List of Cases

This is a list of grammatical_cases as they are used by various inflectional languages that have declension.

Place and Time[]

Note: Most cases used for location and motion can be used for time as well.

Location[]

Case	Usage	Example	Found in
Adessive_case	adjacent location	near/at/by the house	Estonian_language \| Finnish_language \| Hungarian_language \| Lithuanian_language \| Livonian_language \| Tlingit_language \| Tsez_language \| Quechua_language
Apudessive_case	location next to something	next to the house	Tsez_language
Inessive_case	inside something	inside the house	Erzya_language \| Estonian_language \| Finnish_language \| Hungarian_language \| Ossetic_language \| Tsez_language
Intrative_case	between something	between the houses	Limbu_language
Locative_case	location	at/on/in the house	Armenian_language \| Azeri_language \| Bengali_language \| Belarusian_language \| Chuvash_language \| Croatian_language \| Czech_language \| Hungarian_language (only for some traditional town names) \| Inari_Sami \| Latin (restricted) \| Latvian_language \| Lithuanian_language \| Manchu_language \| Northern_Sami \| Polish_language \| Quechua_language, \| Russian_language \| Sanskrit_language \| Serbian_language \| Skolt_Sami \| Slovak_language \| Slovene_language \| Telugu_language \| Tlingit_language \| Turkish_language \| Ukrainian_language \| Uzbek_language (Note: the case in Slavic_languages termed the "locative case" in English is actually a prepositional_case.)
Pertingent_case	in contact with something	touching the house	Tlingit_language
Subessive_case	under something	under/below the house	Tsez_language
Superessive_case	on the surface	on (top of) the house	Hungarian_language \| Ossetic_language \| Tsez_language

Motion from[]

Case	Usage	Example	Found in
Ablative_case	movement away from something	away from the house	Azeri_language \| Chuvash_language \| Erzya_language \| Estonian_language \| Evenki_language \| Finnish_language \| Hungarian_language \| Inuktitut_language \| Latin \| Manchu_language \| Ossetic_language \| Sanskrit_language \| Tlingit_language \| Tsez_language \| Turkish_language \| Uzbek_language \| Yukaghir_language
Delative_case	movement from the surface	from (the top of) the house	Hungarian_language
Egressive_case	marking the beginning of a movement or time	beginning from the house	Udmurt_language
Elative_case	out of something	out of the house	Erzya_language \| Estonian_language \| Evenki_language \| Finnish_language \| Hungarian_language
Initiative_case	starting point of an action	beginning from the house	Manchu_language

Motion to[]

Case	Usage	Example	Found in
Allative_case	in Hungarian_language and in Finnish_language: movement to (the adjacency of) something in Finnish_language: movement onto something	to the house onto the house	Erzya_language \| Estonian_language \| Finnish_language \| Hungarian_language \| Lithuanian_language \| Manchu_language \| Tlingit_language \| Tsez_language \| Turkish_language \| Tuvan_language \| Uzbek_language
Illative_case	movement into something	into the house	Erzya \| Estonian \| Finnish \| Hungarian \| Inari_Sami \| Lithuanian \| Northern_Sami \| Skolt_Sami \| Tsez
Lative_case	motion to location	to/into the house	Erzya_language \| Finnish_language \| Tsez_language \| Turkish_language
Sublative_case	movement onto the surface or below something	on(to) the house / under the house	Hungarian_language \| Tsez_language
Terminative_case	marking the end of a movement or time	as far as the house	Chuvash_language \| Estonian_language \| Hungarian_language \| Manchu_language

Motion via[]

Case	Usage	Example	Found in
Perlative_case	movement through or along	through/along the house	Evenki \| Tocharian \| Warlpiri \| Yankunytjatjara
Prolative_case	movement using a surface or way	by way of/through the house	Erzya \| Estonian (rare) \| Finnish \| Tlingit
Prosecutive_case	across or along	along the road	Kalaallisut
Vialis_case	through or by	by way of the house, through the house	Inuktitut

Time[]

Case	Usage	Example	Found in
Antessive_case	before something	before the concert	Dravidian_languages
Temporal_case	(used only with time expressions) specifying a time	at seven	Finnish_language, Hungarian

Chart for review for the basic cases[]

	interior	surface	adjacency	state
from	Elative_case	Delative_case	Ablative_case	Exessive_case
at/in	Inessive_case	Superessive_case	Adessive_case	Essive_case
(in)to	Illative_case	Sublative_case	Allative_case	Translative_case
via	Perlative_case	Vialis_case	Prosecutive_case	Prolative_case

Morphosyntactic alignment[]

For meanings of the terms agent, patient, experiencer, and instrument, see thematic_relation.

