Analysis 1[]
Consonants[]
| Labial | Dental/Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Pharyngeal | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | ||||
| Stop | pʰ p | tʰ t | kʰ k | ||||
| Fricative | ɸ | s | h | ||||
| Approximant | β̞ | l | ɻ | j | ɰ | ʕ |
Vowels[]
Dialect 1:
| Front unrounded | Back unrounded | Back rounded | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | ɪ | ʊ | |
| Mid | ɛ | ɔ | |
| Low | ɑ |
| Front unrounded | Front rounded | Back unrounded | Back rounded | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| High | i: | y: | ɯ: | u: |
| Mid | e: | ø: | ɤ: | o: |
| Low | ɛ: | ɑ: |
Diphthongs:
/ɛi ɛɯ iɯ ɯi ie/
/œy œu yu uy yø uo ɔu ɔy/
/eɑ ɛɑ ɑi ɑɯ ɤi ɤɑ/
Dialect 2:
| Front unrounded | Rhotic | Back unrounded | Back rounded | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| High | ɪ | ʊ | ||
| Mid | ɛ | ɚ | ɔ | |
| Low | ɑ |
| Front unrounded | Front rounded | Rhotic | Back unrounded | Back rounded | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High | i: | y: | ɘ˞: ɵ˞: | ɯ: | u: |
| Mid | e: | ɜ˞: | ɤ: | o: | |
| Low | ɑ˞: | ɑ: |
Diphthongs:
/ɚi ɚɯ iɯ ɯi ie iɚ ɯɚ eɚ ɛi ɛɯ/
/ɚu ɚy uɚ yɚ oɚ uo yu uy ɔu ɔy/
/ɤɚ ɑi ɑɯ eɑ ɛɑ ɤɑ/
Analysis 2[]
Consonants[]
These are the allophones of the consonants in Analysis 1.
| Bilabial | Labiodental(1) | Dental | Alveolar(2) | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyngeal | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m mʲ mˤ | ɱ | n̪ | nˤ | ɳ | ȵ | ŋ | ɴ | ||
| Stop | pʲ p pˤ pʰ pʜ pɕ | p̪ p̪f | t̪ t̪x | tˤ ts tʜ | ʈ ʈʂ | ȶ ȶɕ | kʰ k | qʰ q | ||
| Fricative | ɸ ɸˤ ɸʲ | f | s sˤ | ʂ | ɕ | x | ħ | h | ||
| Approximant | β̞ β̞ˤ ɥ | ʋ | l̪ˤ | l | ɻ ɭ | j ȴ | ɰ | ʕ |
(1) Retroflexion causes retraction of bilabials to labiodentals
(2) /ts s/ tend to be slightly palatalized, and /l/ slightly velarized.