Mbörösliŋ

Mbörösling - The People's Language Mbörösliŋ / Mbörösling - Мбӧрӧсліҥ
Type
Mixed - Fusional
Alignment
Tripartite with Volition
Head direction
Mixed
Tonal
No
Declensions
Yes
Conjugations
Yes
Genders
No
Nouns decline according to...
Case	Number
Definiteness	Gender
Verbs conjugate according to...
Voice	Mood
Person	Number
Tense	Aspect

"м Ўнсёг ӓ хӦ, тахі хӓл Пӧр кӧ" - м Мбӧрӧсліҥ Пражма

"m Ynsëg ä hÖ, tahi häl Pör kö" - m Mbörösling Pražma

"Into the Sky of the Back of an Axe, a mad Person comes" - Mbörösling Proverb

General Info

Mbörösling /mbɔ.ɾɔs.liŋ/, (natively Мбӧрӧсліҥ from м Бӧрӧс Ліҥ, m Börös Ling, lit: People's Language) is the language of the People of the Siberian Lake Baikal, called м Бӧрӧс Баїка, m Börös Bajka, lit: People of the Lake, it is an language isolate with only the dialect of Bajka-Sëlen surviving since the age of the Mongols, taking vocabulary from the Buryat Branch of Mongolic (eg. Даї Daj lit: war), Russian (eg. Пѥзд Pjëzd lit: Train) and Chinese (Мы Mji lit: Rice).

• Mongolic Buryat: for War terms, Horses, Equipment:
• Russian: for Modern Terms, Transportation;
• Chinese: for food, agriculture, farm animals;

"м Ўнсёг ӓ хӦ, тахі ӓл Пӧр кӧ" , "m Ynsëg ä hÖ, tahi äl Pör kö" , "Into the Sky of the Back of an Axe, a mad Person comes" - Mbörösling Proverb - Interpretation - In battle, the back of the axe was usually amorphous compared to the sharp front, but when in brutal conquests, the vision of warriors hitting people with the back of the axes meant abduction, only a mad person would come into the range (sky) of back of the axe. Meaning only mad persons would go and meet with the back of the axe. An easier way to read would be , "tahi äl Pör kö ä m Ynsëg hÖ", "A mad Person comes into the Back of an Axe's Sky" .

Family tree:

• Proto-Bajka (*Lingvèn - Firsling Фірсліҥ) [NA-600AD] (extinct, no records)
  • Old Bajka-Sëlen (*Lingè - Rutoling Рутоліҥ) [600AD-1400AD] (influenced by the Mongol Buryat and Chinese, extinct, almost no records, only in Pictogram form)
    • Middle Bajka-Sëlen (Lingè Ліҥӗ - Sykling Сўкліҥ) [1400AD-1800AD] (Influenced by Chinese and Russian, extinct, records in Extended Cyrillic )
      • (Modern) Bajka-Sëlen (Ling Ліҥ - Mbörösling Мбӧрӧсліҥ) [1800AD-Now] (Influenced by Russian, records in Extended Cyrillic )
  • Old Angara (*Wèn - Rutohängäräling Рутохӓҥӓрӓліҥ) [600AD-1400AD] (extinct, almost no records, influenced by Chinese, records only in written Pictogram form)
    • Angara-Sëlen (Angarawèn Аҥараӱӗн - Angaraling Аҥараліҥ) [1400AD-1800AD] (extinct, records only in written in Chinese Hanzi and Extended Cyrillic)

Main events:

• Foundation of the Proto-Bajka around the banks of the Baikal Lake;
• Arrival of Mongol Trades from 600 AD to 1100 AD;
• Conquest of the Mongols in the beginning of the 11th century to 13th century, changing Old Bajka-Sëlen into Middle Bajka-Sëlen;
• Arrival of the Russians in the 16th to 18th century, changing Middle Bajka-Sëlen into Modern Bajka-Sëlen, extinction of the Angara-Sëlen dialect due to natural disasters, famine and war;

Phonology

Consonants

In Mbörösling there are two main types of consonants: clean (no Palatalization) and iotized (Palatalized), Semi-Vowels are treated as Vowels, so they appear in the chart but are not considered Consonants.

There are 23 Clean Consonants:

	Stops
Sound	p	b	t	d	k	ɡ
Letter	П	Б	Т	Д	К	Г
Name	Petr	Bodl	Taw	Dä	Kä	Gö
	Петр	Бодл	Таӱ	Дӓ	Кӓ	Гӧ
	Sonorants
Sound	m	n	ŋ	r/ɾ/ʀ	l
Letter	М	Н	Ҥ	Р	Л
Name	Mum	Nun	Ŋäŋ / Ngäng	Rör	Löl
	Мум	Нун	Ҥӓҥ	Рӧр	Лӧл
	Fricatives
Sound	f	v	θ	ð	s	z
Letter	Ф	В	Ҫ	Ҙ	С	З
Name	Fàþrè	Vàðrè	Þrö	Ðrum	Sër	Zäd
	Фӑҫрӗ	Вӑҙрӗ	Ҫрӧ	Ҙрум	Сёр	Зӓд
Sound	ʃ	ʒ	ʧ	ʤ	χ/h	ts
Letter	Ш	Ж	Ч	Ԫ	Х	Ц
Name	Šöd	Žäm	Cöl	Çak	Häg	Tsë
	Шӧд	Жӓм	Чӧл	Ԫак	Хӓг	Цё

