Lukic

Lukic Lukik
Type
Synthetic
Alignment
Accusative
Head direction
Initial
Tonal
No
Declensions
Yes
Conjugations
Yes
Genders
No
Nouns decline according to...
Case	Number
Definiteness	Gender
Verbs conjugate according to...
Voice	Mood
Person	Number
Tense	Aspect

Progress 46%
	Stats Nouns 50% Verbs 83% Adjectives 0% Syntax 58% Words of 1500

General information

Lukic is the language of the Mediterranean island of Luka. 2000 years ago, Luka was a Roman province, and Latin was thel language spoken. In the middle ages, Luka was a part of the Spanish empire and the language spoken (Old Lukic) was a Romance language closely related to Spanish. In 1500, Luka was taken over by the British, and the language took on some aspects of English and rapidly evolved into Modern Lukic, the Lukic that is spoken on the island today.

Consonants

	Bilabial	Labio-dental	Dental	Alveolar	Post-alveolar	Retroflex	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	m			n				ŋ
Plosive	p b			t d				k g
Fricative		f v	θ  ð	s z	ʃ  ʒ				h
Affricate					tʃ  dʒ
Approximant				r			j	w
Lateral Flap				ɾ
Lateral Approximate				l

Vowels

	Front	Near-front	Central	Near-back	Back
Close	i				u
Near-close
Close-mid
Mid	e̞				o̞
Open-mid
Near-open
Open			ä

Alphabet

There are 25 letters in the Lukic Alphabet:

Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn ŋŋ Oo Pp Rr Ss Tt Uu Vv Ww Yy Zz

The vowels are pronounced like in Spanish. The consonants are pronounced like in English, except for C, which is pronounced like the "Ch" in English. ŋ is pronounced like the "ng" in English.

Grammar

	Gender	Cases	Numbers	Tenses	Persons	Moods	Voices	Aspects
Verb	No	No	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes
Nouns	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No
Adjectives	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Numbers	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Participles	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Adverb	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Pronouns	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	No
Adpositions	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Article	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Particle	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No

Nouns

There are no grammatical genders in Lukic, which makes nouns easier to grasp than in other languages. The onliy declination on nouns is when a noun is made plural. Pluralizing a noun is simple; all one needs to do is add an -s to the end of the noun. For example, Gat ("Cat") is singular, and Gats is plural.

The only distinct grammatical case is the possessive case. This is formed by adding the suffix -ne after the noun. For example, the sentence "It is the cat's" translates to "Se esse the gatne". Additionally, if the noun ends with the letter e, then the e must be changed to an i.

Pronouns

There are a variety of personal pronouns in Lukic, which change based upon person, number and in some instances, gender.

	Singular	Plural
1st	Me	Mes
2nd	Te	Tes
3rd	Se So (masculine) Sa (feminine)	Ses

Personal pronouns can be made reflexive by adding a- as a prefix, as well as changing the -e to -i.

	Singular	Plural
1st	Ami	Amis
2nd	Ati	Atis
3rd	Asi Aso (masculine) Asa (feminine)	Asis

Possessive pronouns are formed the same way that possesive nouns are formed, including changing the -e to -i- for me/te/se.

	Singular	Plural
1st	Mine	Mesne
2nd	Tine	Tesne
3rd	Sine Sone (masculine) Sane (feminine)	Sesne

Lukic has 4 demonstrative pronouns:

	Singular	Plural
Proximal ("This")	Ese	Eses
Distal ("That")	Este	Estes

Verbs

As with most languages, verbs are the post complicated part of speech in Lukic. Lukic has two types of verbs, -ar verbs and -er verbs. Luckily, they are conjugated very similarly.

There are fifty different ways to conjugate a verb in Lukic. These encompass many different tenses, four different aspects, and five different moods. Verbs do not change conjugation based upon person or number.

Infinitive Mood

The first mood is the infinitive. This is the basic form of the verb. It is equivalent to the to- form in English (i.e. "to be"). An example of an -ar infinitive is ablar - "to speak". An example of an -er infinitive is danser - "to dance".

The Indicative Mood

The indicative mood is the most common mood. It is used when making a factual statement. There a four different tenses and four different aspects in the indicative mood.

Tenses

Present Tense: Used to describe actions in the present (In English: "I speak", "I dance")

Past Tense: Used to describe actions in the past (In English:"I spoke", "I danced")

Future Tense: Used to describe actions in the future (In English: "I will speak, I will dance")

Future-in-past tense: Used to describe actions that are in the future from a past frame of reference, but not necessarily the actual future (In English: "If I had known, I would have done it"). Note that, despite the presence of 'would', this is not the conditional tense nor mood.

