This conlang has moved which means that it will no longer be updated. Please go to the new one to see updates and completion. Contact the owner to know the language's new location.

The author requests that you do not make significant changes to this project without first seeking approval.
By all means, please either help fix spelling, grammar and organization problems or contact the author about them. Thank you.

The author wishes to make it clear this project is currently undergoing significant construction or revamp.
By all means, take a look around. Thank you.

Progress 87%

Stats
Nouns	100%
Verbs	100%
Adjectives	67%
Syntax	100%
Words	100 of 1500

Name: Mihousapeja

Type: Agglutinating

Alignment: Fluid

Head Direction: Initial

Number of genders: 2

Declensions: Yes

Conjugations: Yes

Nouns declined according to
Case	Number
Definitiveness	Gender
Verbs conjugated according to
Voice	Mood
Person	Number
Tense	Aspect

Setting[]

(Note that this is a created language. I'm developing it for a book I'm writing)

The origins of Mihousapeja are uncertain. It is believed that it was spoken by an ancient race no longer seen in the world of Kaotijus. It's kept alive by the Hithula people (which many people think is a hybrid race between the ancient extinct race and the predominant kaoti people).

Mihousapeja is known to retain certain magical powers and it is used by the Hithulian to recite incantations.

General Information[]

The language is basically agglutinating, even the verb conjugation has an affix for each of its characteristics (tense, aspect, mood and person). The basic order of sentence is SOV and grammatical cases are expressed by postpositioned particles.

	Gender	Cases	Numbers	Tenses	Persons	Moods	Voices	Aspects
Verb	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes
Nouns	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No
Adjectives	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No
Numbers	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Participles	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No
Adverb	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Pronouns	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	No
Adpositions	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Article	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No
Particle	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No

Phonology[]

Consonants[]

Mishousapeja is constituted of voiceless sounds. Voiced versions of the consonants sometimes are used, usually with emphasis intention. Nasals are naturally voiced, however it's not a forced condition

	Bilabial	Labio-dental	Dental	Alveolar	Post-alveolar	Retroflex	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Nasal	m		n
Plosive	p ƥ [p^h]			t ƭ [t^h]				k ƙ [k^h]		q [ʔ]
Fricative		f		s	x [ʃ]				h [χ]
Approximant						r [ɻ]	j
Trill			r
Flap or tap			r [ɾ]
Lateral app.				l			ł [ʎ]

Vowels[]

	Front	Near-front	Central	Near-back	Back
Close	i ü [y]				u
Near-close				o
Close-mid		e
Mid			a
Open-mid
Near-open
Open

The vowels have an widely range of opening without phonetic distinction. As an example, 'e' can be anything between 'concert' and 'get'.

Romanized Alphabet[]

This is not the natural order and distinctions of case are made using English conventions just to make the romanization more pleasant to read. For the IPA sounds, see the table above (the ones without indication follow precisely the IPA graph).

AEFHIKƘLŁMNOPƤQRSTƮUÜXÃẼĨÕŨÁÉÍÓÚ
aefhikƙlłmnopƥqrstƭuüxãẽĩõũáéíóú

One who cannot use Unicode characters might use 'ph','kh','th' and 'll' to substitute the foreign letters.

The tilde (~) means nasalization of the vowel. The acute mark (´) is barely used and means denasalization when the consonants around make the vowel naturally nasal.

The letters 'l' and 'r' are liquid and change their sounds depending on the position of syllable (rhotics). Note that there are no distinction between trill 'r' and tap 'r', so both can be used.

Phonotactics[]

Mihousapeja is quite vocalic. However, there are some more consonantal words (usually the dark and evil words).

The basic rule is: (C)V(V)(n,m,s,f,l,r), with '()' meaning optional phoneme. No doubled consonants or vowels are allowed and they're systematically suppressed (some sound mix might occur with vowels plus the semivowels 'j' or the dark 'l').

The initial consonant can be a cluster of consonants agreeing with the following rules:

Unaspirated stops (excluding 'q') + 'x' or 's' or 'r'.
'f' or 'p' + 'l'.
Non-final syllables can end with an unaspirated stop (except 'q') if the next syllable begins with a stop ('tk' and 'tp' don't exist and possible borrowed words usually suffer metathesis in these cases).

All syllables must have one or two vowels and they suffer diphthongization in any case. More than two consecutive vowels in the same word is avoided (they usually are separated with 'h' or 'q' if suppression isn't an option).

Stress[]

The stress occurs naturally at the penult (second-to-last) syllable. Exceptions are forced nasalized vowels make their syllables stressed. At long words this exception cause an effect of 'double stress' when the nasal vowel is before the third-to-last syllable.