And 22 Iotized Consonants:

	Iotized Stops
Sound	pʲ	bʲ	tʲ	dʲ	kʲ	ɡʲ
Letter	ПЬ	БЬ	ТЬ	ДЬ	КЬ	ГЬ
Name	Pja	Bja	Tja	Dja	Kja	Gja
	Пьа	Бьа	Тьа	Дьа	Кьа	Гьа
	Iotized Sonorants
Sound	mʲ	ɲ		ɾʲ	ʎ
Letter	МЬ	Њ		РЬ	Љ
Name	Mja	Nja		Rja	Lja
	Мьа	Ња		Рьа	Ља
	Iotized Fricatives
Sound	fʲ	vʲ	θʲ	ðʲ	sʲ	zʲ
Letter	ФЬ	ВЬ	ҪЬ	ҘЬ	СЬ	ЗЬ
Name	Fja	Vja	Þja	Ðja	Sja	Zja
	Фьа	Вьа	Ҫьа	Ҙьа	Сьа	Зьа
Sound	ʃʲ	ʒʲ	ʧʲ	ʤʲ	ç	tsʲ
Letter	ШЬ	ЖЬ	ЧЬ	ԪЬ	ХЬ	ЦЬ
Name	Šja	Žja	Cja	Çja	Hja	Tsjë
	Шьа	Жьа	Чьа	Ԫьа	Хьа	Цьё

They are distributed in the following manner:

	Bilabial	Dental	Alveolar	Post-alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Nasal	m mʲ	n			ɲ	ŋ
Plosive	p b pʲ bʲ	t d tʲ dʲ				k g kʲ gʲ
Fricative	f v fʲ vʲ	θ ð θʲ ðʲ	s z sʲ zʲ	ʃ ʒ ʃʲ ʒʲ	ç		χ/h
Affricate			ts tsʲ	ʧ ʤ ʧʲ ʤʲ
Approximant	w h͡ʍ/ʍ		l		j ʎ
Trill			r/ɾ/ʀ ɾʲ
Flap or tap

Vowels

Semi-Vowels

The Semi-Vowels that exist in the language are /j/ , /w/ and /h͡ʍ | ʍ/, formed from the i and u vowels with diaeresis, Ь Jëvj is mostly used to signify Iotized Consonants/Vowels.

	Semi-Vowels
Sound	j	w	h͡ʍ/ʍ	ʲ
Letter	Ї	Ӱ	ХӰ	Ь
Name	Jöl	Wöl	Hwöl	Jëvj
	Їӧл	Ӱӧл	ХӰӧл	Їёвь

Proper Vowels

Proper Vowels are divided into three types:

	Front Vowels
Sound	a	ɛ	e	i
Letter	А	Ё	Е	І
Name	Ar	Ër	Er	Ir
	Ар	Ёр	Ер	Ір
	Back Vowels
Sound	ɑ	ɔ	o	u
Letter	Ӓ	Ӧ	О	У
Name	Är	Ör	Or	Ur
	Ӓр	Ӧр	Ор	Ур
	Middle Vowels
Sound	ɐ	ə	y	æ / ae
Letter	Ӑ	Ә/Ӗ	Ѧ/Ꙟ/Ў	Ӕ
Name	Àjr	Èr	Yr	Ær
	Ӑїр	Әр/Ӗр	Ѧр/Ꙟр/Ўр	Ӕр

They are distributed in the following manner:

	Front	Near-front	Central	Near-back	Back
High	i y				u
Near-high
High-mid	e				o
Mid			ə
Low-mid	ɛ				ɔ
Near-low	(æ)		ɐ
Low	a				ɑ

Iotized Vowels

Beyond the Proper Vowels, some of the Vowels can be Iotized, meaning that either they are preceded by a /j/ or /ʲ/.

	Iotized Vowels
Sound	ʲɑ	ʲo	ʲu	ʲy
Letter	Ꙗ	Ю	Ѫ	Ѩ
Name	jär	jor	jur	jyr
	Ꙗр	Юр	Ѫр	Ѩр
Sound	ʲa	ʲɛ	ʲae	ʲi
Letter	Я	Ѥ	Ԙ	Ы / Ӹ
Name	jar	jër	jær	jir / jir tjäp
	Яр	Ѥр	Ԙр	Ыр / Ӹр Тьӓп

Vowel Harmony

Words in the language can have either front or back vowels, no word has both. Middle and Semi-vowels can be in both, if a word is entirely with Neutral vowels, it becomes a Back Vowel Word.

-The only exception are joined words like the name of the language, which derived from two words, in this case, the first vowel dictates the word harmony changes may be made depending on the vowel: (if the first word was a Neutral word, then no harmonization is needed)

• i and u is not harmonized;
• a, ë and e are always harmonized;
• o, ö and ä may be harmonized;

-Words that enter the language have their vowels changed to fit the vowel harmony like Russian компьютер meaning computer, being reanalyzed as Компѩтӗр due to the final front vowel.

