Overview[]
General background[]
The Language of the Valley is a dead language spoken by a fictional Elven race who lived in a prosperous valley before the arrival of the Human race. After immigration, Humans found only ruins of palaces, monuments and common houses. They began to study the inscriptions, manuscripts and books left by this mysterious Elven race and adopted the language for its cultural worth and beauty. Since then, the Language of the Valley took the same role as Latin for Romance languages, although not directly descendant. Thus, there was the differentiation between the Educated Language and the Common Speech.
The Language of the Valley means to be simple and agglutinative. It 's based on syllables that can express a verbal or nominal value, depending on the suffixes they take.
The main features are:
- 5 vowels: up to 7 sounds if we includes the couples /e, ɛ/ and /o, ɔ/ as allophones
- 14 consonants: [sh] is considered as a digraphs for /ʃ/; [j] has 3 allophones /ʒ, dʒ, tʃ/.
- nominative-accusative alignment: subjects of a transitive or intransitive verb are treaten as same.
- topic-prominent alignment: the word order emphatizes the sentence topic, allowing a "double subject" - topic+subject.
- strongly pro-drop: the personal pronouns are often omitted. They can be used with emphatic effect in both nominative and vocative cases.
- case inflection: the grammatical role of the word is descirbed by the suffix case.
- large use of verbal modificators (suffix) that enrich verb meanings.
Script[]
Note: It's an adaptation of the Korean Hangeul.
B | ㅂ | P | ㅍ | HA | 아 | HI | 이 | HO | 오 | HE | 어 | HU | 우 |
D | ㄷ | T | ㅌ | HAI | 애 | HEI | 에 | ||||||
G | ㄱ | K | ㅋ | YA | 야 | YO | 요 | YE | 여 | YU | 유 | ||
Z | ㅅ | S | ㅆ | YAI | 얘 | YEI | 예 | ||||||
SH | ㅈ | J | ㅊ | HOA | 와 | WI | 위 | WE | 워 | ||||
M | ㅁ | N | ㄴ | HOAI | 왜 | WEI | 웨 | ||||||
R | ㄹ | L | ㅎ | ||||||||||
H | ㅇ | Mute | 으 |
Vowels and consonants are linked together in a squared block.
Exemples:
- bol (pot) = 봏
- jom (fire) = 촘
- hus (beauty) = 웄
- kun (smooth) = 쿤
- mos (defend) = 몼
They are mostly used as ideograms than phomenes, yet don't lose their phonological role:
- 쿤이(kun-hi) and not 쿠니 (ku-ni) [beautiful]
- 봏아니 (bol-ha-ni) and not 보하니 (bo-la-ni) [in the pot]
The only exception is -m for the first singolar person of the verb. It can be written both:
- 실아짐 (zir-ha-shim) > zirashim = I am
- 실아지므 (zir-ha-shi-m) > zirashim = I am
The 1° is considered as a contraction of 2°, but is more common.
Note: when reduction or reinforcement occured, the syllable changes:
촴 |
촘 |
춈 |
- 촴joam (reinforced) = forest-fire
- 좀jom (basic) = fire
- 죰jyom (reduced) = flame
Phonetic[]
Syllable[]
Type: CVC
The syllables are the basic units for nouns, adjectives and verbs. Each syllable is made up by an initial consonant ("head"), a central vowel ("body") and a final consonant ("tail").
The script system is the Korean Hangeul, but used in a way far different.
Consonants[]
Bilabial | Alveolar | Post-Alveolar | Velar | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Voiced | Voiceless | Voiced | Voiceless | Voiced | Voiceless | Voiced | Voiceless | |
Stop | ㅂ [b] | ㅍ [p] | ㄷ [d] | ㅌ [t] | ㄱ [g] | ㅋ [k] | ||
Affricate | ㅍ [f] |
ㅈ [dʒ] ㄷ [dʒ] |
ㅌ [tʃ] | |||||
Fricative | ㅅ [z] | ㅅ [s] | ㅈ [ʒ] | ㅅ [ʃ] | ||||
Nasal | ㅁ [m] | ㄴ [n] | ㄴ [n] | ㄴ [ŋ] | ||||
Trill | ㄹ [r] |
ㅇh[]
ㅇ | Pron. | Trascr. |
---|---|---|
Initial | - | h |
Final | - | h |
ㅇ is always mute and can be found at the beginning or end of a syllable. At the beginning, it's linked to the vowel otherwise "unpaired"; at the end it's used to mark a special class of words (such as adverbs, etc...).
