Name: Lôppic
Type: Fusional Alignment: Nominative-accusative Head Direction: Final (occasionally initial) Number of genders: 3 Declensions: Yes Conjugations: Yes
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Lôppic lôpizô tařak | |
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Spoken in: | Kihāmát |
Region: | North America |
Total speakers: | 900,094 (native) |
Ranking: | |
Genetic classification: | Panlaffic languages |
Official status | |
Official language in: | Kihāmát |
Regulated by: | The Kihā́mmic Institute of Language and Linguistics |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-1 | lp |
ISO 639-2 | lpi |
SIL | lpi |
See also: Language – Lists of languages |
General information[]
The Lôppic language (Lôppic Latin: Lô lôpizô tařak, pronounced [ˈlo loˈpizo ˈtaʁɐk]) is the main language spoken on the Island of Laāláûī, in the country of Kihāmát, and is recognised as the island's official regional language. An inflected fusional nominative-accusative language, Lôppic has two numbers, three genders and seven cases. The language is the second most spoken in the country after Kihā́mmic and both belong to the isolated Panlaffic language family, indigenous to the country's eight islands. There are five extant Panlaffic languages other than Lôppic and Kihā́mmic.
Phonology and orthography[]
Lôppic can be written in either both traditional Panlaffic script or in the Standardised Romanised Panlaffic Alphabet. For ease of use the Romanised alphabet is used below.
Consonants[]
P p : [p] voiceless bilabial plosive
L l : [l] alveolar lateral approximant, [ɫ] velarised alveolar lateral approximant (before another consonant)
M m : [m] bilabial nasal, [ɱ] labiodental nasal (before f and v)
N n : [n] alveolar nasal, [ŋ] velar nasal (before g and k)
D d : [d] voiced alveolar plosive
H h : [h] voiceless glottal fricative, [ɦ] voiced glottal fricative (before y and between two vowels)
Ȟ ȟ : [ç] voiceless palatal fricative
K k : [k] voiceless velar plosive
Ǩ ǩ : [x] voiceless velar fricative
R r : [ɹ] alveolar approximant (at the start of a word), [ɾ] alveolar tap
Ř ř : [ʁ] voiced uvular fricative
B b : [b] voiced bilabial plosive, [β] voiced bilabial fricative (between two vowels)
V v : [ʋ] labiodental approximant
Z z : [z] voiced alveolar fricative
Ž ž : [ʒ] voiced palato-alveolar fricative
F f : [f] voiceless labiodental fricative
G g : [ɡ] voiced velar plosive, [ɣ] voiced velar fricative (between two vowels)
S s : [s] voiceless alveolar sibilant
Š š : [ʃ] voiceless palato-alveolar fricative
Č č : [t͡ʃ] voiceless palato-alveolar affricate
T t : [t] voiceless alveolar plosive
Y y : [j] palatal approximant
Vowels[]
A a : [a] open front unrounded vowel, [ɐ] near-open central vowel (semi-unstressed), [ə] mid central vowel (unstressed)
Ā ā : [ɑː] long open back unrounded vowel, [ɑ] open back unrounded vowel (unstressed)
à ã : [ɐ̃] nasalised near-open central vowel
E e : [ɛ] open-mid front unrounded vowel, [e] close-mid front unrounded vowel (stressed at the end of a word), [ə] mid central vowel (unstressed)
Ẽ ẽ : [ẽ] nasalised close-mid front unrounded vowel
O o : [ɒ] open back rounded vowel, [ə] mid central vowel (unstressed)
Ô ô : [o] close-mid back rounded central vowel, [ə] mid central vowel (unstressed)
Ō ō : [ɔː] long open-mid back rounded vowel, [ɔ] open-mid back rounded vowel (unstressed)
Õ õ : [õ] nasalised close-mid back rounded central vowel
I i : [i] close front unrounded vowel, [ɪ] near-close near-front unrounded vowel (semi-unstressed), [ɪ̈] near-close central unrounded vowel (unstressed)
Ī ī : [iː] long close front unrounded vowel, [i] close front unrounded vowel (unstressed)
Ĩ ĩ : [ɛ̃] nasalised open-mid front unrounded vowel