-Compound words that originated from the transition period between Proto and Middle were all mandatorily harmonized, like *Daajpërhè (War+Person) n. Warrior, instead of *Daajpörhè.

Writing System

The Written System of Mbörösling is based on the Cyrillic Extended Alphabet, brought by the Russians along with transportation during the first expansions into Siberia from 16th to 18th centuries, during the 19th century, various transportation and other related vocabulary entered the language along with a more standardized writing system.

For Example:

Ў/Ѧ/Ꙟ were used by the Bajka, Sëlen and Angara Tribes to represent the sound /y/, while Ѩ represented /ʲy/, so while in old texts these can still appear, in modern writing Ў and Ѩ are used, Ѧ is still used in modern texts due to similarities to Ѩ by some old writers but in decline.

Ә/Ӗ were used by the Tribes to represent the sound /ə/, now in modern texts Ӗ is used, but Ә can still be viewed in some signs and old texts.

Ӕ was divided into two branches of sounds /æ/ and /ae/ depending on the tribe, modern uses more the /ae/ sound that the Bajka originally used.

Ь on its own is not considered part of the alphabet, only when pared with consonants or vowels, so all the letters that have it are considered one letter.

Special non-allowed strings: due to ХЬ /ç/ and Х /h/ having the same sound when І or Ѧ/Ꙟ/Ў are after them /çi/ and /çy/ respectively, when this happens Ь cannot be placed between them and Iotization has no effect. Example: Тахі Tahi /tahi/ --> /taçi/; so string like ХЬІ and  ХЬЎ cannot exist and are instead rendered ХІ and  ХЎ, with special attention to the iotized vowels versions ХЫ and ХѨ as these aren't allowed as well.

Due to the similarity between Jëvj+Ir and Jir letters, ЬІ and Ы respectively, only differing in spacing, some initial and kids textbooks use Ӹ. Ӹр Тьӓп Jir Tjäp, as a substitute to Jir to be easier to distinguish the two.

In Iotizations, the vowel always gets the priority of changing if it has a corresponding iotized form.

Sound	p	b	t	d	k	ɡ	pʲ	bʲ	tʲ	dʲ	kʲ	ɡʲ
Letter	П	Б	Т	Д	К	Г	ПЬ	БЬ	ТЬ	ДЬ	КЬ	ГЬ
	p	b	t	d	k	ɡ	pj	bj	tj	dj	kj	ɡj
Sound	m	n	ŋ	r/ɾ/ʀ	l		mʲ	ɲ		ɾʲ	ʎ	ɾ.h / ɾχ
Letter	М	Н	Ҥ	Р	Л		МЬ	Њ		РЬ	Љ	Ԗ*
	m	n	ŋ / ng	r	l		mj	nj		rj	lj	rh
Sound	f	v	θ	ð	s	z	fʲ	vʲ	θʲ	ðʲ	sʲ	zʲ
Letter	Ф	В	Ҫ	Ҙ	С	З	ФЬ	ВЬ	ҪЬ	ҘЬ	СЬ	ЗЬ
	f	v	þ	ð	s	z	fj	vj	þj	ðj	sj	zj
Sound	ʃ	ʒ	ʧ	ʤ	χ/h	ts	ʃʲ	ʒʲ	ʧʲ	ʤʲ	ç	tsʲ
Letter	Ш	Ж	Ч	Ԫ	Х	Ц	ШЬ	ЖЬ	ЧЬ	ԪЬ	ХЬ	ЦЬ
	š	ž	c	ç	h	ts	šj	žj	cj	çj	hj	tsj
Sound	j	w	h͡ʍ/ʍ	ʲ	a	ɛ	e	i	ɑ	ɔ	o	u
Letter	Ї	Ӱ	ХӰ	Ь	А	Ё	Е	І	Ӓ	Ӧ	О	У
	j	w	hw	j	a	ë	e	i	ä	ö	o	u
Sound	ɐ	ə	y	æ / ae	ʲɑ	ʲo	ʲu	ʲy	ʲa	ʲɛ	ʲae	ʲi
Letter	Ӑ	Ә/Ӗ	Ѧ/Ꙟ/Ў	Ӕ	Ꙗ	Ю	Ѫ	Ѩ	Я	Ѥ	Ԙ	Ы/Ӹ
	à	è	y	æ	jä	jo	ju	jy	já	jë	jæ	ji

* ԗ is the only proto introduced letter from old texts that is still used to this day in some words like Жӧԗо Žörho meaning n. head of arrow (from Buryat)

.

Proto Introduced Letters

Some scholars introduced extra letters that they found in older textbooks when talking about Proto and Old Bajka-Sëlen and (Old) Angara-Sëlen.