ㅍ f / p[]
ㅍ | Pron. | Trascr. |
---|---|---|
Initial | f | f |
Post-consonant | p | p |
Final | f | f |
It sounds as [f] and is trascribed as "f". If it has preceded by a consonant, it sounds as [p] and trascribed as "p".
ㅈ j[]
ㅈ | Pron. | Trascr. |
---|---|---|
Initial | dʒ | j |
Final | ʒ | j |
It has two allophons: [dʒ] at the beginning and [ʒ] in all the other context; however they are quite exchangeble and their rendering depends on the general emphasis.
ㅅ s / z / sh[]
ㅅ | Pron. | Trascr. |
---|---|---|
Before [a, e, o, u] |
s | s |
Before [i] | ʃ | sh |
Intervocalic | z | z |
Final | s | s |
It sounds like [s] before [a], [e], [o] and [u]. It sounds [ʃ] before [i] and trascribed as "i". If it's surrounded by vowels, it sounds as [z] and trascribed as "z".
ㄷ d and ㅌ t[]
ㄷ / ㅌ | Pron. | Trascr. |
---|---|---|
Before [a, e, o, u] |
d, t | d, t |
Before [i] | dʒ, tʃ | dj, ch |
They are pronunced as [d] and [t] before [a, e, o, u]. They also can gain a light aspiration depending on the emphasis. Before [i], they become [dʒ] and [tʃ], and trascribed as "dj" and "ch".
ㅁ m and ㄴ n[]
ㅁ / ㄴ | Pron. | Trascr. |
---|---|---|
Isolated (inital and final) |
m, n | m, n |
Before [p, b] | m | mC, nC |
Before the others | n | mC, nC |
They are respectively [m] and [n], however their distinction isn't sharp: when they are preceded by a consonant, they can converged to each other, assimilating the same place of articolation of the following consonant.
ㄹ r[]
ㄹ | Pron. | Trascr. |
---|---|---|
Isolated (inital and final) |
r | r |
Before consonant | i | y |
It sounds as [r] (some speacker can render it [l] too), before consonant becomes [i] and trascribed "y".
Geminate[]
Geminate consonants (or double consonants) are the following: ㅃ (pp), ㄸ (tt), ㄲ (kk), ㅉ (jj).
Before [i], ㄸ sounds as [ttʃ] ("cch") and ㅆ sounds as [ʃʃ] ("ssh").
Only ㅆ can be found at the end of a syllable.
Trascription table[]
자 | 짜 | 다 | 따 | 타 | 사 | 싸 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pron. | ʒa | ʒʒa | da | tta | ta | sa | ssa |
Trascr. | ja | jja | da | tta | ta | sa | ssa |
지 | 찌 | 디 | 띠 | 티 | 시 | 씨 | |
Pron. | ʒi | ʒʒi | dʒi | ttʃi | tʃi | ʃi | ʃʃi |
Trascr. | ji | jji | dji | cchi | chi | shi | sshi |
쟈 | 쨔 | 댜 | 땨 | 탸 | 샤 | 쌰 | |
Pron. | ʒa | ʒʒa | dʒa | ttʃa | tʃa | ʃa | ʃʃa |
Trascr. | jya | jjya | dja | ccha | cha | sha | ssha |
Fusion[]
If the consonants meet each other because of the flection of words, they merge together according to following rules.
Stop | Sibilant | Nasal | Trill | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Stop | Gemination | Gemination | Nasal (B) | - |
Sibilant | Compound | Gemination | - | Compound |
Nasal | Nasal (A) | Nasal (A) | Nasal (A) | ??? |
Trill | Trill | Trill | Trill |
Note: sibilant is meant for fricative ㅅ [s, z, sh] plus affricate ㅈ [ʒ].
