Na Hëtṿa

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Name: (Na) Hëtṿa Type: Fusional Alignment: Nominative-Accusative Head Direction: High tone Number of genders: 3 Declensions: Yes Conjugations: Yes Nouns declined according to Case Number Definitiveness Gender Verbs conjugated according to Voice Mood Person Number Tense Aspect

	Gender	Cases	Numbers	Tenses	Persons	Moods	Voices	Aspects
Verb	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Nouns	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	No
Adjectives	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No
Numbers	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	Yes	No
Participles	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No
Adverb	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	No
Pronouns	No	No	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	No
Adpositions	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Article	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No
Particle	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	No

Setting

The language of Hëtṿa was created in early 2010 as a semi-official language in the micronation of Debian.

Phonology

The alphabet of Hëtṿa

A

B

C

Ċ

D

E

Ë

F

G

Ġ

H

I

J

K

Ḳ

L

Ł

M

Ṃ

N

Ṇ

Ñ

O

P

Ṗ

Q

Q̣

R

Ṛ

S

Ṣ

T

Ṭ

U

V

Ṿ

Y

a

b

c

ċ

d

e

ë

f

g

ġ

h

i

j

k

ḳ

l

ł

m

ṃ

n

ṇ

ñ

o

p

ṗ

q

q̇

r

ṛ

s

ṣ

t

ṭ

u

v

ṿ

y

A

Bë

Së

Ċë

Dë

E

Ë

Ef

Ge

Ġe

He

I

Ja

Ka

Ka pratë

La

Ła

Ma

Ṃa

Na

Ṇa

Ña

O

Pë

Ṗë

Qe

Q̣ë

Rë

Ṛë

Së

Ṣë

Të

Ṭë

U

Va

Ṿa

Ya

a

b

tʃ

dʒ

d, ɖ

e, ɛ

ə, ɜ, ʌ

f

g

ɣ

h

i

ʒ

k

q, ɢ

l

ʟ

m

ɱ, ts

n

ŋ

ɲ

o, ɔ

p

ɸ, ʜ

c

kʰw

r, ɾ

ʀ, ʁ

s

ʃ, ʂ

t

ʈ, d

u

v

w

j

Phonotactics

The phonotactics of Hëtṿa are quite simple. The only vowel clusters allowed are a-(anything) and o-(anything). All consonants can cluster except if the second consonant in the cluster is ċ, ṃ or ṣ. While phonetically possible, these letters are not allowed to cluster except if they are the first in the cluster. The letter h is also not allowed to cluster, as the letter h after another consonant creates what is called lenition.

Lenition

Lenition is the use of the letter h to change the sound of consonants. A full table of lenited consonants can be found below:

Bh	v, f
Ch	tʂ
Ċh	dɮ
Dh	ð
Fh	ɸ, f
Gh	ɣ
Ġh	ɮ, ʤ
Jh	dɮ
Kh	x, ɕ
Ḳh	ɣ, ʑ
Lh	ɬ
Łh	ɮ
Mh	mh, h
Ṃh	ŋh
Nh	nǀǝ
Ṇh	ŋǃa
Ph	bh /p-h/
Ṗh	ɓ /f/
Qh	x, c /k/
Q̣h	ç, kh /k/
Rh	ɹ
Ṛh	ʁ
Sh	ʃ
Ṣh	θ, s
Th	θ, dh /t-h/
Ṭh	ɗ /dh/
Vh	β, v
Ṿh	(ə)b

Basic Grammar

Order

Transitive

The order of sentences in Hëtṿa is SOV, or Subject-Object-Verb. So, the structure would be:

(Subject)-(Object)-(Transitive Verb)
English: I eat meat
Eng-Het: I meat eat
Hëtṿa: M'ëlbët memheṿ

Since the verb is transitive, the personal indicator must be repeated twice - before and after the object, the second one attached normally to the verb

Intransitive

If the verb is intransitive, then the order is VS, or Verb-Subject:

(Verb)-(Subject)
English: I eat
Eng-Het: Eat I
Hëtṿa: emheṿ më (as opposed to memheṿ)

Verbs

Verbs are simple to form. Each verb has the following structure:

Personal indicator-infinitive-(tense/mood indicator) ((negation) and/or (interrogative))

Personal Indicators

• M
• Ċ
• T
• Mh
• Ċh
• Ṭ
• N
• Ṇ

They each mean:

I	M
You	Ċ
He	T
We	Mh
You (polite or plural)	Ċh
They	Ṭ
One	N
Some	Ṇ

Each indicator also has four extra forms:

1. Indicating words such as us, he and they.
2. Indicating words such as our, his and their.
3. Indicating words such as ours, his and theirs.
4. Indicating reflexion of verbs

• The first can be formed by adding an -ë to the end of each indicator
• The second can be formed by adding an -ē to the end
• The third can be formed by adding an -ās to the end.
• The fourth can be formed by adding an -ī

Tense/Mood indicators

Present	-Ø	Indicates what is happening now
Present perfect	-(i)mak	Something that has happened
Future perfect	-(i)ni	Something that will have happened
Past perfect	-(i)ti	Something that had happened
Future	-(i)siti	Something that will happen
Imperfect	(e)ċe ____ip	Something that was happening
Pluperfect	-(i)masi	Something that had happened
Preterite	-(i)ma	Something that happened
Conditional I	(i)mhap ____asi	Something that would happen
Conditional II	(i)mhet ____asi	Something that would have happened
Conditional III	(i)mhos ____asi	Something that would be happening
Negation	dai	To say that something did not happen
Interrogative	dë	To ask if something happened

Noun cases

There are seven basic cases:

1. Nominative
2. Genitive
3. Accusative
4. Ablative
5. Elative
6. Intrative
7. Translative

• The nominative case is the main subject of the sentence
• The genitive denotes possession
• The accusative is the object of the sentence
• The ablative denotes movement away from something
• The elative means movement out of something
• The intrative denotes something in between two objects.
• The translative denotes a change of state (i.e. into something, becoming something)

There are also three numbers:

1. Singular
2. Dual
3. Plural

• The singular denotes one of something
• The dual denotes two of something
• The plural denotes many (but still an unspecified amount) of something.

Adjectives

Adjectives always end in the consonant cluster -sh. They are derived from abstract nouns, i.e. great < greatness, tall < height, stupid < idiocy.

Here are a few common adjectives:

Happy	Osash
Sad	Nigosash
Great	Gorash
Bad	Nigorash
Silly	Maṭash
Smart	Elmaṭash
Slow	Niġharmash
Funny	Simash
Boring	Nisimash
Annoying	Nipelimash

Comparative and Superlative

The extra forms of adjectives can be formed by using these words:

• Dē for comparatives
• Dā for superlatives

Adverbs

Adverbs are formed by using adjectives, and adding eclipsis to the final s, making it ṣ, e.g.

Funny > Funnily

Simash > Simaṣh

Happy > Happily

Osash > Osaṣh

Conjugation and Declension of the above

Verbs

Below is an example of how to conjugate the verb esha (to be) in the first person (mesha):

Present	mesha
Present perfect	meshamak
Future perfect	meshani
Past perfect	meshati
Future	meshasiti
Imperfect	ċe meshatip
Pluperfect	meshamasi
Preterite	meshama
Conditional 1	mhap meshasi
Conditional 2	mhet meshasi
Conditional 3	mhos meshasi

Nouns

Below is a table on how to conjugate two nouns, sap (house) and hëtṿa (language):

sap (house):

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	sap	sapë	sapa
Genitive	satë	saṭë	sata
Accusative	saph	saphë	sapha
Ablative	sapat	sapatë	sapata
Elative	saṿe	saṿë	saṿa
Translative	saṿas	saṿasë	saṿasa
Intrative	saṿan	saṿanë	saṿana

hëtṿa (language):

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	hëtṿa	hëttë	hetṿa
Genitive	hetṿe	hetṿë	hetṿā
Accusative	heth	hethë	hetha
Ablative	hëtṿat	hëtṿatë	hetṿata
Elative	hëtṿe	hëtṿë	hetṿām
Translative	hëtṿas	hëtṿasë	hetṿasa
Intrative	hëtṿan	hëtṿan	hetṿan

Dictionary {v.-}

English	Hëtṿa
Hello	Mepeshi
How are you?	Ċamiṭ dë?
Fine, thanks.	Hela, ċi mepet
What's your name?	Ċīs bërën tesha tṿë?
My name is...	Mīs bëren... teshá
Where are you from?	Bhrom hōt ċepeti?
I come from....	Bhrom... mepeti.
Do you speak English?	Engq̇harh toshet dë?
My Hëtṿa is not so good.	Hëtṿh mīs dē gorash tesha dai.

Example text

The dog ate the cat.

I sing loudly.

Dog-(NOM) eat-PRET-3SG cat-(ACC)

sing-1SG noise-ADV

Gołica tisima beth.

Mara piluṣh.