Sound	ʔ	pʼ	tʼ	kʼ	qʼ	q	q͡χ / q͡ʀ	χ/ʀ
Letter	Ҁ	Ҧ	Ꚋ	Ӄ	Ѯҁ	Ѯ	Ѯр / Ѯх / Ѯԗ	Ԗ*
	A'a	P'a	T'a	K'a	Q'a	Qa	Qra / Qha / Qrha	Rha
	Aҁа	Ҧа	Ꚋа	Ӄа	Ѯҁа	Ѯа	Ѯра / Ѯха / Ѯԗа	Ԗа

Q and K merged from Proto to Old after the weakening of the K/K' to Kj/K'j:

• Qa - Ka | Ka - Kja
• Q'a - K'a | K'a - K'ja

Ejectives were all lost and merged with non-ejectives from Old to Middle:

• K'a - Kèa/Ka | Ka - Ka
• K'ja - Kèja/Kja | Kja - Kja

RH and R merged from Old to Middle:

• *Pörhè --> Pör - n. person

Records show that most of the lost features in the modern language were preserved in the Angara-Sëlen, with severe changes to the vocabularies due to only having Chinese influence.

* ԗ is used in some words still, they have the sound /ɾ.h/ or /ɾχ/, depending if there is a vowel or not before, instead of /χ/ or /ʀ/ like in old texts.

Grammar

Nouns

Nouns in the language can differ in number, case and definiteness, gender is not expressed.

	Singular		Plural
	Back	Front	Back	Front
Indefinite	∅		(ö)s	(ë)s
Definite*	(þ)öt	(þ)ët	(þ)ötös	(þ)ëtës
*Definite case was introduced in Middle Bajka-Sëlen, when merging the word that/these after the word "þët/pöt"

In some proto/old words the now extint "èn" noun marker appeared, with the passage of time, it eroded away in some words, while in others it is no longer a noun marker and simply part of the word, using the èn is considered formal/elder speech, examples, tree can be used with or without èn, language lost èn:

Proto-Bajka ROM	Old Bajka-Sëlen ROM	Middle Bajka-Sëlen	Middle ROM	Bajka-Sëlen	ROM	Definition
*Travèn	*Travèn	Трав - Травӗн	Trav - Travèn	Трав - Травӗн	Trav - Travèn	n. tree
*Lingvèn	*Lingèn	Ліҥӗ	Lingè	Ліҥ	Ling	n. language

Mutations

Before talking about the declensions by case, Mutations in the language are one of the bases of the grammar, and they come in three forms:

• Iotization: Palatalization of the Vowel or Consonant;
• Darkening: Unvoiced -> Voiced -> Nasal;
• Vowel H: the words beginning with vowel gain a H, normally words that end in a vowel have this mutation;
• Softening: the plosives (and palatalized plosive) become fricatives, normally because of an anterior fricative;

Softening Rules
P	>	F	B	>	V
T	>	Þ	D	>	Ð
K	>	H	G	>	RH/H

Determinatives

There are three types of Determinatives, Demonstrative Determiners, Interrogative Determiners and Quantifiers, normally articles and added to the end of the noun they modify, with the exception to the interrogative determiners that go before the noun and the case they have.

Demonstrative Determiners

The demonstrative determiners are this(close to the speaker), that(close to the receiver), and that yonder(far away from both).

Demonstrative Determiners
	This		That		That Yonder
	Back	Front	Back	Front	Back	Front
Singular	þö	þë	þöt	þët	þört	þërt
Plural	þös	þës	þötös	þëtës	þörtös	þërtës

Interrogative Determiners

These can be used on any part of the sentence to convey the interrogative mood and to put emphasis on a particular part of the sentence.

Interrogative
	When	What	Where	How	Why	Who
Back	hjomt + (Darkening)	hjoþr + (Softening)	hjorn + (Darkening)	hjog	hjol	hjok
Front	hjæmt + (Darkening)	hjæþr + (Softening)	hjærn + (Darkening)	hjæg	hjæl	hjæk

Quantifiers

Quantifiers are normally articles that determine the amount of the noun, this includes some special articles, numbers, fractions, multiplicators and other words.

Quantifiers
	each	few	some	all	every	numbers	multipliers/fractions	times	divided
Back	örh	cu	ðon	yl	ylörh	number	number-times number-divided-number	-vè	-bj-
Front	ërh	ci	ðen		ylërh

Cases

Most of the cases are articles added before the noun with each having mutations associated to them.

Examples: Пӧр Pör - Person, Трав Trav - Tree

Case		Back		Front
NOM	Nominative	äl	äl Pör | ӓл Пӧр	al	al Trav | ал Трав
ACC	Accusative	äšj + (Iotization) + (Softening)	äšj Fjör | ӓшь Фьӧр	a + (Vowel H)	a Trav | а Трав
ABS	Absolutive	cä + (Vowel H)	cä Pör | чӓ Пӧр	að + (Darkening*) + (Softening)	að Ðrav | аҙ Ҙрав
DAT	Dative	tö + (Vowel H)	tö Pör | тӧ Пӧр	të + (Vowel H)	të Trav | тё Трав
VOC	Vocative	jä + (Vowel H) + (Iotization)	jä Pjör | ꙗ Пьӧр	ja + (Vowel H)  + (Iotization)	ja Trjav | я Тряв
LOC	Locative	ä + (Vowel H)	ä Pör | ӓ Пӧр	jæ + (Vowel H)	jæ Trav | ԙ Трав
INS	Instrumental	vj   + (Iotization) + (Softening)	vj Fjör | вь Фьӧр	kj  + (Iotization)	kj Trjav | кь Тряв
GEN	Genitive	m  + (Darkening)	m Bör | м Бӧр	nj + (Darkening) + (Iotization)	nj Drjav | њ Дряв
ABL	Ablative	py + (Vowel H)	py Pör | пў Пӧр	py + (Vowel H)	py Trav | пў Трав
*when unvoiced

