Latinino

Latinino
Type	Fusional
Alignment	Nominative-accusative
Head direction	Head-initial
Tonal	No
Declensions	Yes
Conjugations	Yes
Genders	No
Nouns decline according to...
Case	Number
Definiteness	Gender
Verbs conjugate according to...
Voice	Mood
Person	Number
Tense	Aspect
Meta-information
Progress	1%
Statistics Nouns 2% Verbs 3% Adjectives 1% Syntax 1% Words of 1500
Creator	[[User:|]]

General information

Latinino is a descendent of Vulgar Latin, with simpler but much more regular grammar and many loan words from the Germanic languages. It has lost all the noun cases except genitive, and experienced palatalization of ce, ci, ge and gi as other Romance languages.

Phonology

Consonants

	Bilabial	Labio-dental	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	m		n	ɲ	ŋ
Plosive	p b		t d		k g
Fricative		f v	s z	ʃ ʒ		h
Affricate				tʃ dʒ
Approximant	w			j
Trill			r
Lateral app.			l

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
High	i		u
Mid	e		o
Low		a

Phonotactics

The syllable structure in Latinino is (C)(C)V(C)(C). Word final syllables can only end with <l>, <n>, <r>, <s>, <w>, <y> or a vowel.

Writing System

Letter	a	b	c	d	e	f	g	h	i	j	k	l
Sound	[ä]	[b~β]	[dʒ]	[d~ð]	[e̞]	[f]	[g~ɣ]	[h]	[i]	[ʒ]	[k]	[l]
Letter	m	n	o	p	q	r	s	t	u	v	w	x
Sound	[m]	[n]	[o̞]	[p]	[tʃ]	[r]	[s]	[t]	[u]	[v]	[w]	[ʃ]
Letter	y	z	gn	ng
Sound	[j]	[z]	[ɲ]	[ŋ] or [ŋg]

<ng> represents [ŋ] intervocalically and word-initially, [ŋg] elsewhere. <ngg> represents [ŋg] intervocalically.

Grammar

Nouns

All nouns end in -o when singular, -os when plural. Nouns do not decline in gender. The only case they decline is the genitive case, with endings -oyi in singular and -osi in plural. The genitive form inflect like an adjective. The definite articles are lo and los, and the indefinite articles are un and us. Compound nouns are formed by changing the endings of non-final components to -a.

Adjectives

All adjectives end in -i when singular, -is when plural. Adjectives always agree with the noun number and case. In genitive, the endings are changed to -iwi and -iwis. They have positive comparative, negative comparative, positive superlative and negative superlative forms.

Regular

Example: piki (small)

neg. super.	neg. comp.	adjective	pos. comp.	pos. super.
pik-asti least small	pik-asi less small	pik-i small	pik-iri smaller	pik-ismi smallest

Irregular

There are only four irregular adjectives: boni, mali, multi, and poki.

neg. super.	neg. comp.	adjective	pos. comp.	pos. super.
bonasti least good	bonasi less good	boni good	meliri better	optimi best
malasti least bad	malasi less bad	mali bad	peyri worse	pesmi worst
multasti least	multasi less	multi many	pluri more	plurimi most
pokasti least few	pokasi less few	poki few	minori fewer	minimi fewest

Adverbs

All adverbs end in -e. Adverbs are formed by changing the final -i of adjectives to -e. The comparatives and superlatives of adverbs are as follows:

Regular

neg. super.	neg. comp.	adjective	pos. comp.	pos. super.
ver-aste least correctly	ver-ase less correctly	ver-e correctly	ver-ire more correctly	ver-isme most correctly

Irregular

neg. super.	neg. comp.	adjective	pos. comp.	pos. super.
bonaste least well	bonase less well	bene well	melye better (adv.)	optime best (adv.)
malaste most badly	malase more badly	male badly	peye worse (adv.)	pesme worst (adv.)
multaste least (adv.)	multase less (adv.)	multe very	pluse more (adv.)	plurime most (adv.)
pokaste most (adv.)	pokase more (adv.)	poke not very	mine less (adv.)	minime least (adv.)

Pronouns

The pronouns preserve the nominative, genitive, dative, accusative and reflexive forms. The third person pronouns have no gender.

