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| Noxal Nagarian Language Noksaj Nagaräj Žëgvä (Nagaräj) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type | Agglutinative | ||||||||||||
| Alignment | Nominative-Accusative | ||||||||||||
| Head direction | Initial | ||||||||||||
| Tonal | No | ||||||||||||
| Declensions | Yes | ||||||||||||
| Conjugations | Yes | ||||||||||||
| Genders | 4 | ||||||||||||
| Nouns decline according to... | |||||||||||||
| Case | Number | ||||||||||||
| Definiteness | Gender | ||||||||||||
| Verbs conjugate according to... | |||||||||||||
| Voice | Mood | ||||||||||||
| Person | Number | ||||||||||||
| Tense | Aspect | ||||||||||||
| Meta-information | |||||||||||||
| Progress | 25% | ||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||
| Creator | Vapaus-Furansu | ||||||||||||
To see other languages spoken in the same universe, look at Vapausi.
Classification and Dialects[]
Phonology[]
Consonants[]
| Bilabial | Labio-dental | Dental | Alveolar | Post-alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyngeal | Epiglottal | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | |||||||||
| Plosive | p - b | t - d | k - g | ʔ | ||||||||
| Fricative | f - v | ð | s - z | ʃ - ʒ | çʲ | x / xʷ | h | |||||
| Affricate | t͡s | t͡ʃ | k͡x | |||||||||
| Approximant | j | w | ||||||||||
| Trill | ʀ | |||||||||||
| Lateral fric. | ||||||||||||
| Lateral app. | ɭ |
Vowels[]
| Front | Near-front | Central | Near-back | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High | i - y | u | |||
| Near-high | |||||
| High-mid | e - ø | o | |||
| Mid | |||||
| Low-mid | ɛ | ɔ | |||
| Near-low | |||||
| Low | a | ɑ - ɑ̃ |
Phonotactics[]
Writing System[]
In Nagara, we write up to down, then, right to left. Nagara's writing system is not an alphabet but an abjad. It's a consonantic alphabet where vowels are added as accents at the left of the letter. Thus, Nagara owns 26 letters, which produce consonants and 11 accents which produce vowels. Though this language is written with a different writing system, it can be transcribed with the latine alphabet (see the table below). But Nagara don't use letters only to indicate which song is produced but also possesses letters that indicate grammatical or syntactic fonctions within a sentence.
- Note:
- Letters always do the song they are supposed to do, no exeptions.
- Letters Ž / ZH, X̌ / XH and X̧ / XJ have two ways to be transcribed because some of their graphies are difficult to accès.
- To transcribe something into Nagara which begun by a vowel, yo have to begin this word by the '.
| Letter | B | V | Ð | D | G | Z | Ž / ZH | F | L | J | W | R | S |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sound | [b] | [v] | [ð] | [d] | [g] | [z] | [ʒ] | [f] | [ɭ] | [j] | [w] | [ʀ] | [s] |
| Letter | C | X | X̌ / XH | X̧ / XJ | H | M | N | Ŋ | P | T | K | Q | ' |
| Sound | [ʃ] | [x] | [xʷ] | [çʲ] | [h] | [m] | [n] | [ŋ] | [p] | [t] | [k] | [k͡x] | [ʔ] |
| Letter | A | Ä | Ã | E | Ë | I | O | Ö | Ø | U | Y | ||
| Sound | [a] | [ɑ] | [ɑ̃] | [e] | [ɛ] | [i] | [o] | [ɔ] | [ø] | [u] | [y] |
Grammar[]
Nouns[]
Nagara's nouns decline according to their gender (Living, Material, Abstract or Proper Noun ), their case (Nominative, dative, locative, comitative...), their number (singular, null or plural) and their definiteness (undefinite, definite and partitive). A noun declines following this order.
| Noun | Definiteness | Possession | Case, Gender and Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| noun | undefinite, definite or partitive | possessor | ending, according to the case, the gender and the plural |
Cases, genders, null and plural[]
The suffixe which indicate the case of a noun is always placed at the last position of a noun, just after the one which indicate the possession.