Usage of the NOM, ACC and ABS cases:

Transitive Sentence			A = Agent		O = Object
Intransitive Sentence			Sa = intentionally		So = unintentionally
Sa and A are marked with Nominative, O is marked with Accusative when intentionally, and the Absolutive when unintentionally , So is marked with Absolutive.

Nouns between cases: In some cases, nouns can go between the case marker and the noun it changes eg: "ä m Ynsëg hÖ", "into the Back of an Axe's Sky", lit: LOC GEN Back of an Axe Sky. The GEN case + noun can normally go between the case marker and the noun possessed by it. It may even be rendered as "äm Ynsëg hÖ" joining the two cases. The only exception is with another Genitive case, in that case, all of the genitives go between the case marker the main noun but maintain the order. eg: "m Ynsëg m Ër ä hÖ" "the Back of an Axe's Blade's Sky" can be rendered as "ä m Ynsëg m Ër hÖ".

Verbs

Verbs come in three declensions, and differ in tense, aspect, number and person.

• 1st Declension: Transitive;
• 2nd Declension: Intransitive;
• 3rd Declension: Irregular, only has to be, to do, to come.

3rd Declension - to be (e e)

This declension is based in three stems, *sem/*e(non-past to be), *ëšt(present to be) and *fö/*ö(past to be), standardized by the Bajka dialect.

to be - e - 3rd	Present	Present Progressive	Present Habitual	Past	Past Imperfect	Past Perfect	Future
1ST S	sö	ëšë	osö	fu	ër	för	sër
2ND S	ëš	ëštaš	ëëš	fušt	ëra	förä	sëras
3RD S	ë	ëšt	ëë	fju	ëran	förän	sëra
1ST P	sym	syšt	esym	fjym	ëryn	föryn	sërm
2ND P	söš	ëšëšt	osöš	fjys	ërjæ	förjä	sërë
3RD P	sä	säšt	osä	fjund	ërand	föränd	sëren

Volitive Mood			Imperative
to be - e - 3rd	Present	Future
1ST S	k sej	kand se	se
2ND S	k sedas	kand sed	sed
3RD S	k sëdës	kand sëdë	sëdë
1ST P	k semys	kand sem	sem
2ND P	k sërdës	kand sëd	sëd
3RD P	k sërdan	kand sëjan	sëjan

3rd Declension - to do (фач fac)

This declension is based on two stems, *fac/*fäc(non-future to do), *hic/*ic(non-present to do), standardized by the Bajka dialect.

to do - fac 3rd	Present	Present Progressive	Present Habitual	Past	Past Imperfect	Past Perfect	Future
1ST S	fäso	fäcjo	ofäso	fac / ist	facëv / istëv	faso / is	harë
2ND S	fase	fäj	efase	facët / istët	facëvi / istëvi	fasist / isist	haras
3RD S	fäš	fä	ofäš	fäce / ize	facëva / izëva	faz / iz	hara
1ST P	fasemjy	fäcjämo	efasemjy	facëm / isëm	facëvamy / isëvamy	fasimy / isimy	harëmy
2ND P	fasej	fätè	efasej	facëd / isizëd	facëvat / isizëvat	fasiz / isiz	harëj
3RD P	fasem	fäno	efasem	facën / isicën	facëvan / isicëvan	fasijan / isijan	haràn

Volitive Mood			Imperative
to do - fac 3rd	Present	Future
1ST S	k asa	kand az	az
2ND S	k asas	kand ased	ased
3RD S	k asë	kand asa	asa
1ST P	k asamy	kand asamy	asamy
2ND P	k asajsj	kand ased	ased
3RD P	k asàn	kand asàn	asàn

3rd Declension - to come (кьў/кѩ kjy)

This declension is based on three stems, *kjy(present to come), *vë(past to come), *ir(future to come), standardized first by the Sëlen and then introduced to the Bajka and remodeled.

to come - kjy 3rd	Present	Present Progressive	Present Habitual	Past	Past Imperfect	Past Perfect	Future
1ST S	kör	körän	okör	vë	vëni	vënirà	irë
2ND S	kön	könän	okön	vën	vënir	vëniràs	iras
3RD S	kö	köän	okö	vës	vënin	vënirà	ira
1ST P	köry	körjän	oköry	vënam	vënim	vëniràm	irëmy
2ND P	könèn	könjän	okönèn	vënèn	vënjid	vëniràd	irëd
3RD P	köm	kömän	oköm	vënan	vënind	vëniràn	iran