	1st sing.	2nd sing.	3rd sing.	1st pl.	2nd pl.	3rd pl.
nom.	yo I	tu you (sing.)	su he/she/it	nos we	vos you (pl.)	sos they
gen.	mi my	twi your (sing.)	swi his/her/its	nostri our	vostri your (pl.)	sostri their
dat.	mibe to me	tibe to you (sing.)	sibe to him/to her/to it	nobe to us	vobe to you (pl.)	sobe to them
acc.	me me	te you (sing.)	se him/her/it	nes us	ves you (pl.)	ses them
ref.	mipse myself	tipse yourself	sipse himself/herself/itself	nostripse ourselves	vostripse yourselves	sostripse themselves

Numbers

	Cardinal	Ordinal		Cardinal	Ordinal
1	uno	primi	11	unqe	unqimi
2	dwo	sekundi	12	doqe	doqimi
3	tre	terti	13	treqe	treqimi
4	kwarto	kwarti	14	kwarqe	kwarqimi
5	kwin	kwinti	15	kwinqe	kwinqimi
6	ses	sexti	16	seqe	seqimi
7	septe	septimi	17	septaqe	septaqimi
8	okto	oktavi	18	oktaqe	oktaqimi
9	nove	noni	19	nonaqe	nonaqimi
10	deqe	deqimi	20	vijen	viqesi

 

	Cardinal	Ordinal		Cardinal	Ordinal
21	vijenuno	vijemprimi	200	doqento	doqentesi
30	trijin	triqesi	300	treqento	treqentesi
40	kwarjin	kwarjesi	400	kwarqento	kwarqentesi
50	kwincin	kwincesi	500	kwinqento	kwinqentesi
60	sejin	sejesi	600	seqento	seqentesi
70	septajin	septajesi	700	septaqento	septaqentesi
80	oktajin	oktajesi	800	oktaqento	oktaqentesi
90	nonajin	nonajesi	900	nonaqento	nonaqentesi
100	qento	qentesi	1000	mila	milesi
101	qentuno	qentaprimi	2000	domila	domilesi

Verbs

All verbs end in -u in infinitive. Most verbs are regular except four auxiliary verbs. Verbs are conjugated with respect to person, number, voice, mood and tense.

Regular

Example: edu (to eat)

Active

edu (to eat)

Nonfinite

inf. ed-u
imp. ed-uw	ger. ed-uwo	pass. part. ed-ur
pres. part. ed-uy	past. part. ed-un	fut. part. ed-ul

Indicative

Present	Past	Future
Yo ed-on	Yo ed-avon	Yo ed-aron
Tu ed-as	Tu ed-avas	Tu ed-aras
Se ed-a	Se ed-ava	Se ed-ara
Nos ed-aw	Nos ed-avaw	Nos ed-araw
Vos ed-ay	Vos ed-avay	Vos ed-aray
Sos ed-an	Sos ed-avan	Sos ed-aran

Subjunctive

Present	Past	Future
Yo ed-in	Yo ed-avin	Yo ed-arin
Tu ed-es	Tu ed-aves	Tu ed-ares
Se ed-e	Se ed-ave	Se ed-are
Nos ed-ew	Nos ed-avew	Nos ed-arew
Vos ed-ey	Vos ed-avey	Vos ed-arey
Sos ed-en	Sos ed-aven	Sos ed-aren

Passive

eduru (to be eaten)

Nonfinite

inf. ed-uru
imp. ed-uruw	ger. ed-uruwo
pres. part. ed-uruy	past. part. ed-urun	fut. part. ed-urul

Indicative

Present	Past	Future
Yo ed-uron	Yo ed-uravon	Yo ed-uraron
Tu ed-uras	Tu ed-uravas	Tu ed-uraras
Se ed-ura	Se ed-urava	Se ed-urara
Nos ed-uraw	Nos ed-uravaw	Nos ed-uraraw
Vos ed-uray	Vos ed-uravay	Vos ed-uraray
Sos ed-uran	Sos ed-uravan	Sos ed-uraran

Subjunctive

Present	Past	Future
Yo ed-urin	Yo ed-uravin	Yo ed-urarin
Tu ed-ures	Tu ed-uraves	Tu ed-urares
Se ed-ure	Se ed-urave	Se ed-urare
Nos ed-urew	Nos ed-uravew	Nos ed-urarew
Vos ed-urey	Vos ed-uravey	Vos ed-urarey
Sos ed-uren	Sos ed-uraven	Sos ed-uraren

Auxiliary

The auxiliary verbs are hu, esu, yu, sapu, liqu, posu, oportu, wadu, debu, qertu, awdu, utiyu e wolu. They no have passive voice. Hu, esu, yu e wolu are the only irregular verbs.

hu (have)

Nonfinite

inf. hu
imp. huw	ger. hoy
pres. part. huy	past. part. hun	fut. part. hul

Indicative

Present	Past	Future
Yo ho	Yo huvo	Yo bron
Tu has	Tu huvas	Tu bras
Se ha	Se huva	Se bra
Nos baw	Nos huvaw	Nos braw
Vos bay	Vos huvay	Vos bray
Sos ban	Sos huvan	Sos bran