Gemination[]
- stop + stop
- stop + sibilant
- sibilant + sibilant
The second syllable head is doubbled, the first syllable tail is mute and not trascribed.
Exemples:
압hab + 산san = 압싼hassan [ha(b) + ssan]
압hab + 발bar = 압빨happar [ha(b) + ppar]
Compound consonant[]
- sibilant + stop
- sibilant + trill
Compound consonants are a particular end clusters: 읎 (ps), 읐 (ss, coming from ts) and 윿 (ks). They are the result of an inversion between head and tail consonants.
Exemples:
앗has + 캄kam = 앇캄haksam [haks (k)am]
앗has + 롬rom = 았롬hassom [hass (r)om]
Nasal[]
A. Tail nasal (first syllable ending)
- nasal + stop
- nasal + sibilant
- nasal + nasal
They are graphically unchanged, but the nasal place of articulation converge to the following consonant.
Exemples:
암ham + 콘kon = 암콘hamkon [sounds like ankon]
안han + 본 bon = 안본hanbon [sounds like hambon]
B. Head nasal (second syllable beginning)[]
- stop + nasal
- sibilant + nasal
They are graphically unchanged, but stops and sibilants are mute and nasals are pronounced as they were doubbled.
They are trascribed as double nasals to semplify the reading.
Exemples:
앝hat + 만man = 앝만hamman [ha(t) man]
Trill[]
- trill + stop
- trill + sibilant
- trill + nasal
They are graphically unchanged, but [r] changed into [i] and it's trascribed as "y".
Exemples:
알har + 만man = 알만hayman
앨hair + 만man = 앨만haiyman
Vowels[]
Weak | Basic | Strong | |
---|---|---|---|
Plain | ㅑ [ja] | ㅏ [a] | ㅘ [wa] |
Plain | ㅕ[je] | ㅓ[e] | ㅝ [we] |
Plain | ㅟ [wi] | ㅣ[i] | ㅔ[ei] |
Plain | ㅛ [yo] | ㅗ [o] | ㅘ [wa] |
Plain | ㅟ [ju] | ㅜ [u] | ㅝ [we] |
Natural | ㅒ[jai] | ㅐ [ai] | ㅙ [wai] |
Natural | ㅖ [jei] | ㅔ[ei] | ㅞ [wei] |
Note: ㅗ and ㅓ can be both open [ɔ, ɛ] or close [o, e]. In ㅔ, the sound [i] is really short.
Basic: these vowels are found in basic syllables.
Weak (y + basic): these vowels are the weakened (or palatized) version of the basic ones. Weakening is a productive phenomena to create new words. It expresses generally something "smaller" than the basic (such as 좀jom fire > 죰jyom flame).
Strong (w + basic): these vowels are the stengthened (or rounded) version of the basic ones. Strengthening is also another phenomena to create new words. It express generally something "bigger" than the basic (such as 좀jom fire < 좜joam forest fire).
Natural (basic): are diphthongs admitted in the basic syllables.
Transcription note: "h" are omitted before "y" and "w"; ㅘ and ㅙ are written "wa" and "wai" at the beginning and "oa" and "oai" if preceded by a consonant.
Grammar[]
Word Order[]
- Topic
- Subject
- Dative
- Object
- (Adverb) Predicate
Word order is quite free in the speech, but it's preferred the standard order in the writing.
The following could be a typical phrase:
"This morning, Mark gave to Paul the book as promised"
넛싼요, 매코삼아포로삼키톨고넬반시먼더킴바툐.
Nessanyo, Mayko-sama Foro-samki toygo neiyban-shimende kimbacho.
In details:
넛싼요nessanyo = morning (요 topic)
말코삼아Mayko-sama = (Mr.) Mark (아 subject)
포로삼키 Foro-samki = (Mr.) Paul (키 dative)
톨고 toygo = the book (고 object)
넬반시먼더neiyban-shimende = as promised (더 mode)
킴바툐kimbacho = gave.