Basic Grammar[]

Nouns[]

Genders[]

There are 2 genders: meisiar (animate) and meisiarie (inanimate). The meisiar gender is applicable to any living being and nothing else, as the meisiarie covers the rest. Meisiar is not used in plural unless the collection represents a single entity (only common for gods references). The meisiar gender is applied with the suffixes -e, -i or -ü, while the other has no inflection.

Numbers[]

Mihousapeja has 2 numbers: singular and plural. Singular is the word itself. Plural has 2 forms: -ian (used for collections and as plural for meisiar gender) and -asel (used for lots of the same stuff, like in 'staples'). If gender declension is necessary (for gods), it comes after the number.

Particles[]

As Mihousapeja has no case declension, postpositioned particles are used to indicate the grammatical function of words.

Morphosyntatic particles
Particle	Meaning
saia	(nominative) - agent; subject of voluntary action
efe	(separator) - ends confusing subordinate clauses and act as a general argument separator (for use with the particle 'fas' and related)
ło	of (genitive) - possession; quality
maes	to (dative; oblique) - recipient; indirect object
ƥei	(absolutive) - patient; direct object; subject of reflexive/involuntary action
tie	how; by means of (instructive; causal-final) - answers the questions "how?" and "why?"
pae	with [possess] (possessed; instrumental) - indicates a tool or method
kir	with [company] (comitative) - together with something/someone
flin	without (abessive; aversive) - negate the function; avoiding something (sometimes substituted to 'nie' {not})
ja	(interrogative) - indicates a question; used like the Japanese 'ka'

Locative particles
Particle	Meaning
pil	in (locative) - used when inside/outside is indistinctive
ta	inside (inessive)
kal	outside (adessive)
sua	above (superessive)
mia	below (subessive)
fas	between (intrative) - this receives two arguments, both before it (separate arguments with the particle 'efe')

The transformation from locative to lative occurs using 3 prefixes:

Locative particles
Prefix	Meaning
xo-	moving to
ro-	moving from
lo-	moving through, along or via

Particles go after the word or construction they refer to.

Pronouns[]

Personal Pronouns[]

The meisarie gender is not defined to the singular 1st and 2nd person, as nobody would refer to himself or to whom he's speaking in the inanimate gender. For the plural persons, the meisiar gender is never used, but they are defined (maybe some plural entity used this form at some time).

There are three forms of 'we': the inclusive (me, you and the others), exclusive (me and my group, but not you nor your group) and presential (me and you, but not our groups).

	Meisiar	Meisiarie
I	e	-
you (s.)	tü	-
he/she/it	ãli	ka
we (incl.)	ese	moa
we (excl.)	ape	nus
we (pres.)	aƭe	hen
you (pl.)	ƥü	xol
they	sete	kasel
refl. (s.)	foi	peta
refl. (pl.)	foian	petasel
impersonal	-	opus

Relative/interrogative pronouns[]

There are variables and invariables relative pronouns and they can be used as interrogative. The variable ones decline by gender and number following the standard rule.

Invariables
ue	what
lof	where
ploi	who
sefã	when
otia	why

Variables
kin	which; whom; such as
mãl	how much; how many; how far
łeu	whose; of whom; of which

Demonstrative pronouns[]

ĩnu	this (1st person)
fĩnu	that (2nd person)
sĩnu	that (3rd person)

Indefinite pronouns[]

If there are gender information then the indefinite pronoun must be declined. These pronouns are also used to represent place, time, way and reason.

mã	everyone; everything
soü	no one; nothing
lef	someone; something
hue	anyone; anything

Articles[]

There's two articles: sã (definite) and ru (indefinite). They are declined as shown in the following table:

	Meisiar	Meisiarie
def.s.	se	sã
def.pl.	siane	sian / sãsel
ind.s.	re	ru
ind.pl.	riane	rian / rasel

Verbs[]

Mihousapeja declines its verbs in four ways: tense, aspect, mood and person/number. Each characteristic has its own affix and they agglutinate in order to conjugate the verb. The order for the affixes is tense-aspect-mood-person, considering that's actually two forms of aspects: one representing state completeness and other representing iteration. The present-perfect-perfective-indicative conjugation is considered the natural form of the verb and has no affixes but the person one. These affixes follow the derivation rule covered in another section.

Tenses[]

There are five distinct tenses (times): hoiti (present), kenia (recent past or simple past), kentu (remote past or past from past), lemia (near future or simple future) and lemu (far future or future from future).

Hoiti: -Ø-
Kenia: -oti-
Kentu: -oli-
Lemia: -ate-
Lemu: -ale-

Aspects[]

By completeness, there are the solil (perfect or retrospective) and solilie (imperfect or imperfective). Solil has no affix and solilie uses -ne-.

By iteration, there are three aspects: łeme (single action or perfective), topã (habitual action) and peki (constant action or iterative).

Łeme: -Ø-
Topã: -iƥü-
Peki: -ãme-

Moods[]

Four moods: oesi (certain or indicative), kieple (uncertain or subjunctive), oesinen (negative) and soqia (ordering or imperative). The soqia mood has only one form and does not decline by tense/aspect.

