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==Grammar== |
==Grammar== |
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| + | |||
| + | ===Initial Consonant Mutations=== |
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| + | Some grammatical environments trigger mutations in word-initial consonants. There are two primary kinds of mutations that can occur, the choice depending on the particular triggering environments. Below is a chart examining these mutations: |
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| + | {| border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width:500px;" class="wikitable" |
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| + | |- |
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| + | ! scope="col"|Original Consonant |
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| + | ! scope="col"|H-Mutation |
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| + | ! scope="col"|Example |
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| + | ! scope="col"|N-Mutation |
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| + | ! scope="col"|Example |
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| + | |- |
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| + | |tenuis stop |
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| + | |aspirated stop |
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| + | | |
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| + | |prenasalized stop |
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| + | | |
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| + | |- |
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| + | |aspirated stop |
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| + | |aspirated stop |
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| + | | |
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| + | |tenuis stop |
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| + | | |
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| + | |- |
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| + | |prenasalized stop |
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| + | |tenuis stop |
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| + | | |
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| + | |nasal stop |
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| + | | |
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| + | |- |
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| + | |nasal stop |
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| + | |voiceless nasal stop |
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| + | | |
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| + | |nasal stop |
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| + | | |
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| + | |- |
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| + | |voiceless nasal stop |
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| + | |voiceless nasal stop |
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| + | | |
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| + | |nasal stop |
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| + | | |
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| + | |} |
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===Nouns=== |
===Nouns=== |
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Revision as of 19:51, 13 November 2019
| Ngmeitsi Ngmẹev Tshig | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type | Analytic | ||||||||||||
| Alignment | |||||||||||||
| Head direction | |||||||||||||
| Tonal | Yes | ||||||||||||
| Declensions | No | ||||||||||||
| Conjugations | No | ||||||||||||
| Genders | |||||||||||||
| Nouns decline according to... | |||||||||||||
| Case | Number | ||||||||||||
| Definiteness | Gender | ||||||||||||
| Verbs conjugate according to... | |||||||||||||
| Voice | Mood | ||||||||||||
| Person | Number | ||||||||||||
| Tense | Aspect | ||||||||||||
| Meta-information | |||||||||||||
| Progress | 0% | ||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||
| Creator | Eçeþesi | ||||||||||||
Ngmẹev Tshig [ŋ͡mɛ͡e˩˧ t͡sʰḭ˧˩]
Classification and Dialects
Phonology
Consonants
Ngmẹev tshig has a rather large consonant inventory, characterized by prenasalized stops, voiceless nasals, a low proportion of fricatives, and a wide array of places of articulation, including retroflexes, uvulars, and doubly articulated labial-velars. In total, Ngmẹev tshig has between 40 and 45 consonants, depending on the dialect.
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Post-alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Labial-Velar | Uvular | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m m̥ | n n̥ | (ɳ ɳ̊) | ɲ ɲ̊ | ŋ ŋ̊ | ŋ͡m ŋ͡m̥ | |||
| Plosive | p pʰ ᵐb | t tʰ ⁿd | (ʈ ʈʰ ᶯɖ) | c cʰ ᶮɟ | k kʰ ᵑg | k͡p k͡pʰ ᵑᵐg͡b | q qʰ ᴺɢ | (ʔ) | |
| Affricate | ts tsʰ ⁿdz | tʃ tʃʰ ⁿdʒ ~ ʈʂ ʈʂʰ ᶯɖʐ | |||||||
| Fricative | s | ʃ ~ ʂ | h | ||||||
| Trill | r | ||||||||
| Lateral | l l̥~ɬ | ||||||||
The retroflex series occurs only in some dialects. In others, they have merged into the alveolars. The glottal stop occurs predictably at the beginning of vowel-initial words that do not begin an utterance. The voiceless lateral approximant and voiceless lateral fricative are in free variation.
Vowels
Ngmẹev tshig has moderately large vowel inventory, with nine oral monophthongs and an additional three nasal monopthongs. The vowel inventory is characterized by the presence of both a rounded front vowel and unrounded back vowel. The vowel identified in the chart as /ɤ/ actually has a fairly wide range of realizations, the most common of which is [ɯ̽], but which also include [ɤ], [ɯ], and [ɨ]. Some dialects have a preference for one realization or another, while in others it appears to largely be up to the individual speaker, or vary by phonological environment.
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | i | ʉ | |
| Mid-High | e ø | ɤ o | |
| Mid-Low | ɛ ɛ̃ | ɔ̃ | |
| Low | æ | ɒ̝ ɑ̃ |
Additionally, all vowels may present as long, and there are a wide array of diphthongs, which are detailed below.