Nouns[]
Case markers[]
The cases are suffixes attached to the syllable they modify:
Plain | Merged | Main function |
---|---|---|
요 yo | - | topic |
아 a | - | subject |
고 go | 꼬 kko | object |
도 do | 또 tto | additive |
더 de | 떠 de | locative |
시 shi | 씨 sshi | genitive |
키 ki | 끼 kki | dative |
The four direct cases[]
Topic marker[]
The main function is to mark the topic of the action and can be translated by "as per..." or "about...":
Function | Exemple | Meaning |
---|---|---|
Non-emphatic subject |
번요켬키텃아쇼. |
I go home. |
Time of the event |
넛요켬키텃아쇼. |
Today, I go home. |
Place of the event |
켬요번아텃아쇼. |
Home... I'm going. |
Opinion | 번요, 텀아쿤다내낭. | In my opinion, you're not kind. |
Subject "container" | 톨요툘아원바쇼. | As per the book, its pages are studied. |
Subject "owner" | 번요톨아날다시자. | My book is really nice. |
Subject marker[]
The main function is to mark the subject of the action:
Function | Exemple | Meaning |
---|---|---|
Emphatic subcjet |
번아켬키텃아쇼. |
I go home myself. |
Contrast | 번요켬키텃아시, 텀아셍다시낭. | I go home, you stay here. |
Additive marker[]
This marker could be a little bit hard to understand. Let's say that mainly it means "with/and" and can be apply to any other marker:
Function | Exemple | Meaning |
---|---|---|
In place of subject |
번도넝! |
Me too! |
Along with subject |
번도텀요... |
You and I... |
Along with object | 텀돈고언아터낭. | I saw you too (as well as other people). |
Object marker[]
Its function is to mark the object of the action.
Function | Exemple | Meaning |
---|---|---|
Object |
번요텀고어나시. |
I'm watching you. |
The three indirect cases[]
Locative marker[]
Function | Exemple | Meaning |
---|---|---|
Place (in, at) |
컴더 |
in town |
Time (in, at) | 넜더 | today / during the day |
Cause |
텀더 |
because of / thanks to you |
Mode | 틸더 | by foot |
Agent | ...텀더언바터 | ... be seen by you (passive clauses) |
Object | ...톨더킴안 | ... that buys the book (relative clauses) |
Genitive marker[]
Function | Exemple | Meaning |
---|---|---|
Property |
번시톨요 |
my ("of me") book |
Place (from) |
컴시 |
from the town |
Time (since) | 넛씨 | since today |
Relationship | 로마시컴요 | town of Rome |
Dative marker[]
Function | Exemple | Meaning |
---|---|---|
Place (to) |
켬키 |
into/to town |
Target (to, for) |
텀키 |
for/to you |
Along with vebrs | 언엔키 | to see / for seeing |
Other locative cases[]
Exemple | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
맬 (face) | 번시맬더 | in front of me / before me |
(back) | 번시 떠 | behind me / after me |
발 (head) | 번시발더 | on me / over me |
틸 (feet) | 번시틸더 | under me / beneath |
더 can be change by 키 or 시 too.
"I'm going behind the house" = 번요켬시 끼텃아쇼benyo kyemshi reikki tezasho.
Adjective[]
Positive grade (or zero grade)[]
- Radix + -i (ㅣ) (Invariable).
Exemple:
- huzi = good, genuine (from hus "genuinity")
Comparative grade[]
- Majority: adjective + -ka (카)
- Minority: adjective + -shi (지)
- Equality: adjective
Exemples:
- huzi = good / as good as
- huzika = better
- huzishi = less good
Comparative word order[]
- With noums: adjective + comparative + genitive.
- With adjectives: majority + minority
Exemples:
- wih noums: huzika masho = better than me (litt. better of me)
- with adjectives: huzika ranishi = better than happy (litt. more good and less happy, e.g. "she's more good than happy")
Superlative grade[]
It uses the same comparative form with nothing next.
