| Martian Malchan/la-dyon d Malt | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Type | |||
| Analytic (nouns), Fusional (verbs) | |||
| Alignment | |||
| Accusative | |||
| Head direction | |||
| right | |||
| Tonal | |||
| No | |||
| Declensions | |||
| No | |||
| Conjugations | |||
| Yes | |||
| Genders | |||
| No | |||
| Nouns decline according to... | |||
| Case | Number | ||
| Definiteness | Gender | ||
| Verbs conjugate according to... | |||
| Voice | Mood | ||
| Person | Number | ||
| Tense | Aspect | ||
General Information[]
Martian (natively Malchan [malˠˈʃã] or la-dyon d Malt [lɘˈðjɔ̃θ ˈmalˠt]) is the sole official and national language of the Democratic Republic of Mars (natively Zepúglca Demarcátca d Malt) which became de facto sovereign nation independent from the spacefaring Chile in the year 2351 (Martian Republican Year 0).
As of MRY 125 (2581 C.E.), Martian has 86 million native speakers and approximately 18 million L2 speakers. Martian is one of a handful of descendants from Chilean Spanish, which became a language of science after the fall of many world powers from 2050 to 2130.
Paz la-venefich d to.
Phonology[]
Consonants[]
There are 18 consonant phonemes. Allophones are in parentheses.
| labial | dental | alveolar | palatal | velar | glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| nasal | m | n | ɲ | |||
| stop | p (b) | t d | k (g) | |||
| fricative | f v | (θ) ð | s (z) | ɕ ʑ | h | |
| approximant | l (lˠ) | j | w | |||
| flap | ɾ (ɾˠ) |
- /p/ and /k/ and /s/ are allophonically voiced intervocalically, while /t/ and /d/ contrast only in that environment.
- /ð/ is devoiced word-finally or when adjacent to a voiceless consonant.
- /l/ and /r/ are velarized in the coda.
Vowels[]
There are 13 vowel phonemes.
| front | back | |
|---|---|---|
| close | i ĩ | u ũ |
| close-mid | e ø ø̃ | ɤ o |
| open-mid | ɛ ɛ̃ | (ɔ) ɔ̃ |
| open | a ã |
- /e/ and /ɛ/ contrast only in unstressed syllables. In stressed syllables they merge into an archiphoneme /E/ which is realized as [ɛ] before a coda consonant and [e] elsewhere.
- /ɤ/ is a phoneme which appears in clitics and word-finally. It cannot be stressed.
- The only unstressed vowels that can be word-final are /ɤ/ and /i/.
- /a/ is in free variation as [a] or [ɔ] in open syllables.
Orthography[]
The Avese Malchan (Martian Alphabet) is a descendant of the Spanish Latin Alphabet. It contains twenty-three separate characters, eight digraphs, and one separate diacritic.
| A a | C c | D d | E e | Ê ê | F f | G g | H h | I i | J j |
| a | ce | de | e | e sorver | ef | ge | ach | i | jot |
| /a/, /ɘ/ | /k/ | /ð/ | /e/, /E/ | /ɛ/ | /f/ | /w/ | * | /i/ | /h/ |
| L l | M m | N n | Ñ ñ | O o | P p | R r | S s | T t | U u |
| el | men | nen | ñen | o | pe | er | es | te | u |
| /l/ | /m/ | /n/ | /ɲ/ | /o/ | /p/ | /r/ | /s/ | /t/, /d/ | /u/ |
| V v | Y y | Z z | an | on | ch | eu | th | ||
| ve | ye | zet | en | un | ce ach | e u | te ach | ||
| /v/ | /j/ | /ʑ/ | in | /ɕ/ | /ø/ | /t/ |
- <h> only appears in the digraphs <ch> and <th> and in loanwords.
- An asent aggo (acute accent) is applied to vowels in syllables that are stressed and not word-finally.
Pronouns[]
Pronouns (Pronorf)
| nom | obl | gen | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| sg | 1 | cho | me | mi |
| 2 | vo | te | tuch | |
| 3 | êl | such | ||
| pl | 1 | nosort | d nosort | |
| 2 | uted | d uted | ||
| 3 | ech | d ech | ||
Determiners[]
Articles[]
The indefinite (na-) and definite (la-) articles take the form of clitics that attach to the first word in a noun phrase with a hyphen. When before vowel-initial words, their vowels are dropped.
- na-sal, la-sal vs. n-águ, l-águ
- /nɤˈsal/, /lɤˈsal/ vs. /ˈnawɤ/, /ˈlawɤ/
- "a martian day", "the martian day" vs. "a water", "the water"
Demonstratives[]
These also function as demonstrative pronouns.
| proximal | es | ˈɛs |
|---|---|---|
| distal | acech | aˈgɛɕ |
- ex. Es vin solament por nosort. Vo teni acech águ.
- "This wine is only for us. You have that water."
Verbs[]
Infinitives are in -al, -el, and -il.
