No edit summary Tag: rte-wysiwyg |
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{| class="infobox" class="wikitable" style="float:right;" |
{| class="infobox" class="wikitable" style="float:right;" |
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|- |
|- |
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− | ! colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="font-align:center;"|Shax – |
+ | ! colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="font-align:center;"|Shax – Morráni |
|- |
|- |
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! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Morphological Type: |
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Morphological Type: |
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|- |
|- |
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! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Word Order: |
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Word Order: |
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− | | colspan="1" rowspan="1" | |
+ | | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |SVO, SOV* |
|- |
|- |
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! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Tonal? |
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Tonal? |
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|} |
|} |
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==General Information== |
==General Information== |
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− | This is the long lost North African romance language. It manifested in the Maghreb: specifically in modern-day Morocco, the Roman Empire's Mauritania. Shax's country is of the same name, Mauritania, in Shax, [[Conlang Conworld/Morrania| |
+ | This is the long lost North African romance language. It manifested in the Maghreb: specifically in modern-day Morocco, the Roman Empire's Mauritania. Shax's country is of the same name, Mauritania, in Shax, [[Conlang Conworld/Morrania|Morráni]] ([mɐrˈrani]). The East Roman Empire's side of North Africa was influenced by Greek and gave birth to Coptic and other such languages. Though, influence from Western Romance languages, namely Iberian, have made it closer to those such languages phonetically. Its sister language, [[Vandalic]], followed a much different path, though is still highly respected among the inhabitants of Mauritania. |
+ | <span style="line-height:20px;">(*) Look at </span>''Word Order ''<span style="line-height:20px;">under </span>''Verbial ''<span style="line-height:20px;">in </span>''Syntax'' |
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− | ("wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" <- for collapsible tables) |
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+ | ''[[File:Romlang_Romworld.png|thumb|300px|Morrania, Xarràña, Vandal King., Cirtania]]''In the photo, ''Morráni'' (Shax's constate) is in blue taking the place of modern day Morocco and parts of western Algeria. The ''Vandal Kingdom'' ([[Vandalic]]'s constate) in purple is taking the place of Tunisia, coastal Algeria, Sicily, the Balearic Islands, Corsica, and Sardinia. ''Xarràña'' ([[Xarrano]]'s constate) is in yellow taking the place of a conland around a volcano called Ezgo. ''Cirtania ''([[Cirtanian]]'s constate) is in dark blue next to Greece and is a fictional island that had been heavily influenced by Greece and Italy. |
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− | (*) In ''Verbial Phrases'' in ''Syntax'' |
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+ | {{LangTitle|Standard Shax}} |
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+ | Sound Changes for Shax are [[Standard Shax/Sound Change|here]]. |
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− | ''[[File:Romlang_Romworld.png|thumb|300px|Morrania, Xarràña, Vandal King., Cirtania]]''In the photo, ''Morrania'' (Shax's constate) is in blue taking the place of modern day Morocco and parts of western Algeria. The ''Vandal Kingdom'' ([[Vandalic]]'s constate) in purple is taking the place of Tunisia, coastal Algeria, Sicily, the Balearic Islands, Corsica, and Sardinia. ''Xarràña'' ([[Xarrano]]'s constate) is in yellow taking the place of a conland around a volcano called Ezgo. ''Cirtania ''([[Cirtanian]]'s constate) is in dark blue next to Greece and is a fictional island that had been heavily influenced by Greece and Italy. |
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+ | |||
+ | The lexicon is found [[Standard Shax/Lexicon|here]] . |
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==Phonology== |
==Phonology== |
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|- |
|- |
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! scope="row"| |
! scope="row"| |
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− | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Bilabial |
! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Alveolar |
! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Alveolar |
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! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Palatal |
! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Palatal |
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! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Velar |
! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Velar |
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+ | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Glottal |
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|- |
|- |
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! scope="row"|Nasal |
! scope="row"|Nasal |
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| style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"| |
| style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"| |
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| style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|ŋ |
| style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|ŋ |
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+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"| |
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|- |
|- |
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! scope="row"|Plosive |
! scope="row"|Plosive |
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| style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"| |
| style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"| |
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| style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|k g |
| style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|k g |
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+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"| |
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|- |
|- |
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! scope="row"|Fricative |
! scope="row"|Fricative |
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− | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|ɸ β |
| style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|s z |
| style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|s z |
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| style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"| |
| style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"| |
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| style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"| |
| style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"| |
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+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|h |
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|- |
|- |
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! scope="row"|Liquid |
! scope="row"|Liquid |
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| style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|l r |
| style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|l r |
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| style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|j |
| style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|j |
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+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"| |
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| style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"| |
| style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"| |
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|} |
|} |
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− | All phonemes except [w], [j], [ʍ] |
+ | All phonemes except [w], [j], and [ʍ] can be geminate. [ŋ] is only geminate as an allophone to [n] |
+ | [wː] > [βː], [jː] > [jz], [ʍː] > [ɸʍ] |
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− | |||
+ | Note that [β], [ɸ], and [ʍ] are very unstable. [β] may also be [b] or [w] allophonically (usuallly [b] starting a word or before another consonant and [w] elsewhere). [ɸ] and [ʍ] also occasionally turn into [h] allophonically. Remember that these allophone are not considard standard and are phonemically their original/standard phoneme. |
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===Vowel=== |
===Vowel=== |
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{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 500px;" |
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 500px;" |
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| style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"| |
| style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"| |
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|} |
|} |
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− | |||
− | ===Other=== |
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− | ====Sound Changes==== |
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− | Can be found [[Standard Shax/Sound Change|here]] |
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====Stress==== |
====Stress==== |
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Stress falls on primarily on the closed syllable (except if it's ultimate) or a pre-rhotic syllable; if there isn't one of those conditions, the stress falls on the penultimate. Note that stress on the ultimate syllable is on an open syllable followed by a closed syllable in a two syllable word. |
Stress falls on primarily on the closed syllable (except if it's ultimate) or a pre-rhotic syllable; if there isn't one of those conditions, the stress falls on the penultimate. Note that stress on the ultimate syllable is on an open syllable followed by a closed syllable in a two syllable word. |
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− | ====Sandhi==== |
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| style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|[ɛ] |
| style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|[ɛ] |
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| style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|F f |
| style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|F f |
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− | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|[ |
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|[ɸ] |
|- |
|- |
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| style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|G g |
| style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|G g |
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| style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|[m] |
| style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|[m] |
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| style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|N n |
| style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|N n |
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− | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|[n] |
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|[n], [ŋ] |
|- |
|- |
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| style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|O o |
| style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|O o |
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− | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|[ɔ] |
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|[ɔ], [ɐ] |
| style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|P p |
| style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|P p |
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| style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|[p] |
| style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|[p] |
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| style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|[t] |
| style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|[t] |
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| style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|U u |
| style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|U u |
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− | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|[u] |
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|[u], [w] |
|- |
|- |
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| style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|V v |
| style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|V v |
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*(*) Ų looks more like a ɥ written (U with descender). Basically the written Armenian Z, զ. |
*(*) