon	Nîkonat
First	Plural	Male/Female/Mixed	Katı	Kat'e	Kon	Nîkatı
Second	Single	Male/Female	Du	Due	Dua	Nedu
Second	Dual	Male/Female/Mixed	Duvibân	Duvie	Dua	Neduvibân
Second	Plural	Male/Mixed	Rôs	Ôrse	Dua	Narôs
Second	Plural	Female	Rosa	Ôrsa	Dua	Nîrosa
Third	Single	Male	Vâ	Vaj	Vica	Nevâ
Third	Single	Female	Vi	Vie	Vica	Nevi
Third	Dual	Male/Female/Mixed	Kac'i	Kac'e	Vica	Nîkac'i
Third	Plural	Male/Mixed	Vâs	Vaje	Vica	Nevâs
Third	Plural	Female	Vis	Vise	Vica	Nevis
Fourth	Single	Unspecific	Ava	Ave	Aventi	Nava
Fourth	Dual	Unspecific	Avas	Avani	Aventi	Naventi
Fourth	Plural	Unspecific	Avi	Avie	Aventi	Navi

Reflexive Pronouns These are the accusative declensions of the pronouns.

Nominative	Accusative
Kon	Kone
Konat	Konate
Katı	Kat'e
Du	Due
Duvibân	Duvie
Rôs	Ôrse
Rosa	Ôrsaje
Vâ	Vaj
Vi	Vie
Kac'i	Kac'e
Vâs	Vaje
Vis	Vise
Ava	Ave
Avas	Avase
Avi	Avie

Interrogative Pronouns

Who - Mej
What - Ke
When - Kw'andi
Where - Ondej
Why - Miksi
How - Kak
How many - Vanti

Relative Pronouns

Who - Kôgi
What - Kôgi
When - Kôgi
Where - Kôgi
Why - Kôgi
How - Kôgi
How many - Kôgi

Indefinite Pronouns (these function as adjectives)

some - lego
all - todo
few - byni
several - kilo
each - sepe

Demonstrative Pronouns and Articles

These are connected after the case.

k - definite article t - indefinite article x - those (far) l - those (close) g' - these

Verbs

Verbs are classified into 4 infinitive endings: -a, -o, -y, and -î. They are conjugated by tense, mood, and infinitive ending, but do not by person or number. There are several moods; the most commonly used moods are: indicative, hypothetical, conditional, subjunctive, and imperative.

Indicative Mood Conjugations

	-a	-o	-y	-î
Present	ati	oti	yt	ît
Future	avara	ovara	yvê	îvê
Simple Preterite	azı	ozı	yzı	îzı
Pluperfect	ası	osı	ymi	îmi
Present Perfect	ala	olo	ylô	îlo
Imperfect	ask	osk	ysk	îsk

Hypothetical and Conditional Mood Conjugations

These two moods are often paired.

	-a	-o	-y	-î
Hypothetical	adẽ	odẽ	ydẽ	îdio
Conditional	aıdilê	oıdilê	ydıôlê	îdıole

Subjunctive Mood Conjugations

	-a	-o	-y	-î
Present	ata	ota	ytve	îtve
Future	aska	oska	ysve	îsve
Imperfect	avaro	ovaro	yvez'e	îvez'e

Imperative Mood Conjugations

	-a	-o	-y	-î
Affirmative	at	ot	yti	îti
Negative	ikı -at	ikı -ot	ikı -yti	ikı -îti

Additional Mood Suffixes

Connected with the proper vowel either before (in the Kobonî dialect) or after (in the standard dialect) the imperative verb. Those who are attached to the subjunctive form of the verb are marked with an asterisk (*).

Mood	Suffix
Deductive*	hyx
Deliberative	xuc
Desiderative*	vus
Dubitative	zêsı
Necessitative*	z'it
Optative*	gıôpe
Permissive	řẽ
Propositive	sivi
Speculative	d'ola

Gerunds

-a	-o	-y	-î
ar'po	or'po	yr'pen	îrılıân

Copula

There are no copulas in Kobot, due to the extensive noun cases.

