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Type | Agglutinative | ||||||||||||
Alignment | |||||||||||||
Head direction | |||||||||||||
Tonal | No | ||||||||||||
Declensions | No | ||||||||||||
Conjugations | No | ||||||||||||
Genders | |||||||||||||
Nouns decline according to... | |||||||||||||
Case | Number | ||||||||||||
Definiteness | Gender | ||||||||||||
Verbs conjugate according to... | |||||||||||||
Voice | Mood | ||||||||||||
Person | Number | ||||||||||||
Tense | Aspect | ||||||||||||
Meta-information | |||||||||||||
Progress | 0% | ||||||||||||
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Creator | Eçeþesi |
Classification and Dialects
Phonology
Consonants
Bilabial | Alveolar | Post-alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Labial-Velar | Uvular | Glottal | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m m̥ | n n̥ | (ɳ ɳ̊) | ɲ ɲ̊ | ŋ ŋ̊ | ŋ͡m ŋ͡m̥ | |||
Plosive | p pʰ ᵐb | t tʰ ⁿd | (ʈ ʈʰ ᶯɖ) | c cʰ ᶮɟ | k kʰ ᵑg | k͡p k͡pʰ ᵑᵐg͡b | q qʰ ᴺɢ | ||
Affricate | ts tsʰ ⁿdz | tʃ tʃʰ ⁿdʒ ~ ʈʂ ʈʂʰ ᶯɖʐ | |||||||
Fricative | s | ʃ ~ ʂ | |||||||
Approximant | j(?) | h | |||||||
Trill | r(?) | ||||||||
Lateral app. | l l̥~ɬ |
Vowels
Front | Back | |
---|---|---|
High | i y | u |
Mid | e ø | ɤ~ɯ o |
Mid-Low | ɛ̃ | ɔ̃ |
Low | æ | a ɑ̃ |
Tones
Tone Name | IPA Accent | IPA Tone Letters |
---|---|---|
High | á | ˥ |
Mid | ā | ˧ |
Low | à | ˩ |
Falling | â | ˥˧ |
Rising | ǎ | ˩˧ |
Breathy | a̤ | ? |
Creaky | a̰ | ? |
Phonotactics
Writing System
Letter | p | ph | np | m | hm | t | th | nt | n | hn |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sound | /p/ | /pʰ/ | /ᵐb/ | /m/ | /m̥/ | /t/ | /tʰ/ | /ⁿd/ | /n/ | /n̥/ |
Letter | rt | rth | nrt | rn | hrn | c | ch | nc | ny | hny |
Sound | /ʈ/ | /ʈʰ/ | /ᶯɖ/ | /ɳ/ | /ɳ̊/ | /c/ | /cʰ/ | /ᶮɟ/ | /ɲ/ | /ɲ̊/ |
Letter | k | kh | nk | ng | hng | kp | kph | nkp | ngm | hngm |
Sound | /k/ | /kʰ/ | /ᵑg/ | /ŋ/ | /ŋ̊/ | /k͡p/ | /k͡pʰ/ | /ᵑᵐg͡b/ | /ŋ͡m/ | /ŋ͡m̥/ |
Letter | q | qh | nq | s | ts | tsh | nts | x | tx | txh |
Sound | /q/ | /qʰ/ | /ᴺɢ/ | /s/ | /ts/ | /tsʰ/ | /ⁿdz/ | /ʃ~ʂ/ | /tʃ~ʈʂ/ | /tʃʰ~ʈʂʰ/ |
Letter | ntx | l | hl | r | rr | h | a | ä | e | i |
Sound | /ⁿdʒ~ᶯɖʐ/ | /l/ | /l̥~ɬ/ | /ɾ/ | /r~ɽ/ | /h/ | /a/ | /æ/ | /e/ | /i/ |
Letter | o | ö | u | ü | w | an | en | on | (a)b | (a)z |
Sound | /o/ | /ø/ | /u/ | /y/ | /ɤ~ɯ/ | /ɑ̃/ | /ɛ̃/ | /ɔ̃/ | /a˥/ | /a˩/ |
Letter | (a)d | (a)v | (a)g | (a)f | ||||||
Sound | /a˥˧/ | /a˩˧/ | /a̰˧˩/ | /a̤˧˥/ |
Long vowels are written by doubling the vowel, e.g. /qʰoː˥/ <qhoob>. Diphthongs are similarly written with the corresponding component vowels, e.g. /ŋ̊ae̯˩/ <hngaez>.