Aspects

Simple: The basic aspect, for example, the English, "I do it". In Lukic, this is just the basic conjugation of the verb.

Progressive: An ongoing action, for example, the English, "I am doing it". In Lukic, the progressive conjugation consists of the verb ber ("to be") conjugated to the current tense, followed by the present participle/gerund of the verb. To form the present partiple for -ar verbs, drop the -ar and replace with -ant. For -er verbs, drop the -er and replace with -ient. There are two irregulars: The present participle of ber is bent, and er ("to go") is ent.

Perfect: A completed action, for example, the English, "I have done it". In Lukic, the perfect conjugation consists of the verb aver ("to have") conjugated to the current tense, followed by the past participle of the verb. To form the past participle for -ar verbs, drop the -ar and replace with -at. For -er verbs, drop the -er and replace with -iet. There are two irregulars: The past participle of ber is bet, and er is et.

Perfect Progressive: Refers to the completed portion of an ongoing action or temporary state, for example, the English, "I have been doing it". In Lukic, the perfect progressive conjugation consists of  aver conjugated to the current tense, followed by the past participle of ber (bet), followed by the present participle of the verb.

This chart shows the indicative conjugations for ablar and danser:

	Simple	Progressive	Perfect	Perfect Progressive
Present	abla  danse	be ablant be dansient	ave ablat ave dansiet	ave bet ablant ave bet dansient
Past	ablan dansen	ben ablant ben dansient	aven ablat aven dansiet	aven bet ablant aven bet dansient
Future	ablara dansere	bere ablant bere dansient	avere ablat avere dansiet	avere bet ablant avere bet dansient
Future-in-past	ablaran danseren	beren ablant beren dansient	averen ablat averen dansiet	averen bet ablant averen bet dansient

Subjunctive Mood

The subjunctive mood is used to describe hypothetical situations as well as hopes, wishes and wants. Examples in English include "It is important that he be here", where 'be' is in the subjunctive, and "If I were you", where 'were' is in the subjunctive. The tenses and aspects are the same in the subjunctive as in the indicative. The only thing that changes in the conjugations is that the -ar and -er verbs switch.

This chart shows the subjunctive conjugations for ablar and danser:

	Simple	Progressive	Perfect	Perfect Progressive
Present	able dansa	ba ablant ba dansient	ava ablat ava dansiet	ava bet ablant ava bet dansient
Past	ablen dansan	ban ablant ban dansient	avan ablat avan dansiet	avan bet ablant avan bet dansient
Future	ablare dansera	bera ablant bera dansient	avera ablat avera dansiet	avera bet ablant avera bet dansient
Future-in-past	ablaren danseran	beran ablant beran dansient	averan ablat averan dansiet	averan bet ablant avera bet dansient

Conditional Mood

The conditional mood is used for possible future situations ("I would do it", "I could do it", "I should do it", "I might do it"). The four aspects of the conditional mood are the same as the indicative and subjunctive, but the four tenses are different.

The four tenses are:

The Conditional Tense: Describing something that will happen (or has happened, or is happening, etc.) if a cartain condition is met. Note that this certain condition may or may not be states outright. In Lukic, this is conjugated by using would followed by the infinitive of the verb.

The Potential Tense: Describing something that has the potential to happen (or to have happened etc.). In Lukic, this is conjugated by using could followed by the infinitive of the verb.

The Necessary Tense: Descrbing something that needs to be done (or needs to have been done etc.). In Lukic, this is conjugated by using should followed by the infinitive of the verb.

The Possible Tense: Describing something that may or may not happen (or have happened etc.). In Lukic, this is conjugated by using might followed by the infinitive of the verb.

Note that the pronunciation of the modal verbs presented here is irregular. They are pronounced the way they are in English, not how you would expect based on the phonology of Lukic.

This chart shows the conditional conjugations for Ablar and Danser:

	Simple	Progressive	Perfect	Perfect Progressive
Conditional	would ablar would danser	would ber ablant would ber dansient	would aver ablat would aver dansiet	would aver bet ablant would aver bet dansient
Potential	could ablar could danser	could ber ablant could ber dansient	could aver ablat could aver dansiet	could aver bet ablant could aver bet dansient
Necessary	should ablar should danser	should ber ablant should ber dansient	should aver ablat should aver dansiet	should aver bet ablant should aver bet dansient
Possible	might ablar might danser	might ber ablant might ber dansient	might aver ablat should aver dansiet	might aver bet ablant might aver bet dansient

Imperative Mood

The imperative mood is the commanding mood. It is used when you tell someone to do something. There is only one conjugation for the imperative, and it is very simple. Just take off the -ar or -er. In this manner, the command to "Speak!" is abl! and the command to "Dance!" is dans!