U u : [ʊ] near-close near-back rounded vowel, [ʊ̈] near-close central rounded vowel (unstressed)
Û û : [u] close back rounded vowel, [ʊ̈] near-close central rounded vowel (unstressed)
Ū ū : [uː] long close back rounded vowel, [u] close back rounded vowel (unstressed)
Ũ ũ : [ũ] nasalised close back rounded vowel
Digraphs[]
LY ly : [ʎ] palatal lateral approximant
NY ny : [ɲ] palatal nasal
DZ dz : [d͡z] voiced alveolar affricate
DS ds : [d͡z] voiced alveolar affricate
DY dy : [ɟ] voiced palatal plosive
DŽ dž : [d͡ʒ] voiced palato-alveolar affricate
KG kg : [kː] geminated voiceless velar plosive
GK gk : [gː] geminated voiced velar plosive
TZ tz : [t͡s] voiceless alveolar affricate
TS ts : [t͡s] voiceless alveolar affricate
TY ty : [c] voiceless palatal plosive
Vowel stress[]
Depending on whether or not a vowel is stressed in Lôppic, its pronunciation may change, just as in English, Portuguese and Russian. Stressed means that the vowel is a primary or strong secondary stress point, semi-stressed means that it neighbours a stress point, unstressed means that there is at least one other vowel between it and a stress point. The table below shows how pronunciation may change according to stress:
Stressed | Semi-stressed | Unstressed | |
A a | [a] | [ɐ] | [ə] |
Ā ā | [ɑː] | [ɑˑ] | |
à ã | [ɐ̃] | ||
E e | [ɛ], [e] | [ə] | |
Ẽ ẽ | [ẽ] | ||
O o | [ɒ] | [ə] | |
Ô ô | [o] | [ə] | |
Ō ō | [ɔː] | [ɔˑ] | [ɔ] |
Õ õ | [õ] | ||
I i | [i] | [ɪ] | [ɪ̈] |
Ī ī | [iː] | [iˑ] | [i] |
Ĩ ĩ | [ɛ̃] | ||
U u | [ʊ] | [ʊ̈] | |
Û û | [u] | [ʊ̈] | |
Ū ū | [uː] | [uˑ] | [u] |
Ũ ũ | [ũ] |
Alphabet[]
All the Panlaffic languages have traditionally been written in the Panlaffic alphabet, Lôppic using a specific variant, but nowadays chiefly due to the Internet the Romanised alphabet is gaining use. Unlike in Kihā́mmic the stresses of word are not indicated with stress marks.
Panlaffic alphabet[]
The Panlaffic alphabet is a true alphabet. An example of its use is on the Coat of Arms of Kihāmát (left). The word on the scroll spells "Kihāmát" in the Kihā́mmic variant of the alphabet. Though the alphabet formerly had both majuscule and minuscule cases, only the majuscule is now generally used and the minuscule is no longer used at all in any official context.
Romanised alphabet[]
P | L | A | Ā | Ã | M | N | E | Ẽ | D | H | Ȟ | K | Ǩ | O | Ô | Ō | Õ | R | Ř | B | I | Ī | Ĩ | V | Z | Ž | F | G | S | Š | Č | U | Û | Ū | Ũ | T | Y |
p | l | a | ā | ã | m | n | e | ẽ | d | h | ȟ | k | ǩ | o | ô | ō | õ | r | ř | b | i | ī | ĩ | v | z | ž | f | g | s | š | č | u | û | ū | ũ | t | y |
Basic grammar[]
Overview[]
Gender | Cases | Numbers | Tenses | Persons | Moods | Voices | Aspects | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Verb | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | No |
Nouns | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | No |
Adjectives | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | No |
Numbers | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | No |
Participles | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | No |
Adverb | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Pronouns | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No |
Adpositions | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Article | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | No |
Particle | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes |
Cases[]
There are seven cases in the Lôppic language:
- Nominative
- Accusative
- Genitive
- Ablative
- Allative (or dative-allative)
- Instrumental
- Prepositional
Nouns[]
Nouns have three genders: masculine, feminine and neuter; two numbers: singular and plural; and are declined according to case.