Case	Usage	Example	Found in
Absolutive_case (1)	patient, experiencer	he pushed the door and it opened	Basque_language
Absolutive_case (2)	patient, involuntary experiencer	he pushed the door and it opened; he slipped	active_languages
Absolutive_case (3)	patient; experiencer; instrument	he pushed the door with his hand and it opened	Inuktitut_language
Accusative_case (1)	patient	he pushed the door and it opened	Akkadian_language \| Arabic_language \| Azeri_language \| Croatian_language \| Czech_language \| Erzya_language \| Esperanto \| Faroese_language \| Finnish_language \| German_language \| Greek_language \| Hungarian_language \| Icelandic_language \| Inari_Sami \| Latin \| Lithuanian_language \| Northern_Sami \| Polish_language \| Romanian_language \| Russian_language \| Sanskrit_language \| Serbian_language \| Skolt_Sami \| Slovak_language \| Slovene_language \| Ukrainian_language
Accusative_case (2)	object direct object of a verb transitive verb; made from; about; for a time	I see her	Inuktitut_language \| Persian_language \| Turkish_language
Ergative_case	agent	he pushed the door and it opened	Basque_language \| Chechen_language \| Dyirbal_language \| Georgian_language \| Samoan_language \| Tlingit_language \| Tsez_language
Ergative-genitive_case	agent, possession	he pushed the door and it opened; her dog	Classic_maya_language \| Inuktitut_language
Instructive_case	means, answers question how?	by means of the house	Estonian_language (rare) \| Finnish_language
Instrumental_case	instrument, answers question with which thing?	with the house	Belarusian_language \| Croatian_language \| Czech_language \| Evenki_language \| Georgian_language \| Lithuanian_language \| Manchu_language \| Polish_language \| Russian_language \| Sanskrit_language \| Serbian_language \| Slovak_language \| Slovene_language \| Tsez_language \| Ukrainian_language \| Yukaghir_language
Instrumental-comitative_case	instrument, in company of something	with the house	Chuvash_language \| Hungarian_language \| Tlingit_language
Nominative_case (1)	agent, experiencer	he pushed the door and it opened	nominative-accusative_languages and nominative-absolutive_languages
Nominative_case (2)	agent; voluntary experiencer	he pushed the door and it opened; she paused	active_languages
Objective_case (1)	direct or indirect object of verb	I saw her; I gave her the book.	Bengali_language \| Chuvash_language
Objective_case (2)	direct or indirect object of verb or object of preposition; a catch-all case for any situation except nominative or genitive	I saw her; I gave her the book; with her.	English_language \| Swedish_language \| Danish_language \| Norwegian_language \| Bulgarian_language
Oblique_case	all-round case; any situation except nominative	concerning the house	Hindi \| Telugu_language \| Old_French
Passive_case or patient_case	the subject of an intransitive verb or the logical complement of a transitive verb	The door opened	languages_of_the_Caucasus
Pegative_case	agent in a clause with a dative argument	he gave the book to him	Tlapanec_language

Relation[]

Case	Usage	Example	Found in
Ablative_case	all-round indirect case	concerning the house	Sanskrit \| Inuktitut_language \| Latin \| Lithuanian_language \| Quenya
Aversive_case	avoiding or fear	avoiding the house	Warlpiri_language \| Yidiny_language
Benefactive_case	for, for the benefit of, intended for	for the house	Basque_language \| Quechua_language \| Telugu_language
Causal_case	because, because of	because of the house	Quechua_language \| Telugu_language
Causal-final_case	efficient or final cause	for a house	Chuvash_language \| Hungarian_language
Comitative_case	in company of something	with the house	Dumi_language \| Ingush_language \| Estonian_language \| Finnish_language (rare) \| Inari_Sami \| Northern_Sami \| Skolt_Sami \| Ossetic (only in Iron)
Dative_case	shows direction or recipient	for/to the house	Azeri_language \| Belarusian_language \| Croatian_language \| Czech_language \| Erzya_language \| Faroese_language \| Georgian_language \| German_language \| Greek_language \| Hindi \| Hungarian_language \| Icelandic_language \| Inuktitut_language \| Latin \| Lithuanian_language \| Manchu_language \| Ossetic_language \| Polish_language \| Romanian_language \| Russian_language \| Sanskrit_language \| Serbian_language \| Slovak_language \| Slovene_language \| Tsez_language \| Turkish_language \| Ukrainian_language
Distributive_case	distribution by piece	per house	Chuvash_language \| Hungarian_language \| Manchu_language
Distributive-temporal_case	how often something happens	daily; on Sundays	Hungarian_language
Genitive_case	shows relationship, possession	of the house	Akkadian_language \| Arabic_language \| Azeri_language \| Bengali_language \| Belarusian_language \| Chuvash_language \| Croatian_language \| Czech_language \| Danish_language \| Dutch_language \| English_language \| Erzya_language \| Estonian_language \| Finnish_language \| Georgian_language \| German_language \| Greek_language \| Icelandic_language \| Inari_Sami \| Irish_language \| Latin \| Lithuanian_language \| Manchu_language \| Northern_Sami \| Norwegian_language \| Polish_language \| Romanian_language \| Russian_language \| Sanskrit_language \| Serbian_language \| Skolt_Sami \| Slovak_language \| Slovene_language \| Swedish_language \| Tsez_language \| Turkish_language \| Ukrainian_language
Ornative_case	endowment with something	equipped with a house	Dumi_language
Possessed_case	possession by something	the house is owned by someone	Tlingit_language
Possessive_case	direct possession of something	owned by the house	English_language \| Quenya
Privative_case	lacking something	homeless, without a house	Chuvash_language \| Wagiman_language
Semblative_case	Similarity to something	that tree is like a house	Wagiman_language
Sociative_case	along with something, together with something	with the house	Hungarian_language \| Ossetic_language

Semantics[]

Case	Usage	Example	Found in
Partitive_case	used for amounts	three (of the) houses	Estonian_language \| Finnish_language \| Inari_Sami \| Russian_language \| Skolt_Sami
Prepositional_case	when certain prepositions precede the noun	in/on/about the house	Belarusian_language \| Czech_language \| Polish_language \| Russian_language \| Slovak_language \| Ukrainian_language (note: this case is called lokál in Czech and in Slovak, miejscownik in Polish, місцевий (miscevý) in Ukrainian and месны (miesny) in Belarusian; these names imply that this case also covers Locative_case)
Vocative_case	used for addressing someone, with or without a preposition	Hey, father! O father! Father!	Belarusian_language (rare) \| Bulgarian_language \| Croatian_language \| Czech_language \| Georgian_language \| Greek_language \| Hindi \| Irish_language \| Itelmen_language \| Ket_language \| Latin \| Lithuanian_language \| Macedonian_language \| Nivkh_language \| Polish_language \| Romanian_language \| Russian_language (rare) \| Sanskrit_language \| Serbian_language \| Telugu_language \| Ukrainian_language

State[]

Case	Usage	Example	Found in
Abessive_case	the lack of something	without the house	Erzya_language \| Estonian_language \| Finnish_language \| Inari_Sami \| Skolt_Sami
Comparative_case	similarity with something	similar to the house	Dumi_language \| Mari_language \| Nivkh_language
Equative_case	comparison with something	like the house	Ossetic_language \| Sumerian_language \| Tlingit_language \| Tsez_language
Essive_case	temporary state of being	as the house	Estonian_language \| Finnish_language \| Inari_Sami \| Inuktitut_language \| Middle_Egyptian \| Northern_Sami \| Skolt_Sami \| Tsez_language
Essive-formal_case	marking a condition as a quality	as a house	Hungarian_language \| Manchu_language
Essive-modal_case	marking a condition as a quality	as a house	Hungarian_language
Exessive_case	marking a transition from a condition	from as being a house	Estonian_language (rare) \| Finnish_language (dialectal)
Formal_case	marking a condition as a quality	as a house	Hungarian_language
Identical_case	showing that something is identical	being the house	Manchu_language
Orientative_case	oriented towards something	turned towards the house	Chukchi_language \| Manchu_language
Revertive_case	backwards to something	against the house	Manchu_language
Translative_case	change of a condition into another	(turning) into a house	Erzya_language \| Estonian_language \| Finnish_language \| Hungarian_language \| Khanty_language \| Manchu_language

This page uses content from Wikipedia. The original article was at List of grammatical cases. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with Conlang, the text of Wikipedia is available under the GNU Free Documentation License.