Verbs with stems that do not contain vowels (such as ber, and tar ["to tar"]) must have a vowel added in front of the stem in the imperative. An a- for -ar verbs and a e- for -er verbs. So ber becomes eb! and tar becomes at!

Note that the verb er is irregular for the imperative, since taking off -er leaves you with nothing. Because of this, the command to go had to be borrowed from English: Go!

Copulas

Lukic has two copulas (verbs meaning "to be"): esser and ber. Esser is used when talking about intrinsic qualities and permanent states. Ber is used when talking about temporary aspects of someone or something. It is also used as the helping verb in the progressive and perfect progressive aspects.

Vocab

==

No.	English
1	I	Me
2	you (singular)	Te
3	he	So
4	we	Mes
5	you (plural)	Tes
6	they	Ses
7	this	Ese
8	that	Este
9	here	—
10	there	—
11	who	—
12	what	—
13	where	—
14	when	—
15	how	—
16	not	—
17	all	—
18	many	—
19	some	—
20	few	—
21	other	—
22	one	—
23	two	—
24	three	—
25	four	—
26	five	—
27	big	—
28	long	—
29	wide	—
30	thick	—
31	heavy	—
32	small	—
33	short	—
34	narrow	—
35	thin	—
36	woman	—
37	man (adult male)	—
38	man (human being)	—
39	child	—
40	wife	—
41	husband	—
42	mother	—
43	father	—
44	animal	—
45	fish	—
46	bird	—
47	dog	—
48	louse	—
49	snake	—
50	worm	—
51	tree	—
52	forest	—
53	stick	—
54	fruit	—
55	seed	—
56	leaf	—
57	root	—
58	bark	—
59	flower	—
60	grass	—
61	rope	—
62	skin	—
63	meat	—
64	blood	—
65	bone	—
66	fat	—
67	egg	—
68	horn	—
69	tail	—
70	feather	—
71	hair	—
72	head	—
73	ear	—
74	eye	—
75	nose	—
76	mouth	—
77	tooth	—
78	tongue	—
79	fingernail	—
80	foot	—
81	leg	—
82	knee	—
83	hand	—
84	wing	—
85	belly	—
86	guts	—
87	neck	—
88	back	—
89	breast	—
90	heart	—
91	liver	—
92	drink	—
93	eat	—
94	bite	—
95	suck	—
96	spit	—
97	vomit	—
98	blow	—
99	breathe	—
100	laugh	—
101	see	—
102	hear	—
103	know	—
104	think	—
105	smell	—
106	fear	—
107	sleep	—
108	live	—
109	die	—
110	kill	—
111	fight	—
112	hunt	—
113	hit	—
114	cut	—
115	split	—
116	stab	—
117	scratch	—
118	dig	—
119	swim	—
120	fly	—
121	walk	—
122	come	—
123	lie	—
124	sit	—
125	stand	—
126	turn	—
127	fall	—
128	give	—
129	hold	—
130	squeeze	—
131	rub	—
132	wash	—
133	wipe	—
134	pull	—
135	push	—
136	throw	—
137	tie	—
138	sew	—
139	count	—
140	say	—
141	sing	—
142	play	—
143	float	—
144	flow	—
145	freeze	—
146	swell	—
147	sun	—
148	moon	—
149	star	—
150	water	—
151	rain	—
152	river	—
153	lake	—
154	sea	—
155	salt	—
156	stone	—
157	sand	—
158	dust	—
159	earth	—
160	cloud	—
161	fog	—
162	sky	—
163	wind	—
164	snow	—
165	ice	—
166	smoke	—
167	fire	—
168	ash	—
169	burn	—
170	road	—
171	mountain	—
172	red	—
173	green	—
174	yellow	—
175	white	—
176	black	—
177	night	—
178	day	—
179	year	—
180	warm	—
181	cold	—
182	full	—
183	new	—
184	old	—
185	good	—
186	bad	—
187	rotten	—
188	dirty	—
189	straight	—
190	round	—
191	sharp	—
192	dull	—
193	smooth	—
194	wet	—
195	dry	—
196	correct	—
197	near	—
198	far	—
199	right	—
200	left	—
201	at	—
202	in	—
203	with	—
204	and	—
205	if	—
206	because	—
207	name	—

Vocabulary==