Volitive Mood			Imperative
to come - kjy 3rd	Present	Future
1ST S	k kör	kand irë	kjë
2ND S	k kön	kand iras	kjad
3RD S	k kö	kand ira	kja
1ST P	k köry	kand irëmy	kjamy
2ND P	k könèn	kand irëd	kjadë
3RD P	k köm	kand iran	kjan

1st Declension - to attack (вўрту vyrtu)

Pay attention to the Past Perfect that use the auxiliary verb to be in the same tense, and the particle "e" in the Present Habitual that causes Vowel H Mutation.

to attack - vyrtu - 2nd	Present	Present Progressive	Present Habitual	Past	Past Imperfect	Past Perfect	Future
1ST S	vyrtu	vyrtušy	e vyrtu	vyrtujè	vyrtur	för vyrtujè	vyrtus
2ND S	vyrtuš	vyrtušty	e vyrtuš	vyrtujèš	vyrturà	förä vyrtujèš	vyrturàs
3RD S	vyrturè	vyrtušt	e vyrturè	vyrtujèry	vyrturàny	förän vyrtujèry	vyrturàm
1ST P	vyrtum	vyrtujyšt	e vyrtum	vyrtujèm	vyrtujyn	föryn vyrtujèm	vyrturèng
2ND P	vyrturèš	vyrtujyštyš	e vyrturèš	vyrtujèrèš	vyrtujynèš	förjä vyrtujèrèš	vyrturàn
3RD P	vyrturèn	vyrtušyšt	e vyrturèn	vyrtujèrèn	vyrturànd	föränd vyrtujèrèn	vyrturènè

Volitive Mood			Imperative
to attack - vyrtu - 2nd	Present	Future
1ST S	k vyrtu	kand vyrtus	vyrtujy
2ND S	k vyrtuš	kand vyrturàs	vyrtuj
3RD S	k vyrturè	kand vyrturàm	vyrtujà
1ST P	k vyrtum	kand vyrturèng	vyrtumjà
2ND P	k vyrturèš	kand vyrturàn	vyrtud
3RD P	k vyrturèn	kand vyrturènè	vyrtujàn

2nd Declension - to die / to close eyes (ані ani)

Pay attention to the Present Progressive and Past Perfect that use the auxiliary verb to be in the same tense, and the particle "e" in the Present Habitual that causes Vowel H Mutation.

to die - ani - 1st	Present	Present Progressive	Present Habitual	Past	Past Imperfect	Past Perfect	Future
1ST S	ani	ëšë hani	e hani	anije | jo	anir	för anije | jo	anis
2ND S	aniš	ëštaš aniš	e haniš	aniješ | još	anira | rä	förä aniješ | još	aniras | räs
3RD S	anire | ro	ëšt anire | ro	e hanire | ro	anijery | jory	anirani | ränu	förän anijery | jory	aniram | räm
1ST P	anim	syšt anim	e hanim	anijem | jom	anijyn	föryn anijem | jom	anireng | rong
2ND P	anireš | roš	ëšëšt anireš | roš	e hanireš | roš	anijereš  | joroš	anijyneš  | jynoš	förjä anijereš  | joroš	anirë | rö
3RD P	aniren | ron	säšt aniren | ron	e haniren | ron	anijeren | joron	anirand | ränd	föränd anijeren | joron	anirene | rono
* when it is a back vowel, the terminations have to be adapted to the ending after the |

Volitive Mood			Imperative
to die - ani - 1st	Present	Future
1ST S	k ani	kand anis	anijy
2ND S	k aniš	kand  aniras | räs	anijë | jö
3RD S	k anire | ro	kand  aniram | räm	anija | jä
1ST P	k  anim	kand  anireng | rong	animja | mjä
2ND P	k  anireš | roš	kand  anirë | rö	anid
3RD P	k  aniren | ron	kand  anirene | rono	anijan | jän

Pronouns

There are pronoun declensions for several cases, if not specified use the case marker + the NOM pronoun table. Eg:VOC + 2nd S : jä Tju

NOM/Other	Male	Female	Neuter-Inanimate	Neuter-Animate
1ST S	Ëj / Ëjè	Ëj / Ëjà	Ëj
2ND S	Tu / Vu (Formal)
3RD S	Ël	Ëljà	Ëws	Ëly
1ST P	Ëjs
2ND P	Tus / Vus (Formal)
3RD P	Ëlës	Ëljàs	Ëwsës	Ëlys

ACC	Male	Female	Neuter-Inanimate	Neuter-Animate
1ST S	Mëj / Mëjè	Mëj / Mëjà	Mëj
2ND S	Ti / Vi (Formal)
3RD S	Mël	Mëljà	Mëws	Mëly
1ST P	Mëjs
2ND P	Tis / Vis (Formal)
3RD P	Mëlës	Mëljàs	Mëwsës	Mëlys

ABS	Male	Female	Neuter-Inanimate	Neuter-Animate
1ST S	Sëj / Sëjè	Sëj / Sëjà	Sëj
2ND S	Tsi / Vji (Formal)
3RD S	Sël	Sëljà	Sëws	Sëly
1ST P	Sëjs
2ND P	Tsis / Vjis (Formal)
3RD P	Sëlës	Sëljàs	Sëwsës	Sëlys

GEN	Male	Female	Neuter-Inanimate	Neuter-Animate
1ST S	Mew / Mewè / Minjè	Mew / Mewà / Minjà	Mew
2ND S	Tew / Vew (Formal)
3RD S	Dël	Dëljà	Dëws	Dëly
1ST P	Mejs
2ND P	Tews / Vews (Formal)
3RD P	Dëlës	Dëljàs	Dëwsës	Dëlys

Syntax

With the case system, the word order is relatively free, however the mainly used is the AVO, SaV and VSo where A = Agent, O = Object, Sa = Subject Intentional So = Subject Unintentional ,V = Verb phrase.