Exemple:
- huzika = the best
Potential grade[]
Demostrative[]
- Sheh (정): "here", but also "this/these".
- Teh (텅): "there", but also "that/those".
Sheh and teh are adverbs but are evoleved as demostratives too.
Exemples:
- sheh bola = this pot, the pot here.
- teh bola = that pot, the pot there.
Verbal adjective (nominal phrase)[]
- Adjective + -z (ㅅ) + verbal inflection.
An verbal ajdecite is simply an adjective merged with the contraction of "to be" (zir > -z). It acts as a verb.
Exemple:
- I am good = huzizam (litt. "good-be-me").
- huzi = good > huziz- = to be good.
As adjectives do, an adjectival verb can get superlative grade too.
Exemple:
- I am better/the best = huzikazam (litt. "good-more-be-me").
- huzi = good > huzika = better > huzikaz- = to be better.
Participle[]
The participle is a verb mood with a nominal and adjectival function. Unlike other languages, elven participle is divided into two voices, rather than tences: solar (or active) and lunar (or passive).
- Solar form: radix + -ai
- Lunar form: radix + -ui
The solar form gives an active diathesis (voice) to the participle, while the lunar gives a passive one.
- ran- = basic syllable for "happiness"
- rani (adjective) = happy
- ranai (solar) = amusing (that is making happy)
- ranui (lunar) = amused (that is made happy)
Solar form is "giving the action", while the lunar form is "receiving the action", like in the exemple below:
- ranai suda ranui sudadari ranizashi = an amusing person is making happy many amused persons.
- suda ranai kojada kimara = a person takes an amusing book.
- kujasho ranui, suda kujada kimate = amused by the book, a person bought it.
The participle can be also used to form agent nouns:
- jom (fire/burn) + ag (causative) + ai (solar) = jomagai > stewpan (the thing that is coocking)
- jom (fire/burn) + ag (causative) + ui (lunar) = jomagui > stew (the thing that is cooked)
Personal pronoums[]
Personal pronoum: ma (me)[]
Singolar |
Plural | ||||
Nominative |
Ma |
I |
Nominative |
Mari |
We |
마 |
마리 |
||||
Vocative |
A ma |
Just me |
Vocative |
A mari |
Just we |
아 마 |
아 마리 |
||||
Accusative |
Mada |
Me |
Accusative |
Madari |
Us |
마타 |
마타리 |
||||
Dative |
Mida |
To me |
Dative |
Midari |
To us |
미타 |
미타리 |
||||
Genitive |
Masho |
Mine |
Genitive |
Mashori |
Ours |
마조 |
마조리 |
||||
Ablative |
Misho |
From me |
Ablative |
Mishori |
From us |
미조 |
미조리 |
||||
Locative |
Mani |
Inside me |
Locative |
Maniri |
Inside us |
마니 |
마니리 |
||||
Illative |
Mini |
Toward me |
Illative |
Miniri |
Toward us |
미니 |
미니리 |
Personal pronoum: ka (you)[]
Singolar |
Plural | ||||
Nominative |
Ka |
You |
Nominative |
Kari |
You all |
카 |
카리 |
||||
Vocative |
A ka |
Hey you |
Vocative |
A kari |
Hey y'all |
아 카 |
아 카리 |
||||
Accusative |
Kada |
You |
Accusative |
Kadari |
You |
카타 |
카타리 |
||||
Dative |
Kida |
To you |
Dative |
Kidari |
To you |
키타 |
키타리 |
||||
Genitive |
Kasho |
Your |
Genitive |
Kashori |
Your |
카조 |
카조리 |
||||
Ablative |
Kisho |
From you |
Ablative |
Kishori |
From you |
키조 |
키조리 |
||||
Locative |
Kani |
Inside you |
Locative |
Kaniri |
Inside you |
카니 |
카니리 |
||||
Illative |
Kini |
Toward you |
Illative |
Kiniri |
Toward you |
키 |
키니 |
Personal pronoum: sha (he/she)[]
Note: It doesn't distinguish the gender.