Diphthongs
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| First Element | Second Element | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| a | e | i | o | ʉ | |
| a | ae | ai | ao | au | |
| e | ea | ei | eo | eu | |
| i | ia | ie | io | iu | |
| o | oa | oe | oi | ou | |
| u | ua | ue | ui | uo | |
| First Element | Second Element | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| i | e | ø | ɛ | ɛ̃ | a | ɑ̃ | ɒ̝ | o | ɔ̃ | ɤ | ʉ | |
| i | ii | ie | iy | iẹ | ien | ia | ian | iọ | io | ion | iw | iu |
| e | ei | ee | een | ea | ean | eọ | ||||||
| ø | yi | yy | ||||||||||
| ɛ | ẹi | ẹe | ẹẹ | ẹu | ||||||||
| a | ai | aa | aan | au | ||||||||
| ɒ̝ | ọi | ọọ | ọo | |||||||||
| o | oi | oẹ | oa | oan | oo | oon | ||||||
| ɤ | wi | wo | ww | wu | ||||||||
| ʉ | ui | ue | uy | uẹ | uen | ua | uan | uọ | uo | uon | uw | uu |
Tones
| Tone Name | IPA Accent | IPA Tone Letters |
|---|---|---|
| High | á | a˥ |
| Mid | ā | a˧ |
| Low | à | a˩ |
| Falling | â | a˥˧ |
| Rising | ǎ | a˩˧ |
| Breathy | a̤ | a̤˧˥ |
| Creaky | a̰ | a̰˧˩ |
Phonotactics
Writing System
| Letter | p | ph | np | m | hm | t | th | nt | n | hn |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sound | /p/ | /pʰ/ | /ᵐb/ | /m/ | /m̥/ | /t/ | /tʰ/ | /ⁿd/ | /n/ | /n̥/ |
| Letter | rt | rth | nrt | rn | hrn | c | ch | nc | ny | hny |
| Sound | /ʈ/ | /ʈʰ/ | /ᶯɖ/ | /ɳ/ | /ɳ̊/ | /c/ | /cʰ/ | /ᶮɟ/ | /ɲ/ | /ɲ̊/ |
| Letter | k | kh | nk | ng | hng | kp | kph | nkp | ngm | hngm |
| Sound | /k/ | /kʰ/ | /ᵑg/ | /ŋ/ | /ŋ̊/ | /k͡p/ | /k͡pʰ/ | /ᵑᵐg͡b/ | /ŋ͡m/ | /ŋ͡m̥/ |
| Letter | q | qh | nq | s | ts | tsh | nts | x | tx | txh |
| Sound | /q/ | /qʰ/ | /ᴺɢ/ | /s/ | /ts/ | /tsʰ/ | /ⁿdz/ | /ʃ~ʂ/ | /tʃ~ʈʂ/ | /tʃʰ~ʈʂʰ/ |
| Letter | ntx | l | hl | r | h | a | e | ẹ | ||
| Sound | /ⁿdʒ~ᶯɖʐ/ | /l/ | /l̥~ɬ/ | /r~ɽ/ | /h/ | /æ/ | /e/ | /ɛ/ | ||
| Letter | y | i | o | ọ | w | u | an | en | on | (a)b |
| Sound | /ø/ | /i/ | /o/ | /ɒ̝/ | /ɤ/ | /ʉ/ | /ɑ̃/ | /ɛ̃/ | /ɔ̃/ | /a˥/ |
| Letter | (a)z | (a)d | (a)v | (a)g | (a)f | |||||
| Sound | /a˩/ | /a˥˧/ | /a˩˧/ | /a̰˧˩/ | /a̤˧˥/ |
Long vowels are written by doubling the vowel, e.g. /qʰoː˥/ <qhoob>. Diphthongs are similarly written with the corresponding component vowels, e.g. /ŋ̊a͡e˩/ <hngaez>.
Grammar
Initial Consonant Mutations
Some grammatical environments trigger mutations in word-initial consonants. There are two primary kinds of mutations that can occur, the choice depending on the particular triggering environments. Below is a chart examining these mutations:
| Original Consonant | H-Mutation | Example | N-Mutation | Example |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| tenuis stop | aspirated stop | prenasalized stop | ||
| aspirated stop | aspirated stop | tenuis stop | ||
| prenasalized stop | tenuis stop | nasal stop | ||
| nasal stop | voiceless nasal stop | nasal stop | ||
| voiceless nasal stop | voiceless nasal stop | nasal stop |