Example text

Bajka-Sëlen	Translation	LOG
anijery py Trav(èn)ët	The Tree died*	die.INTRANSITIVE.3RD.SINGULAR.PAST.SIMPLE.FRONT ABSOLUTIVE.INVOLUTARY tree.SINGULAR.DEFINITIVE
аніїерў пў Трав(ӗн)ёт
Mew Känut mänçäjèry ha Tëtët	My dog ate the fruit	1ST.SINGULAR.GENITIVE.PRONOUN dog.SINGULAR.(DEFINITIVE).NOM eat.TRANSITIVE.3RD.SINGULAR.PAST.SIMPLE.BACK ACCUSATIVE.VOLUNTARY fruit.DEFINITIVE
Меӱ Кӓнут мӓнԫӓїӗрў ха Тётёт
Mew hjorn Gänut?	Where is my dog?	1ST.SINGULAR.GENITIVE.PRONOUN where.INTERROGATIVE dog.SINGULAR.(DEFINITIVE).NOM
Меӱ хюрн Гӓнут?

*dying is normally an act that in involuntary unless stated otherwise

Lexicon

Proto-Bajka and Old Bajka-Sëlen columns only have reconstructed romanization Middle Bajka-Sëlen and Bajka-Sëlen have both cyrillic spelling and romanization.