Singolar |
Plurale | ||||
Nominative |
Sha |
He |
Nominative |
Shari |
They |
자 |
자리 |
||||
Vocative |
A sha |
Oh him! |
Vocative |
A Shari |
Oh them! |
아 자 |
아 자리 |
||||
Accusative |
Shada |
Him |
Accusative |
Shadari |
Them |
자타 |
자타리 |
||||
Dative |
Shida |
To him |
Dative |
Shidari |
To him |
지타 |
지타리 |
||||
Genitive |
Shasho |
His / her |
Genitive |
Shashori |
Their |
자조 |
자조리 |
||||
Ablative |
Shisho |
From him |
Ablative |
Shishori |
From them |
지조 |
지조리 |
||||
Locative |
Shani |
Inside him |
Locative |
Shaniri |
Inside them |
자니 |
자니리 |
||||
Illative |
Shini |
Toward him |
Illative |
Shiniri |
Toward them |
지 |
지니리 |
Verb[]
Verb structure[]
Verbs are structured as following.
- Radix = the meaning-career part of the verb
- Diathesis = the voice that express the relationship between verbs and their arguments.
- Mood = the modality which the speaker expresses their attitude toward the action.
- Aspect = indicates if the action is ended or continous.
- Person = indicates who's doing the action.
- Number = indicates singolarity or plurality.
Exemple using all the stems:
- Junijishimi = We can see each other (but also "we can meet").
Let's break the verb down:
- Jun = the radix syllable meaning "to see".
- -ij- = diathesis/voice that express reciprocity and can evolves the verb from "see each other" to "meet". "Seen each other" means "we stand one in front of the other, we meet each other".
- -i- = potential mood, expressing possibility.
- -shi- = imperfective indicates that the action is actual and it's not yet over.
- -m- = first person.
- -i- = plural for the first person.
Another exemple:
- Junagutekari = You (plural) would had the desire to show.
Let's break it down:
- Jun = the radix syllable meaning "to see".
- -ag- = diathesis/voice that express causativity and can evolves the verb from "see" to "make see/show".
- -u- = optative mood, expressing desire or will.
- -te- = perfective indicates that the action is over.
- -ka- = second person.
- -ri- = plural for the second and third person.
Note: Since the language was originally spoken by an Elf race, the language itself prefers aspects than tences. For an almost immortal Elf, time/tence is not that important. He doesn't care if the action was in the past, in the future or is happening right now. The point is "Is it already done/finished?". A verb like huzizashim means a sort of "I'm good and I'm continuing to be like that", while huzizatem means "I am good and I've finished to be like that".
Diathesis (voice)[]
- Active: zero-stem
- Passive: -ib- (ㅣㅂ)
- Reflexive: -em- (ㅓㅁ)
- Reciprocal: -ij- (ㅣㅊ)
- Causative: -ag- (ㅏㄱ)
Diathesis can make the verb evolving into what in English seems to be another verb.
Exemple:
- Junib = passive "been saw"
- Junem = reflexive "see myself"
- Junij = reciprocal "see each other" -> "meet"
- Junag = causative "make see / let see" -> "show"
- Johnada holemam = reflexive "I call myself John" -> "my name is John" [hol = "call, name"]
- Holag = causative "send someone to call someone else" -> "to summon".
- Jomag = causative "make something burns" -> "boil, coock" [jom = "fire"].
Even mixing each other:
- Junijib = reciprocal + passive "been met"
- Junijem = reciprocal + reflexive "meet myself"
- Junagem = causative + reflexive "show myself, be present at something, preside, take part in"
Mood[]
- Indicative: -a- (ㅏ) ( I see)
- Optative: -u (ㅜ) (I want to see, I would like to see, I desire to see, I would see)
- Potential: -i (ㅣ) (I can see, I could see)
- Imperative: -oa (ㅘ) (I must see, I have to see, I should see)
Exemples:
- Junam = I see.
- Junum = I want to see, I would see, I would like to see, I desire to see.
- Junim = I can see, I could see, there's a chance, probability or possibility that I see.