Present tense[]
| -al | -el | -il | |
|---|---|---|---|
| cho/êl | -0 | ||
| vo | -ay | -i | |
| nosort | -an | -en | -in |
| uted/ech | -n | ||
Past tense[]
| -al | -el | -il | |
|---|---|---|---|
| cho/vo/êl | -af | -it | |
| nosort | -ávmo | -ímo | |
| uted/ech | -avn | -in | |
Future tense[]
| -al | -el | -il | |
|---|---|---|---|
| cho | -are | -ere | -ire |
| vo/êl | -ara | -era | -êra |
| nosort | -aren | -eren | -iren |
| uted/ech | -aran | -eran | -êran |
Conditional[]
| -al | -el | -il | |
|---|---|---|---|
| cho/vo/êl | -êri | -eri | -iri |
| nosort | -êrímo | -erímo | -irímo |
| uted/ech | -êrin | -erin | -irin |
Medioreflexive voice[]
The medioreflexive voice is shown by a prefixing clitic sa. It becomes a suffix -s when attached to the infinitive form. It is used for reflexive and reciprocal actions of most verbs. Some verbs undergo unpredictable semantic changes.
- ex. acusal -to accuse vs. acusals -to confess
- Êrvi la-peult ileug acusay êlgin! = "Open the door and accuse someone!"
- Cho eper c-êl s-acus pront. = "I hope he confesses soon."
Copula[]
Sel [ˈsɛlˠ] {ser} -to be (in essence)
| sg | pl | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | say | son |
| 2 | say | son |
| 3 | (e) | son |
Etal [eˈdalˠ] {estar} -to be (in a state)
| sg | pl | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | etay | etan |
| 2 | etay | etan |
| 3 | eta | etan |
Examples[]
Eperal [ebeˈɾalˠ] {esperar} -to hope
| present | past | future | conditional | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| sg | pl | sg | pl | sg | pl | sg | pl | ||||
| 1 | eper | eperan | 1 | eperaf | eperávmo | 1 | eperare | eperaren | 1 | eperêri | eperêrímo |
| 2 | eperay | epern | 2 | eperaf | eperavn | 2 | eperara | eperaran | 2 | eperêri | eperêrin |
| 3 | eper | epern | 3 | eperaf | eperavn | 3 | eperara | eperaran | 3 | eperêri | eperêrin |
Cozel [koˈʑɛlˠ] {correr} -to run
| present | past | future | conditional | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| sg | pl | sg | pl | sg | pl | sg | pl | ||||
| 1 | coz | cozen | 1 | cozit | cozímo | 1 | cozere | cozeren | 1 | cozeri | cozerímo |
| 2 | cozi | cozn | 2 | cozit | cozin | 2 | cozera | cozeran | 2 | cozeri | cozerin |
| 3 | coz | cozn | 3 | cozit | cozin | 3 | cozera | cozeran | 3 | cozeri | cozerin |
Ocuzil [oguˈʑilˠ] {ocurrir} -to happen
| present | past | future | conditional | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| sg | pl | sg | pl | sg | pl | sg | pl | ||||
| 1 | ocuz | ocuzin | 1 | ocuzit | ocuzímo | 1 | ocuzire | ocuziren | 1 | ocuziri | ocuzirímo |
| 2 | ocuzi | ocuzn | 2 | ocuzit | ocuzin | 2 | ocuzêra | ocuzêran | 2 | ocuziri | ocuzirin |
| 3 | ocuz | ocuzn | 3 | ocuzit | ocuzin | 3 | ocuzêra | ocuzêran | 3 | ocuziri | ocuzirin |
Sound Changes[]
Categories[]
V=aɛiouɔe, F=eiɛ, B=aouɔ, U=aɛiou, C=mnɲpbftdsɕjkxglrɾvðɣwhθzʑ, S=ptks, Z=bdgz, G=vðɣ, K=fθj, R=rɾ, N=mnɲ
Changes[]
- t//_ɕ
- sˈb/ˈf/_
- sˈg/ˈx/_
- sb/f/_
- sg/x/_
- d//ˈ(C)(C)(C)V_
- ɾ/n/_(ˈ)n
- b/u/_(ˈ)l
- Z/G/_
- j/ɕ/_/V_(ˈ)[C#]
- i/j/V_
- i/j/_(ˈ)V/ˈC_
- u/w/V_
- u/w/_(ˈ)V/ˈ(C)(C)(C)_
- R/l/_(ˈ)[C#]
- r/ʑ/_
- k//_s
- s//_(ˈ)[C#]/_[jw]
- e/ɛ/_(ˈ)C(ˈ)[C#]
- o/ɔ/_(ˈ)C(ˈ)[C#]
- V//ˈ(C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)_