Adjectives

Kobot adjectives (except noun adjuncts) end in either -a, -i, -o, or -u. They can be pluralized as, respectively, -i, -a, -e, and -o. They appear before the noun as a separate word (even with cases attached), resulting in only a partial agglutinative language. Noun adjuncts are formed by adding the proper connecting vowel without a consonant, and are pluralized by adding a connecting vowel and z to the end.

Adjective order

In the Kobot language, attributive adjectives usually occur in this default order, with other orders being permissible:

1. noun adjunct (noun used as adjective)
2. proper adjective (e.g. nationality, origin, material)
3. intensifier (adverb of degree)
4. color
5. shape
6. age
7. opinion
8. size
9. head noun

Example:

dîNokia Suoma vagi bla obliko lyve siate niame nitelefonînog'
"on these very good old small Finnish black rectangular cell phones from Nokia"

Noun adjunct	Proper adjective	Intensifier	Color	Shape	Age	Opinion	Size	Case	Head Noun	Plural	Demonstrative
dîNokia from Nokia	Suoma Finnish	vagi very	bla black	obliko rectangular	lyve old	siate good	niami small	ni on	telefon cell phone	în plural	og' this

Comparative and Superlative

The comparative adjective is vaga (pl. vagi). The superlative is mos'to (pl. mos'te).

Examples:

Vaga iso hundex folıâritemikeg'.
"That dog is bigger than this bird."

Comparative	Adjective	Nominative Noun	Demonstrative Pronoun or Article	Comparative Noun	Comparative Case	Demonstrative Pronoun or Article
Vaga more	iso big	hund dog	ex that	folıârit bird	emik compared to	eg' this

Mos'to iso hundex.
"That dog is the biggest."

Superlative	Adjective	Nominative Noun
Mos'to most	iso big	hund dog

Adverbs

Adverbs describe verbs, and are connected to the verb beforehand, with a connecting consonant (k following a, m following e, p following i, v following o, and k' following u). Adverbs and adjectives are the exact same words (ex. w'imo is both fast and fastly).

Examples:

Viripiavara kon lîloz'a.
"I quickly went to the store."

Adverb	Connecting Consonant	Verb Infinitive	Past Tense	Subject	Allative Case	Object	Article
Viri quick	p	ia go	vara	kon I	lî to	loz'a store	k the

Particles

Particles in Kobot are merely colloquial and are of free usage, but mostly are put at the beginning or end of exclamations. The most common are siatet, vapoli, and t'ajrio.

Numerals

Kobot numerals are made of single-syllable clusters of one consonant followed by a vowel. There are ten clusters, one for each digit, which can be combined in the order of increasing place value (ones, tens, hundreds, etc.).

Basic numbering

There are two ways of writing the numbers in Rangyan, in Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3) or in Chinese numerals (一, 二, 三). The Arabic numerals are more often used in horizontal writing, and the Chinese numerals are more common in vertical writing.

Digit	Cluster
1	nu
2	lô
3	h'y
4	xî
5	ba
6	çu
7	c'ê
8	da
9	t'o
0	ki

The number 66 (çuçu) is considered lucky in Kobot, is a homophone for pepper, seen in the native religions as a tool used by the devil to burn the eyes of sinners (much of Sylaf cuisine lacks pepper). The number 490 (kit'oxî) is considered lucky, since it sounds similar to the word for rabbit (kitod'i), an animal considered lucky. The number 14 (xînu) is also unlucky, since it sounds like the word for black hole (xin'u).

Number	Kobot
11	nunu
17	c'enu
151	nubanu
302	lôkih'y
469	t'oçuxî
2025	balôkilô

Decimal fractions

The word "pont" is used to separate the decimal's numbers from the whole number.

Number	Kobot
10-1 (0.1)	nupontki
10-2 (0.01)	nukipontki

Fractional values

A fraction can be written one of two ways. The numerator could appear first, with the denominator (declined into superessive case) following it, or the denominator could appear first, with the numerator (declined into subessive case) following it.