Masculine[]
Singular[]
Masculine nouns end in a consonant, -ô and -õ.
nominative | hot (building) | ônô (moon) | ačõ (church) |
accusative | hota | ônô | ačõ |
genitive | hotī | ônī | ačõnī |
ablative | hota | ôna | ačõna |
allative | hotô | ônôn | ačõnô |
instrumental | hotû | ônû | ačõnû |
prepositional | hote | ône | ačõne |
Plural[]
Pluralisation in masculine nouns adds the infix -am- or -m-, some nouns add -an- or -n- instead.
nominative | hotam | ônamô | ačamõ |
accusative | hotama | ônamôm | ačamõm |
genitive | hotamī | ônamī | ačamõnī |
ablative | hotama | ônama | ačamõna |
allative | hotamô | ônamôn | ačamõnô |
instrumental | hotamû | ônamû | ačamõnû |
prepositional | hotame | ôname | ačamõne |
Feminine[]
Singular[]
Feminine nouns end in -a, -ã, -e and -ẽ.
nominative | lafa (grass) | grã (war) | fāve (wind) | aǩẽ (planet) |
accusative | lafai | grãu | fāvei | aǩẽu |
genitive | lafī | grĩ | fāvī | aǩĩ |
ablative | lafan | grãna | fāva | aǩã |
allative | lafô | grõ | fāvô | aǩõ |
instrumental | lafû | grũ | fāvû | aǩũ |
prepositional | lafe | grẽ | fāven | aǩẽn |
Plural[]
Pluralisation in feminine nouns adds the infix -m- or -am-. Some nouns add -n- or -an- instead.
nominative | lafma | gramã | fāvme | aǩmẽ |
accusative | lafmai | gramãu | fāvmei | aǩmẽu |
genitive | lafmī | gramĩ | fāvmī | aǩmĩ |
ablative | lafman | gramãna | fāvma | aǩmã |
allative | lafmô | gramõ | fāvmô | aǩmõ |
instrumental | lafmû | gramũ | fāvmû | aǩmũ |
prepositional | lafme | gramẽ | fāvmen | aǩmẽn |
Neuter[]
Singular[]
Neuter nouns end in -û, -ũ-ī and -ĩ.
nominative | čû (eye) | dāžũ (god) | takī (bone) | haskĩ (part) |
accusative | čû | dāžũ | takī | haskĩ |
genitive | čī | dāžĩ | takīn | haskĩn |
ablative | ča | dāžã | taka | haskã |
allative | čô | dāžõ | takô | haskõ |
instrumental | čûn | dāžũn | takû | haskũ |
prepositional | če | dāžẽ | take | haskẽ |
Plural[]
Pluralisation in neuter nouns adds the infix -tr- or -atr-. Some nouns add -dr- or -adr- instead.
nominative | čatrû (eye) | dāžtrũ (god) | taktrī (bone) | haskatrĩ (part) |
accusative | čatrû | dāžtrũ | taktrī | haskatrĩ |
genitive | čatrī | dāžtrĩ | taktrīn | haskatrĩn |
ablative | čatra | dāžtrã | taktra | haskatrã |
allative | čatrô | dāžtrõ | taktrô | haskatrõ |
instrumental | čatrûn | dāžtrũn | taktrû | haskatrũ |
prepositional | čatre | dāžtrẽ | taktre | haskatrẽ |
Diminutives and augmentatives[]
Diminutives add -ũn(a/û) unless the word ends in a vowel, in which case add -ǩũn(a/û).
Augmentatives add -ãt(a/û) but add -mãt(a/û) when the word ends in a vowel.
Adjectives do not change according to diminutives or augmentatives.