General information[]
The language Múly ['mu:lə].
Phonology[]
Consonants[]
| Manner ↓ | Place → | Labial | Coronal | Dorsal |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | |
| Plosive | p | t | k c | |
| Fricative | f v | s z | ç ʝ | |
| Affricate | p͡f | t͡s | c͡ç | |
| Approximant | l | |||
| Trill | r | |||
Vowels[]
Monophthongs[]
| Height ↓ | Backness → | Front | Central | Back |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Close | ɪ i: | ʊ u: | ||
| Mid | ɛ e: | ə | ɔ o: | |
| Open | a a: | |||
Diphthongs[]
| Height ↓ | Backness → | Front | Central | Back |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Close | ja ja: jʊ ju: | wɪ wi: wa wa: | ||
| Open | aɪ̯ aʊ̯ | |||
Stress[]
Mulian stress is on the ultimate syllable of the word stem. If the ultimate contains a short vowel and the penultimate a long vowel, the stress shifts to the penultimate. The stress also shifts to the penultimate if the last syllable contains /ə/.
Alphabet[]
| Letter | Sound | Letter | Sound |
|---|---|---|---|
| A | /a/ | N | /n/ |
| C | /c/ | O | /o/ |
| E | /e/ | P | /p/ |
| F | /f/ | R | /r/ |
| G | /ŋ/ | S | /s/ |
| H | /ç/ | T | /t/ |
| I | /i/ | U | /u/ |
| J | /ʝ/ | V | /v/ |
| K | /k/ | Y | /ə/ |
| L | /l/ | Z | /z/ |
| M | /m/ |
Long vowels are marked with an accute accent (á é í ó ú).
Diphthongs and affricates are written using the letters of the individual sounds - the letters I and U represent [j] and [w] in diphthongs.
Nouns[]
General information[]
Mulian nouns are declined for...
- their number
- their case
- their gender
| Number | Usage |
|---|---|
| Singular | 1 thing |
| Plural | 2 or more things |
| Collective | all things or every single thing |
| Case | Usage |
|---|---|
| Nominative | agent |
| Accusative | patient |
| Dative | recipient / direction |
| Prepositional | with prepositions |
| Gender | Usage |
|---|---|
| Male | male beings + their characteristics |
| Female | female beings + their characteristics |
| Neuter | gender-neutral speech / honorific / things without gender |
Declension[]
| Singular | Plural | Collective | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male | Female | Neuter | Male | Female | Neuter | Male | Female | Neuter | |
| Nominative | -a | -y | -u | -au | -i | -iu | -á | -é | -ú |
| Accusative | -an | -en | -us | -aucyn | -ityn | -iucyn | -án | -én | -ús |
| Dative | -ars | -ers | -uly | -aurig | -inym | -iurig | -árys | -érys | -úly |
| Prepositional | -ajy | -ejy | -ujy | -auhal | -ihyl | -iuhul | -ápfy | -étsy | -úchy |
Verbs[]
General information[]
Mulian verbs are conjugated for ...
- their tense
- their mood
- their aspect
| Tense | Usage |
|---|---|
| Past | actions in the past |
| Present | actions in the present ; general statements |
| Future | actions in the future |
| Mood | Usage |
|---|---|
| Indicative | real actions |
| Subjunctive | unreal actions |
| Imperative | orders |
| Aspect | Usage |
|---|---|
| Perfective | completed action |
| Imperfective | uncompleted action |
Conjugation[]
| Perfective | Imperfective | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Indicative | Subjunctive | Imperative | Indicative | Subjunctive | Imperative | |
| Past | -úra | -urán | - | -amíny | -alóna | - |
| Present | -ain | -aidál | -ísih | -atorp | -aitips | -ásih |
| Future | -olka | -óla | - | -alkína | -aminó | - |
Infinite verb forms[]
Múly has 4 infinite verb forms: an infinitive and three participles.
| Infinite verb form | Usage | Suffix |
|---|---|---|
| Infinitive | basic form of a verb | -ótsan |
| Participle Present | currently doing something / contemporarity | -ainai |
| Participle Past | already happened to something / anteriority | -úrún |
| Participle Future | about to happen / posteriority | -ólak |
Modifiers[]
Múly doesn't distinguish adjectives from adverbs - both ideas are expressed by a part of speech that is called "modifiers".
Modifiers are only declined for their grade of comparison.
| Grade of comparison | Usage | Suffix |
|---|---|---|
| Positive | having a quality | -ó |
| Comparative | having more of a quality | -óna |
| Superlative | having the most of a quality | -óra |
Modifiers are always places before the word they are describing.