- Junoaka = See!, you must see, you have to see, you should see.
Aspect[]
- Aorist: zero-stem
- Imperfective: -shi- (지)
- Perfective: -te- (터)
- Future: -ra- (라)
Exemple:
- zira = it is (undeniable truth over times)
- zirashi = it is (still running)
- zirate = it is (over)
- zirara = it will be
Again:
- Johnada ziram = I'm John, I'm always been John and will be John even when I'll be dead.
- Johnada zirashim = at the moment, I'm John
- Johnada ziratem = I'm John nomore, I finished to be John (it's not really a past or a negation, it simply states that the "action of been John" is done, is over).
- Johnada ziraram = I will be John, one day...
We can say also:
- Aorist = the door is always opened, forever.
- Imperfective = I'm closing the door.
- Perfective = the door is closed.
- Future = the door isn't closed yet, but it will be.
Note 1: As we stated before, the language is more aspectual than temporal. However the imperfective has a sense of present, while perfective has a sense of past. For instance, we can state that "I'm sitting, I sit" is imperfective, while "I'm seated" is perfective.
Note 2: as per the verb zir (to be), the future plays an unexpected effect. Let's see below:
- I will be in the town (static) = kemani ziraram (town.LOC be.IND.FUT.1sp)
- I go to the town (dynamic) = kemini ziraram (town.ILL be.IND.FUT.1sp)
"I will be" somehow also express that "I go" (...so I will be there.)
Also with verbal adjective contrustions (let's remember that -z is a contraction of zir):
- I'm good = huzizam (genuinity.ADJ.be.IND.1sp)
- I become good = huzizaram (genuinity.ADJ.be.IND.FUT.1sp)
"I will be good" express that "I become good" (... so I will be good). Thus, we can assume that the verb zir (to be) can also mean "to become" and/or "to go" by the future aspect.
Person[]
- First: -m (므)
- Second: -ka (카)
- Third: zero-stem
Number[]
- Singolar: zero-stem.
- Plural for the first person: -i (ㅣ)
- Plural for the other persons: -ri (리)
Flection of jom (fire)[]
Basic syllables and derivations
- Radix: jom = basic meaning "fire, to burn"
- Reduced: jyom = flame
- Reinforced: joam = forestfire
Plural (valid for any forms: noun and verbs)
- Plural (nominative): jyomari = flames
Cases
- Nominative: joma = the fire (subject)
- Vocative: a joma = oh the fire!
- Accusative: jomada = the fire (object)
- Genitive: jomasho = of the fire
- Locative: jomani = in the fire (without motion)
- Dative: jomida = to the fire, for the fire
- Ablative: jomisho = from the fire (with motion)
- Illative: jomini = to the fire, in the fire, toward the fire (with motion)
Adjectives and derivations
- Adjective: jomi = warm, hot
- Comparative of majority: jomika = warmer, hotter
- Comparative of minority: jomishi = less warm, less hot
- Adjectival verb: jomiz- = to be warm, to be hot
Participles
- Active: jomari = burning / "bern-er" -> kettle
- Passive: jomui = burned
- Potential: jomidi = inflammable
Diathesis or voices
- Active: jom- = to burn
- Passive: jomib- = to be burned
- Reflexive: jomem- = to burn oneself -> to get burned
- Reciprocal: jomij- = to burn each other -> to talk excitedly (figurative)
- Causative: jomag- = to make burn -> to boil, to coock
Moods
- Indicative: joma- = burn
- Optative: jomu- = would burn, want to burn
- Potential: jomi- = could burn, can burn
- Imperative: jomoa- = should burn, must burn, have to burn
Aspects (in the indicative mood)
- Aorist: joma- = (never-ending) burn
- Imperfective: jomashi'''''- = is/are burning (right now)
- Perfective: jomate- = is/are done with burning (burning is over)
- Future: jomara- = will burn, going to burn
Persons (plus indicative mood and imperfective aspect)
- First: jomashim = I'm burning
- Second: jomashika = you are burning
- Third: jomashi = he/she/it is burning