| Case | Living | Material | Abstract | Proper Noun | Null | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | - | - | - | - | -s | |
| Accusative | -f | -t | -k | -f | -rt | |
| Dative | -nf | -nt | -nk | -n | -nøt | |
| Genetive | -fëj | -tëj | -këj | -j | -jën | |
| Attributive | -s | -r | -r | -r | -rn | |
| Abessive | -fas | -tar | -kar | -tan | -tarn | |
| Comitative | -vøs | -vør | -vør | -vøn | -vørn | |
| Distributive | -rf | -rt | -rk | -r | -kørt | |
| Separative | -rraf | -rrat | -rrak | -rran | -rras | |
| Locative | -llaf | -llat | -llak | -llan | -llas | |
| Directive | -tcaf | -tcat | -tcak | -tcan | -tcas |
Pronouns[]
In Nagara, there are seven different personnal pronouns. Without change, they are at the nominative case and will be the subject of the sentence.
| 1.S.P | 2.S.P | 3.S.P | Generic Person | 1.P.P | 2.P.P | 3.P.P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pronoun | no | vë | ki | x̧a | cno | zvë | ski |
Verbs[]
Must of the Nagara's verbs are regular, but some of them are not. A verb have three infinitives depending of the voice, one for doing an action to something, another for doing an action to self and the last for undergoing an action.
Generally, a verb is formed by two syllables and we put suffixes on to decline it.
|
Indicative |
Active | Passive | Reflective |
|---|---|---|---|
| Infinitive | -ëc/-øc/-üc | -ëks/-øks/-üks | -ëx/-øx/-üx |
| 1.S.P | -ëjs/-øjs/-uws | -ëjks/-øjks/-uwks | -ëxs/-øxs/-uxs |
| 2.S.P | -ëjt/-øjt/-uwt | -ëjts/-øjts/-uwts | -ëxt/-øxt/-uxt |
| 3.S.P | -ëc/-øc/-üc | -ëks/-øks/-üks | -ëx/-øx/-üx |
| Generic | -ëps/-øps/-üps | -ëks/-øks/-üks | -ëpx/-øpx/-üpx |
| 1.P.P | -C(c)ëjz/-C(c)øjz/-C(c)uwz | -C(c)ëjgz/-C(c)øjgz/-C(c)ugz | -C(c)ëxz/-C(c)øxz/-C(c)üxz |
| 2.P.P | -C(c)ëjd/-C(c)øjd/-C(c)uwd | -C(c)ëjdz/-C(c)øjdz/-C(c)udz | -C(c)ëxd/-C(c)øxd/-C(c)üxd |
| 3.P.P | -Cë(c)c/-Cø(c)c/-Cü(c)c | -Cë(c)k/-Cø(c)k/-Cü(c)k | -Cë(c)x/-Cø(c)x/-Cü(c)x |
Syntax[]
| Subject | Verb | Object | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adjective | Noun | Adverb | Verb | ||||||
| Noun | Definiteness | Case | Number | Verb | |||||
Nagara's sentences are SVO. If a subject or an objet possesses adjectives, they are places before of what it qualifies. Same for the adverbs with the verbs. Nagara uses cases to give grammatical fonctions for the differents elements of the sentence. So, though the sentence order is SVO in this language, it can be changed without ambiguity even if it will look less natural.
Lexicon[]
This language is spoken in a fictionnal world. Some of this world do not own to the reality of Deruat. Word who mean only something in our world are in italic.
| English word | Nagara word | Stem word | Pronunciation | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| sagarhian | noun | sagarä | - | [sagaɭɑ] |
| noxe | noun | noksa | - | [noksa] |
| animal | noun | eðo | - | [eðo] |
| vegetal | noun | fento | - | [fento] |
| stranger | noun | fubi | - | [fubi] |
| language | noun | žëgvä | - | [ʒɛgvɑ] |
| life | noun | jëži | - | [jɛʒi] |
| death | noun | väcna | - | [vɑʃna] |
| ship | noun | nojba | - | [nojba] |
| white | noun | bace | - | [baʃe] |
| grey | noun | rici | - | [ʀiʃi] |
| black | noun | vasko | - | [vasko] |
| red | noun | gamä | - | [gamɑ] |
| pink | noun | rovjä | - | [ʀovjɑ] |
| purple | noun | jønsa | - | [jønsa] |
| blue | noun | ðëjmi | - | [ðëjmi] |
| green | noun | trø | - | [tʀø] |
| yellow | noun | žøda | - | [ʒøda] |
| orange | noun | urgä | - | [uʀgɑ] |
| to be | verbe | nakëc | - | [nakɛʃ] |