Oesi: -Ø-
Kieple: -uso-
Oesinen: -ne-
Soqia: -ukü-

Persons[]

I: -e
you(s.): -ü
he/she/it: -li
we (incl.): -ei
we (excl.): -pe
we (pres.): -the
you (pl.): -üle
they: -ete

Nominal Forms[]

These suffixes are added to the root of the verb. Participles may decline by gender and number if needed.

Keiso (infinitive): -plo
Koeli (present part.): -iol
Kãsi (past part.): -olia
Nofel (gerund): -eisen

Dictionary[]

No.	English	Mihousapeja
1	I	e
2	you (singular)	tü
3	he	ãli
4	we	moa
5	you (plural)	xol
6	they	kasel
7	this	ĩnu
8	that	sĩnu
9	here	filo
10	there	minil
11	who	ploi
12	what	ue
13	where	lof
14	when	sefã
15	how	sune
16	not	nie
17	all	mã
18	many	xeno
19	some	lef
20	few	siaja
21	other	aƙura
22	one	eni
23	two	fika
24	three	kipli
25	four	tei
26	five	nosua
27	big	laoka
28	long	nouja
29	wide	farka
30	thick	lanfi
31	heavy	plüme
32	small	efiti
33	short	meu
34	narrow	kemi
35	thin	xeƙi
36	woman	ripale
37	man (adult male)	rupole
38	man (human being)	kaoti
39	child	xili
40	wife	jarane
41	husband	usone
42	mother	are
43	father	ele
44	animal	ƙiara
45	fish	oxoa
46	bird	lilanin
47	dog	meplu
48	louse	epejo
49	snake	atsu
50	worm	psuku
51	tree	kure
52	forest	kuretemi
53	stick	piaku
54	fruit	putur
55	seed	unel
56	leaf	life
57	root	ferã
58	bark	ƙuple
59	flower	florã
60	grass	tĩmo
61	rope	makos
62	skin	miele
63	meat	farsol
64	blood	nołes
65	bone	kãte
66	fat	—
67	egg	kon
68	horn	—
69	tail	—
70	feather	—
71	hair	—
72	head	—
73	ear	—
74	eye	—
75	nose	—
76	mouth	—
77	tooth	—
78	tongue	—
79	fingernail	—
80	foot	—
81	leg	—
82	knee	—
83	hand	—
84	wing	—
85	belly	—
86	guts	—
87	neck	—
88	back	—
89	breast	—
90	heart	—
91	liver	—
92	drink	—
93	eat	—
94	bite	—
95	suck	—
96	spit	—
97	vomit	—
98	blow	—
99	breathe	—
100	laugh	—
101	see	—
102	hear	—
103	know	—
104	think	—
105	smell	—
106	fear	—
107	sleep	—
108	live	—
109	die	—
110	kill	—
111	fight	—
112	hunt	—
113	hit	—
114	cut	—
115	split	—
116	stab	—
117	scratch	—
118	dig	—
119	swim	—
120	fly	—
121	walk	—
122	come	—
123	lie	—
124	sit	—
125	stand	—
126	turn	—
127	fall	—
128	give	—
129	hold	—
130	squeeze	—
131	rub	—
132	wash	—
133	wipe	—
134	pull	—
135	push	—
136	throw	—
137	tie	—
138	sew	—
139	count	—
140	say	—
141	sing	—
142	play	—
143	float	—
144	flow	—
145	freeze	—
146	swell	—
147	sun	—
148	moon	nipiti
149	star	xaf
150	water	—
151	rain	—
152	river	—
153	lake	—
154	sea	—
155	salt	—
156	stone	—
157	sand	—
158	dust	—
159	earth	—
160	cloud	—
161	fog	—
162	sky	—
163	wind	—
164	snow	—
165	ice	—
166	smoke	—
167	fire	—
168	ash	—
169	burn	—
170	road	—
171	mountain	—
172	red	—
173	green	—
174	yellow	—
175	white	—
176	black	—
177	night	—
178	day	—
179	year	—
180	warm	—
181	cold	—
182	full	—
183	new	—
184	old	—
185	good	—
186	bad	—
187	rotten	—
188	dirty	—
189	straight	—
190	round	—
191	sharp	—
192	dull	—
193	smooth	—
194	wet	—
195	dry	—
196	correct	—
197	near	—
198	far	—
199	right	—
200	left	—
201	at	pil
202	in	pil
203	with	kir
204	and	koli
205	if	tue
206	because	niate
207	name	—

Example text[]

E sã saia hul ƥei hułote
I the-SING NOM book ABS read-RECENTPAST-1sg
I (recently) read the book.
(Implicitly, perfect form, single action aspect and indicative mood are assumed).