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Name: Kostish
Type: Agglutinative Alignment: Nominative-accusative Head Direction: Final Number of genders: 3 Declensions: Yes Conjugations: Yes
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General information[]
This project has recently been picked up again, I am reworking it to represent the correct information. It is the least spoken one of the four languages spoken by desert tribes in the fictional continent of Beln, in the south-western country so called Defon. Picked up again in present times, it is used as a form of secret communication in regions where the other three would be spoken.
Gender | Cases | Numbers | Tenses | Persons | Moods | Voices | Aspects | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Verb | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes |
Nouns | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | No |
Adjectives | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No |
Numbers | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Participles | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Adverb | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Pronouns | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No |
Adpositions | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Article | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | No |
Particle | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Phonology[]
Alphabet[]
The dental fricatives are represented with orthographically as labio-dental plosives with an h (a digraph)
Symbols | Official Phonetic Name | IPA | American | |
---|---|---|---|---|
P | p | Voiceless bilabial stop | /p/ | (pick, pear) |
B | b | Voiceled bilabial stop | /b/ | (berch, book) |
C | c | Voiceless palato-alveolar affricate | /tʃ/ | chi, child |
J | j | Voiceled palato-alveolar affricate | /dʒ/ | jack, jail |
T | t | Voiceless alveolar stop | /t/ | tap, not |
D | d | Voiced alveolar stop | /d/ | day, jumped |
K | k | Voiceless velar stop | /k/ | camel, kayak |
G | g | Voiced velar stop | /g/ | gift, fog |
Y | y | Palatal approximant | /j/ | yes, you |
H | h | Voiceless glottal fricative | /h/ | hail, heart |
L | l | Alveolar lateral approximate | /l/ | lake, fall |
M | m | Biblial nasal | /m/ | man, lamb |
N | n | Alveolar nasal | /n/ | man, nail |
R | r | Alveolar approximant | /ɹ / | ride, far |
S | s | Voiceless alveolar sibilant | /s/ | sun, sail |
Z | z | Voiceled alveolar sibilant | /z/ | zebra, dogs |
Sh | sh | voicless postalveolar fricative | /ʃ/ | ship |
Zh | zh | Voiced postalveolar fricative | /ʒ/ | fissure |
W | w | Labio-velar approximate | /w/ | war, want |
Vowels[]
the official pronunciation of vowels is maintained as so:
Symbol | IPA | Official Phonetic Name | American English approxiamations |
---|---|---|---|
ei | /aɪ/ | Diphthong | knight, light, |
eu | /u/ | Close back rounded | stew, new, |
ou | /aʊ/ | Diphthong | route, shout, |
oi | /ɔɪ/ | Diphthong | royal, oil, |
a | /ɑ/ | Open back unrounded | thought, law, lock, flaun, |
e | /e/ | Close-mid front unrounded | |
i | /i/ | Close front unrounded vowel | knee, fee |
o | /oʊ/ | Diphthong | boat, float, |
u | /ʌ/ | Open-mid back unrounded | cup, under, chuck, dumb, |
oo | /ʊ/ | Near-close near-back | rook, wolf, |
Grammar[]
Adverbs[]
Coming soon
Determiners[]
This is probably the hardest of all declensions. Sometimes it is more inflected due to multiple roots for one word. This, however, is the standard declension.
Articles[]
the ancient ka- suffix implies definity, these articles are subject to change however.
Definite | Nominative | Accusative | Benefactive | Dative | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | animate | kana | kanag | kanad | kanab |
inanimate | ka | kag | kad | kab | |
Plural | animate | kara | karag | karad | karab |
inanimate | ke | keg | ked | keb | |
Indefinite | Nominative | Accusative | Benefactive | Dative | |
Singular | animate | na | nag | nad | nab |
inanimate | a | ag | ad | ab | |
Plural | animate | ra | rag | rad | rab |
inanimate | e | eg | ed | eb |
Dictionary[]
Languages[]
Name | English | Notes | Etymology |
---|---|---|---|
Hopop | alien | as in foreign language | "hop-" + "-op" |
Engelop | English | the language | "engel-"+ "-op" |
Nederop | Dutch | the language | "neder-"+ "-op" |
Deetop | German | the language | "deet-"+ "-op" |
Wolop | Welsh | the language | "wol-"+ "-op" |
Kostop | Kostish | this language | "kost" + "-op" |
Kin[]
Member | English | Notes | Etymology |
---|---|---|---|
yu | parent | Old Defop | |
bokyu | father | Old Defop | |
omyu | mother | also "mama" | Old Defop |
yus | sibling | Old Defop | |
yas | sister | Old Defop | |
yos | brother | Old Defop | |
omyos | uncle | maternal (mother's brother) | Old Defop |
bokyos | uncle | paternal (father's brother) | Old Defop |
bokyas | aunt | paternal (father's sister) | Old Defop |
male cousin | Old Defop | ||
female cos | Old Defop | ||
grandfather | used with bok- or om- | Old Defop | |
grandmother | used with bok- or om- | Old Defop | |
aunt | maternal (mother's sister) | Old Defop | |
grandmother | uncommon | Old Defop |
Adjectives[]
Adjective | English | Notes | Etymology |
---|---|---|---|
else | |||
hopeud | alien | "hop-" "-eud" | |
alike | |||
clumsy | |||
north | |||
apart | |||
sik | certain | ||
strong | |||
true | |||
gulb | warm |
Affixes[]
Some morphmemes. not including inflections
Affixes | Meaning | Type | Etymology |
---|---|---|---|
adjectives from verbs, "made into" | prefix | ||
vexed, hurt, "anguish", "anger", "angst" | prefix | ||
again, re- | prefix | ||
hop | foreign, other | prefix | Old Defop |
nim | having qualities of, metals on the periodic table | suffix | Old Defop |
bes | syn-, together | prefix | Old Defop |
full of, characterized by | |||
bok | paternal | prefix | Old Defop |
op | language names | suffix | Old Defop |
eud | forms adjectives from nouns | prefix | Old Defop |
ezh | forms diminuitives | suffix | Uncertain |
on | place names | suffix | Old Defop |
ti | workers of tasks | suffix | Old Defop |
sel | of or pertaining to the sea | prefix | Old Defop |
el | conjunctional(used in conjunctions) | suffix | Old Defop |
af | conjunctional; implying time (before, after, etc) | suffix | Old Defop |
in | conjunctional; implying company(and, but, etc) | suffix | Old Defop |
om | maternal | prefix | Old Defop |
frequent, often | prefix | ||
out of, outward | prefix | ||
gon | arch-, chief | prefix | Dafik |
proto | prefix | ||
forms directions | suffix | ||
inhabitants of | suffix |
Conjunctions[]
They follow a relatively simple pattern
Conjunction | English | Usage Notes |
---|---|---|
daf | after | akin to prep |
kaf | then | shows the next in order |
gaf | until | |
laf | before | similar to the preposition |
zaf | (ever) since | never with sense of "because" |
kin | and | used to join multiple nouns in phrase, but not two clauses |
tin | or/either | alternative statement |
nin | nor/neither | non-contrasting negative statements |
lin | but | shows a contrast |
zin | as | meaning "during" |
kel | so | shows consequence, shows ancient ka- suffix |
hel | for | shows a reason, similar to preposition |
gel | if | shows a condition |
Example text[]
Or dippa ellbe glabak gose.
(I considered to write more here.)