- w//_l#
- x/ɕ/_F
- x/ɕ/F_(ˈ)[C#]
- x/ɕ/V_C(ˈ)[C#]
- x/h/_
- h//_#
- N/~/V(j)_(ˈ)[C#]
- S/Z/V(~)(ˈ)_(ˈ)V
- [pc]//_(ˈ)t
- tɾ/ɕ/[#Cˈ]_
- CR/\\/_/#(ˈ)_
- ˈɾt/ˈɕ/#_
- sj/ɕ/_
- j/i/[C#]_[C#]
- a/ɛ/_…ˈ(C)(C)(C)i
- i/ɛ/_…ˈ(C)(C)(C)B
- [ɛe]//#_CC/_[jw]C
- ɣ//C_
- G/K/_(ˈ)[Sɕ#]
- ɔ/o/_~
- V~/U/_(ˈ)[fθwlR]
- ɔ/a/_
- /h/B_(ˈ)B
- w//_(ˈ)ɛ~
- w[eɛ]/ø/_
- wˈ[eɛ]/ˈø/_
- ɣ/w/_
- ɛ/e/ˈ(C)(C)(C)_(~)C/_C[C#]
- e/ɛ/ˈ(C)(C)(C)_(~)C[C#]
- /ɣ/[lɾ]_[C#]
- w/u/#_C
- w/u/C_#
- ɛ~w/u~/_
- i~w/ø~/_
Vocabulary[]
Numbers[]
| # | name | 10+# | #*10 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | ser | dye | |
| 1 | un | ons | dye |
| 2 | do | dyes-do | venñt |
| 3 | che | dyes-che | chent |
| 4 | cgart | catals | cgarent |
| 5 | sinc | cins | sincent |
| 6 | sey | dyes-sey | sesent |
| 7 | chet | dyes-chet | setent |
| 8 | och | dyes-och | ochent |
| 9 | neuf | dyes-neuf | novent |
| 10 | dye | venñt | chyen |
Colors[]
- colal [koˈlalˠ]: colors
- ner [ˈnɛɾˠ]: black
- vlanc [ˈvlãk]: white
- zo [ˈʑo]: red
- luzos [luˈʑos]: pink
- colora [koloˈɾa]: colored, blush-colored
- anaranja [anaɾãˈha]: orange
- êmêrich [ɛmɛˈɾiɕ]: yellow
- asul [aˈzulˠ]: blue
- veld [ˈvɛlˠθ]: green
- vyolet [vjoˈlɛt]: violet, purple
- mora [moˈɾa]: bruise-colored
- mazon [maˈʑɔ̃]: dark brown
- vronsea [vɾɔ̃zɛˈa]: light brown (tan)
- zuch [ˈʑuɕ]: gray
- ureclal [uɾekˈlalˠ]: gray
- platea [pladeˈa]: silver
Family[]
Family members (Myerf):
- fêmíli: family
- par: parents
- par/pêsit: father
- mar/mêmit: mother
- gag: children
- ich: son or daughter
- epos: spouse
- êlman: sibling
- ti: aunt or uncle
- prin: cousin
- sarvin: niblings
- aveul/veulit: grandparents
- ñet: grandchildren
- visaveul: great-grandparents
- tíaveul/tíveulit: grandaunt/granduncle
- seur: parents-in-law
- cuña: siblings-in-law
Days of the Week[]
- lun- Monday
- malt- Tuesday
- myélcle- Wednesday
- jeuf- Thursday
- vyenn- Friday
- sávdo- Saturday
- dominñ- Sunday
Months[]
As the Martian year is about twice as long as Earth's, upon declaring independence, a modified version of the Darian calendar was adopted, changing the number of months to 16 and the weeks per month to 6. Unlike in modern Spanish, the names of the months are capitalized.
- Sajêthári
- Písis
- Jéminis
- Vírco
- Ener
- Fêrver
- Mals
- Êrvil
- Mach
- Junñ
- Júli
- Agot
- Sêtyerf
- Acturf
- Navyerf
- Dêcherf
- ex1. Today is Monday, Sagittarius 1.
- Ach lun, la-sal primer d Sajêthári.
- ex2. Today is Tuesday, February 23.
- Ach malt, la-vent-che d Fêrver.
Seasons[]
- Primaver: Spring
- Veran: Summer
- Oton: Autumn/Fall
- Invyenn: Winter
Conjunctions[]
and ("i"), or ("o"), but ("per")
Directions[]
| nalt | ||||
| noroet | naldet | |||
| oet | senchal | et | ||
| suroet | sudet | |||
| sul |
Important phrases[]
sip, nop = yes, no
Fchenveni = welcome
Hol! = hey!
Con etay? = How are you?
Con sa-chamay? = What's your name?
Veun di/tald/noch = Good day/afternoon/evening
Adyo! = Bye!
Palfaval = Please
Urach = thanks
No praglen = You're welcome/No problem
Example text[]
To l-Human nasn lirf i êggal en dêgnêda i derech. Dota con ech etan de zason i conchench i devn paltals fratennalment con l-art.
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. (Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights)