Lugoruthenian

Lugoruthenian
Type
Alignment
Head direction
Tonal	No
Declensions	No
Conjugations	No
Genders
Nouns decline according to...
Case	Number
Definiteness	Gender
Verbs conjugate according to...
Voice	Mood
Person	Number
Tense	Aspect
Meta-information
Progress	0%
Statistics Nouns 0% Verbs 0% Adjectives 0% Syntax 0% Words of 1500
Creator	Gjordanoff

Classification and Dialects

Lugoruthenian is a Germanic language and also the only tongue being part of the Balto-Germanic linguistic subbranch. It's spoken in the Lugoruthenian Commonwealth. It's also the only Germanic language that's being written in the Cyrillic script. The language is strongly influenced by its neighboring languages, namely Ukrainian, Polish and Lithuanian.

Writing System

The Lugoruthenian writing system is based on the Cyrillic alphabet. As the Lugoruthenian tribes have been Christianized by Byzantine and Moravian missionaries, the Early Cyrillic script has been adopted to transcribe the Lugoruthenian language. It was also the first time in Lugoruthenian linguistic history that the language became a written one. Lugoruthenian Cyrillic is very conservative and retains a lot of letter coming from the Early Cyrillic script. Also the spelling contains a handful of archaisms.

Letter	А	Б	В	Г	Ґ	Д	Е	Ж	S	З	И	I
Sound	a	b	v	h	g	d	jɛ	ʒ	dz	z	i	i
Letter	К	Л	М	Н	О	П	Р	С	Т	У	Ф	Х
Sound	k	l	m	n	ɔ	p	r	s	t	u	f	x
Letter	Ц	Ч	Ш	Щ	Ъ	Ь	Ѣ	Я	Ю	Ё	Ѫ	Ѭ
Sound	ts	tʃ	ʃ	ʃtʃ	/	j	e:	ja	ju	jɔ	ɔ	jɔ
Letter	Й	Ў
Sound	j	w

There are some spelling rules and phonological changes that one should be aware of:

• If preceded by a vowel, the letter В being followed by a consonant is pronounced as /w/, e.g.: гавло /hawla/ (=hall)
• If unstressed, the letter E gets reduced to /ji/ in a process called ikanya (iканя), e.g.: преëчѫ /pr^jijɔtʃɔ/ (=to overlook)
• The unstressed E preceded by a vowel gets reduced to /jɔ/ in a process called okanya (оканя), e.g.: лечее /l^jɛtʃ^jijɔ/ (=easily)
• The letter I is the default letter in order to represent the sound /i/, while the letter И is used to write the sound /i/ in final position, e.g.: прави (=almost)
• The letter Л being followed by consonant and preceded by a vowel changes to /w/, e.g.: волфсъ /vɔwfs/ (=wolf)
• The letter O undergoes a sound reduction called akanya (аканя) if unstressed, e.g.: Ржечпоспоблiто /rʒ^jɛtʃpaspablita/ (=Commonwealth)
• The diagraph ЧТ stands for /ʃt/, e.g.: почто /pɔʃta/ (=post office)
• The letter Ъ must be added in final position if the considered word ends in a hard consonant, e.g.: лекъ (=easy)
• The letter Ъ also prevents the default iotation of the letter E, so the sound changes to a simple /ɛ/, e.g.: объещанiя /abɛʃtʃanija/ (=promise)
• The so-called nasal letters Ѫ and Ѭ, even if undistinguishable from the stressed O or the simple Ë, are used for etymological and grammatical like indicating the infinitive present ending
• The iotified and nasal letters never get reduced in speech, except of E
• Iotified letters being grammatical endings may induce alterations for the last consonant of the word stem as follow: м to мл, п to пл, б to бл, ф to фл, в to вл, т to ц, д to s, к to ч, г to ш and ґ to ж

Grammar

Nouns

Nouns in Lugoruthenian retain a lot of flexions. Indeed, all the seven cases of Proto-Germanic have been maintained in Lugoruthenian due to Baltic and Slavic influence.

First Declension

The First Declension gathers all masculine nouns ending in -съ and all neuter nouns ending in -a up.

волфсъ	singular	plural	юка	singular	plural
nominative	волфсъ	волфасъ		юка	юкасъ
vocative	волфъ
accusative	волфа
dative	волфле	волфамъ		юче	юкамъ
genitive	волфасъ	волфо		юкасъ	юко
instrumental	волфо	волфами		юко	юками

A lot of word stem of the masculine noun category do not allow the nominative singular ending -съ, depending on the last consonant of the word stem. Some consonants will voice the /s/-sound to a /z/-sound, meanwhile other consonants will simply delete that final ending.

• б -> бзъ
• ґ -> ґзъ
• д -> sъ
• ж -> жъ
• s -> sъ
• з -> зъ
• с -> съ
• т -> цъ
• ц -> цъ
• ч -> чъ
• ш -> шъ
• щ -> щъ

Lexicon

Word	Pronunciation	Translation	Category	Origin
гавло	/hawla/	hall	noun, f, II	Proto-Germanic
преëчѫ	/prjijɔtʃɔ/	to overlook	verb	Polish
волфсъ	/vɔwfs/	wolf	noun, m, I	Proto-Germanic
лекъ	/ljɛk/	easy	adjective	Old Church Slavonic
Ржечпоспоблiто	/rʒjɛtʃpaspablita/	Commonwealth	noun, f, II	Polish
почто	/pɔʃta/	post office	noun, f, II	Neologism
объещанiя	/abɛʃtʃanija/	promise	noun, n, I	Old Church Slavonic
прави	/pravi/	almost	adverb	Polish
юка	/juka/	yoke	noun, n, I	Proto-Germanic