Fraction	Kobot
2/3	lô h'ykma/h'y kh'alô
3 5/6	ba çukma/h'y kh'îba os h'y

Ordinal numbers

Ordinal numbers are formed by adding tajzı after the cluster

Ordinal	Kobot
1st	nutajzı
32nd	h'ylôtajzı

Negative numbers

Negative numbers are formed by adding sy after the number.

Word Order

Standard Kobot generally uses a VSO word order, especially in informal situations. In Kobonî Kobot, the VSO word order is used in questions, but an SOV word order is used in general statements. In formal situations and formal speeches in both emails, a VOS word order is used instead.

Examples

L'okavara du oguimek?
"Did you take the cup?"

OR

L'okavara du oguimek.
"You took the cup." (informal Standard)

L'oka	vara	du	ogui	m	ek
take	past tense	you	cup	accusative	definite article

L'okavara oguimek du?
"You took the cup" (formal Standard)

L'oka	vara	ogui	m	ek	du
take	past tense	cup	accusative	definite article	you

Du oguimek l'okavara.
"You took the cup" (informal Kobonî)

du	ogui	m	ek	l'oka	vara
you	cup	accusative	definite article	take	past tense

Cyrillisation

The Vitu method of cyrillisation vituz siric'i, designed for Bosnian-Sylafs, is the official standard of rendering Kobot in Cyrillic letters. It is the colloquial orthography, but not the official orthography, of the island of Kobonî. Cyrillic Kobot is written in only capital letters.

Letter	Cyrillic
A a	А
B b	В
C c	Ќ
C' c'	Ц
Ç ç	Ҙ
Ç' ç'	Ҫ
D d	Д
D' d'	Ԁ
E e	Е
F f	Ф
G g	Ґ
G' g'	Џ
H h	Х
H' h'	Г
I i	І
J j	Ј
K k	К
K' k'	Ҳ
L l	Л
L' l'	Љ
M m	М
N n	Н
N' n'	Њ
O o	О
P p	П
R r	Р
R' r'	R
Ř ř	Ѓ
S s	С
S' s'	Ш ш
T t	Т т
T' t'	Ч ч
U u	У
V v	Ҩ
W w	Ў
W' w'	Ұ
X x	Ө
Z z	З
Z' z'	Ӟ
 â	Ӓ
Ê ê	Ё
Î î	Ї
Ô ô	Ӧ
Y y	Ӱ

Symbol	Purpose
h'	Ъ
ê/ĵ	Ь
ẽ	Ё
ı	not used

Other

Example texts

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)

"All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights."
Libri os imih'asaxe nedignit os nelibertin loz'ejat tode peson.

Libri

os

imih'asaxe

ne

dignit

os

ne

libert

in

loz'eja

t

tode

peso

on

Free

and

equal

in

dignity

and

in

rights

plural

born

present tense

all

person

plural

"They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood."
Gom razo os cansianti gahyt vis os bradaz nukimacît hablîtoz'it levis.

Gom

razo

os

cansianti

gahy

t

vis

os

bradaz

n

ukimac

ît

hablî

t

oz'it

nevis

comitative case

reason

and

conscience

endow

present tense

us

and

brother

locative case

attitude/spirit

indefinite article

act

present tense

necessitative mood

each other

Featured banner

"This language was once featured."
furtado lingvag'

furtado	lingva	g'
feature	language	this

"Thanks to its level of quality, plausibility and usage capabilities, it has been voted as featured."
Per kac'i zalamited kinobařatik'ed os udaz vabafrodar'edin, furtadovara vi.

Per

kac'i

zalamit

ed

kinobařati

k'ed

os

uda

z

vadafrdar'

ed

in

furtado

vara

vi

casual case opener

kac'i its

zalamit quality (n)

ed casual case closer

kinobařati plausability

k'ed casual case closer

os and

uda use (n)

z noun adjunct

vadafrdar' capability

ed casual case closer

in plural

furtado to feature

vara past tense

vi it