Proto-Bajka ROM	Old Bajka-Sëlen ROM	Middle Bajka-Sëlen	Middle ROM	Bajka-Sëlen	ROM	Definition
*t'ä'ä	*t'ä	тӓ	тӓ	тӓ	tä	adj. big
*sa'a	*sa'a	са	са	са	sa	adj. Mad
-	*tahi	тахі	тахі	тахі	tahi	adj. Mad (from Buryat Wild Horse)
*rhuut (Root)	*rhuto	руто	руто	руто	ruto	adj. Old, senior
*tëgwà	*tëgwà	тёгӱӑ	тёгӱӑ	тёгӱӑ	tëgwà	adj. Slow
-	*šabdag	шабдаг	шабдаг	шабдаг	šabdag	adj. Slow (from Buryat)
*mittl (middle) / *suku (second)	*mitl / *syku	мітл / сўк	мітл / сўк	мітл / сўк	mitl / syk	adj./pref. middle, second, classical
*horh (Head) / *rhuut (Root) / *firs (First)	*horh / *rhut / *firs	хор / рут / фірс	хор / рут / фірс	хор / рут / фірс	hor / rut / firs	adj./pref. proto, original, root of, head of, first of
*nej	*nej	неї	неї	неї	nej	art. Negative particle
*Äp'èn	*Äp'è	Ӓп	Ӓп	Ӓп	Äp	n. apple
-	*Huršä	Хуршӓ	Хуршӓ	Хуршӓ	Huršä	n. arrow (from Buryat)
*Hö'èn	*Hö'è	Хӧ	Хӧ	Хӧ	Hö	n. Aster
*Vurhèn	*Vyrhè	Вўр	Вўр	Вўр	Vyr	n. attack
-	*Hyhë	Хўхё	Хўхё	Хўхё	Hyhë	n. axe (from Buryat)
-	*Ynsëg	Ўнсёг	Ўнсёг	Ўнсёг	Ynsëg	n. back of the axe (from Buryat)
-	*häljy	Хӓлѩ	Хӓлѩ	Хӓлѩ	Häljy	n. Bow, Crossbow  (from Buryat)
-	*Žong	Жоҥ	Жоҥ	Жоҥ	Žong	n. china (from Chinese)
*Së'èn	*Së'è	Сё	Сё	Сё	Së	n. Coldness, Moon, Month
-	-	-	-	Компѩтӗр	Kompjytèr	n. computer (from Russian)
*rhuutpörhèn (root + person)	*rhutpörhè	рутпӧр	рутпӧр	рутпӧр	rutpör	n. elder
-	*Zèbè	Зӗб	Зӗб	Зӗб	Zèb	n. end of the arrow (from Buryat)
*Tëëtt	*Tëëtt	Тёт	Тёт	Тёт	Tët	n. fruit
-	*Gwöö	Гӱӧ	Гӱӧ	Гӱӧ	Gwö	n. fruit (from Chinese)
*Horhèn (Head)	*Horhè	Хор	Хор	Хор	Hor	n. head (body part)
-	*Žör'ho	Жӧрхо	Жӧԗо	Жӧԗо	Žörho	n. head of arrow (from Buryat)
-	*Hëlm	Хёлм	Хёлм	Хёлм	Hëlm	n. heavy sword, blade (from Buryat)
*Jölmèn	*Jölmè	Їӧлм	Їӧлм	Їӧлм	Jölm	n. hero/heroine
*Goru	*Gory	Горў	Горў	Горў	Gory	n. Hope
*Hjulèn	*Hylè	Хўл	Хўл	-	-	n. Horse
-	*Mörjy	Мӧрѩ	Мӧрѩ	Мӧрѩ	Mörjy	n. Horse (from Buryat)
*Bajka'èn	*Bajka'è	Баїка	Баїка	Баїка	Bajka	n. Lake
-	*Nuur	Нур	Нур	Нур	Nur	n. Lake (from Buryat)
*Lingvèn	*Lingè	Ліҥӗ	Ліҥӗ	Ліҥ	Ling	n. language
*Së'èn Hö'èn	*Së'è Hö'è	Сё Хӧ / Сӧхӧ	Сё Хӧ / Сӧхӧ	Сё Хӧ / Сӧхӧ	Së Hö / Söhö	n. Moon (Coldness Aster)
*Firsèn (First)	*Firsè	Фірс	Фірс	Фірс	Firs	n. one, first, origin
-	*Äp'èžong	Ӓпжоҥ	Ӓпжоҥ	Ӓбжоҥ	Äbžong	n. orange (apple china)
-	*Cëng	Чёҥ	Чёҥ	Чёҥ	Cëng	n. Orange (from Chinese)
*Pörhèn	*Pörhè	Пӧр	Пӧр	Пӧр	Pör	n. person
*Wähänèn	*Wähänè	Ӱӓхӓн	Ӱӓхӓн	Ӱӓхӓн	Wähän	n. poem / song
*P'ražma'èn	*P'ražma	Пражма	Пражма	Пражма	Pražma	n. proverb / lesson
-	*Herë	Хӗрё	Хӗрё	Хрё	Hrë	n. Raven (from buryat)
-	*mjii	Мы	Мы	Мы	Mji	n. Rice (from Chinese)
*Rhuutèn (Root)	*Rhutè	Рут	Рут	Рут	Rut	n. root (plant)
*ö'ö'èn	*öö	Ӧ	Ӧ	Ӧ	Ö	n. sky
*Sunèn	*Synè	Сўн	Сўн	Сўн	Syn	n. sound
*Hi'èn Hö'èn	*Hi'è Hö'è	Хі Хӧ / Хухӧ	Хі Хӧ / Хухӧ	Хі Хӧ / Хухӧ	Hi Hö / Huhö	n. Sun ( Warmth Aster)
*Hi'èn	*Hi'è	Хі	Хі	Хі	Hi	n. Sun, Warmth, Day
-	*ër	Ёр	Ёр	Ёр	Ër	n. sword, blade (from Buryat)
-	-	-	-	Такші	Takši	n. Taxi (from Russian)
*Aalu'èn	*Alwè	Алӱӗ	Алӱӗ	Алу	Alu	n. tongue
-	-	-	-	Пѥзд	Pjëzd	n. Train (from Russian)
*Travèn	*Travèn	Трав - Травӗн	Трав - Травӗн	Трав - Травӗн	Trav - Travèn	n. tree
-	*Daaj	Даї	Даї	Даї	Daj	n. war (from Buryat)
-	*Daajpërhè	Даїпёр	Даїпёр	Даїпёр	Dajpër	n. warrior ( war person)
*Bajèn / *Bëjèn	*Bajè	Баї	Баї	Баї	Baj	n. water
-	*Tahi	Тахі	Тахі	Тахі	Tahi	n. Wild Horse (from Buryat)
-	*Šär'hä	Шӓрхӓ	Шӓԗӓ	Шӓԗӓ	Šärhä	n. wound (from Buryat)
*Tök'èn	*Tök'j	Тӧкь	Тӧкь	Тӧкь	Tökj	n. wound, cut
*vjurtu	*vyrtu	вўрту	вўрту	вўрту	vyrtu	v1. to attack
-	*bulää	булӓ	булӓ	булӓ	bulä	v1. to attack (from Buryat)
*guv	*gyv	гўв	гўв	гўв	gyv	v1. to give
-	*höj	хӧї	хӧї	хӧї	höj	v1. to tie (down) (from Buryat)
*pölki	*pölki	-	-	-	-	v2. to close eyes, die v1. to be killed by
-	*ani	ані	ані	ані	ani	v2. to close eyes, die (from Buryat) v1. to be killed by
-	*suhër	сухёр	сухёр	сухёр	suhër	v2. to lose hope (from buryat) v1/2. to surrender
*sem / *e / *ëšt / *fö / *ö	*sem/*e  (non-past to be) *ëšt (present to be) *fö/*ö (past to be)	e	е	е	е	v3. to be
*kju / *vë / *ir	*kjy(present to come) *vë(past to come) *ir(future to come)	кьў/кѩ	кѩ	кѩ	kjy	v3. to come
*fac / *fäc / *hic / *ic	*fac/*fäc(non-future to do) *hic/*ic(non-present to do)	фач	фач	фач	fac	v3. to do