Subjunctive

Present	Past	Future
Yo hayo	Yo hwi	Yo brin
Tu hayas	Tu hwes	Tu bres
Se haya	Se hwe	Se bre
Nos hayaw	Nos hwew	Nos brew
Vos hayay	Vos hwey	Vos brey
Sos hayan	Sos hwen	Sos bren

esu (be)

Nonfinite

inf. esu
imp. esuw	ger. eso
pres. part. esuy	pass. part. esun	fut. part. esul

Indicative

Present	Past	Future
Yo suy	Yo fuy	Yo eron
Tu ey	Tu fwis	Tu eris
Se es	Se fwe	Se era
Nos saw	Nos fiw	Nos eriw
Vos say	Vos fay	Vos eray
Sos san	Sos fan	Sos eran

Subjunctive

Present	Past	Future
Yo soy	Yo foy	Yo erin
Tu esis	Tu foris	Tu eras
Se ese	Se fore	Se ere
Nos sew	Nos foriw	Nos eraw
Vos sey	Vos foray	Vos erey
Sos sen	Sos foran	Sos eren

yu (go)

Nonfinite

inf. yu
imp. yuw	ger. yuwo
pres. part. yoy	past. part. yon	fut. part. yol

Indicative

Present	Past	Future
Yo ew	Yo ivon	Yo iron
Tu is	Tu ivas	Tu iras
Se ye	Se iva	Se ira
Nos iw	Nos ivaw	Nos iraw
Vos yi	Vos ivay	Vos iray
Sos yun	Sos ivan	Sos iran

Subjunctive

Present	Past	Future
Yo yen	Yo ivin	Yo irin
Tu yas	Tu ives	Tu ires
Se ya	Se ive	Se ire
Nos yaw	Nos ivew	Nos irew
Vos yay	Vos ivey	Vos irey
Sos yan	Sos iven	Sos iren

wolu (want)

Nonfinite

inf. wolu
imp. woluw	ger. wolwo
pres. part. woloy	past. part. wolon	fut. part. wolol

Indicative

Present	Past	Future
Yo wel	Yo wolevon	Yo woron
Tu wis	Tu wolevas	Tu woris
Se wol	Se woleva	Se wori
Nos wolaw	Nos wolevaw	Nos woraw
Vos wolti	Vos wolevay	Vos waray
Sos wolan	Sos wolevan	Sos woran

Subjunctive

Present	Past	Future
Yo welin	Yo welvin	Yo worin
Tu weles	Tu welves	Tu wores
Se wele	Se welve	Se wore
Nos welew	Nos welvew	Nos worew
Vos weley	Vos welvey	Vos worey
Sos welen	Sos welven	Sos woren

Syntax

Latinino follows an SVO syntax. Pronouns are often omitted, as they are embedded in the verb.

Three auxiliary verbs, hu, esu and yu are used with the past, present and future participles, respectively, to indicate different aspect. For example,

Eda bananos. He eats bananas.

Ha edun bananos. He has eaten bananas.

Es eduy bananos. He is eating bananas.

Ye edul bananos. He is going to eat bananas.

Both the gerund and the present participle correspond to the English -ing form, but they have different usage in Latinino. Example:

Eating is forbidden here. Eduwo es prohibur stado.

I am eating. Suy eduy.

Both the passive participle and the past participle correspond to the English past participle form, but they have different usage in Latinino. Example:

The eaten bird died. Lo avo edur moriyava.

The bird that has eaten died. Lo avo edun moriyava.

Lexicon

I	yo
you (singular)	tu
they (singular)	su
we	nos
you (plural)	vos
they (plural)	sos
this	(pn.) sto / (det.) sti
that	(pn.) so / (det.) si
that over there	(pn.) glo / (det.) gli
here	stado
there	sado
over there	glado
who	kwen
what	kwe
where	kwado
when	kwando
how	kwido
yes	ta
no	na
not	non
all	toti
many	multi
some	alkwi
few	poki
most	pleri
a few	parvi
other	otri
one	uno
two	dwo
three	tre
four	kwato
five	kwin
six	ses
seven	septe
eight	okto
nine	nove
ten	deqe
big	magni
long	longgi
wide	lati
thick	krasi
heavy	gravi
small	piki
short	korti
narrow	angusti
thin	tenwi
woman	mulyo
man (adult male)	mazo
man (human being)	homo
child	filyo
wife	uxo
husband	viro
mother	matro
father	patro
animal	animalo
fish	pisqo
bird	avo
dog	kano
louse	pediko
snake	serpeno
worm	vermo
tree	arbo
forest	selvo
stick	bakolo
fruit	fruto
seed	semeno
leaf	folyo
root	radixo
bark (of a tree)	kortexo
flower	floro
grass	grameno
rope	funo
skin	kuto
meat	karno
blood	sangwo
bone	oso
fat (noun)	adepo
egg	ovo
horn	korno
tail	kawdo
feather	plumo
hair	kapilo
head	kaputo
ear	oryo
eye	okolo
nose	nazo
mouth	boko
tooth	dento
tongue (organ)	lingwo
fingernail	ungwo
foot	pedo
leg	perno
knee	cenwo
hand	mano
wing	alo
belly	ventro
guts	visko
neck	kolo
back	dorso
breast	pekto
heart	kordo
liver	yekoro
to drink	bibu
to eat	edu
to bite	mordu
to suck	sugu
to spit	spuwu
to vomit	vomu
to blow	flu
to breathe	aspiru
to laugh	ridu
to see	vidu
to hear	awdiyu
to know	nosku
to think	kojitu
to smell	odoru
to fear	metuwu
to sleep	dormiyu
to live	vivu
to die	moriyu
to kill	neku
to fight	pugnu
to hunt	venu
to hit	pulsu
to cut	sqindu
to split	dividu
to stab	punggu
to scratch	skabu
to dig	exkavu
to swim	natu
to fly	volu
to walk	gradiyu
to come	veniyu
to lie (as in a bed)	rekumbu
to sit	sedu
to stand	stu
to turn (intransitive)	flektu
to fall	kadu
to give	du
to hold	tenu
to squeeze	exprimu
to rub	friku
to wash	lavu
to wipe	exterju
to pull	trahu
to push	premu
to throw	yaqu
to tie	nektu
to sew	suwu
to count	numeru
to say	diku
to sing	kantu
to play	ludu
to float	emergu
to flow	fluytu
to freeze	glaqu
to swell	influ
sun	solo
moon	luno
star	stelo
water	akwo
rain	pluvo
river	rivo
lake	lako
sea	maro
salt	salo
stone	lapo
sand	areno
dust	polvo
earth	tero
cloud	nubo
fog	nebulo
sky	qaylo
wind	vento
snow	nivo
ice	glaqo
smoke	fumo
fire	igno
ash	qinero
to burn	flagru
road	viyo
mountain	monto
red	rubro / rubri
green	virido / viridi
yellow	flavo / flavi
white	albo / albi
black	nigro / nigri
night	nokto
day	diyo
year	ango
warm	tepidi
cold	frijidi
full	pleni
new	novi
old	veti
good	boni
bad	mali
rotten	potri
dirty	sordidi
straight	rekti
round	retondi
sharp (as a knife)	afili
dull (as a knife)	romi
smooth	levi
wet	madidi
dry	seki
correct	veri
near	viqini
far	remoti
right	dextro / dextri
left	sinistro / sinistri
at	a / ar
in	in
with	kon
without	sin
of	de
by	per
as	komo
and	e / ye / er / i
or	o / wo / or / u
for	pro
if	xi
because	prokwo
why	kwo
name	nomo
to have (own)	habu
to have (auxiliary verb)	hu (aux)
to be	esu (aux)
to go (plan to)	yu (aux)
to go (head to)	vu
can (be able to)	sapu (aux)
may (be allowed to)	liqu (aux)
may (it is possible that)	posu (aux)
shall (it is desirable that)	oportu (aux)
shall (it is likely that)	wadu (aux)
must (be obligated to)	debu (aux)
must (it is certain that)	qertu (aux)
to dare	awdu (aux)
to need (auxiliaty verb)	utiyu (aux)
to need (require)	neqesu
to want (auxiliary verb)	wolu (aux)
to want (desire)	kwayru

Example text

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

English

Latinino

Universal Declaration of Human Rights Article 1 All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. Article 2 Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status. Furthermore, no distinction shall be made on the basis of the political, jurisdictional or international status of the country or territory to which a person belongs, whether it be independent, trust, non-self-governing or under any other limitation of sovereignty.

Deklaraxo Universali de Homayuros Artikulo Uno Totis homos naskan liberte i ekwale in dignito e yuro. Awtoruran razo e konsqiyenqo, e oportan agu a inviqos in lo spirito de fraternito. Artikulo Dwo Omno inskribura totis yuros e libertos in sti deklaraxo, sin distinkxo de kwali ceno, komo raqo, koloro, lingwo, relijo, opigno politiki or otri, orijo naqi o soqali, propreto, stato naski or otri. Pluramulte, nili distinkxo oporta faquru funduy a lo stato politiki, yuridiki o internaqi de un pago o un teritoro a kwe un homo pertena, sive ese independenti, fiduqi, nonpropri, rejimeni o sube kwale otri prinqipatoyi limitaqo.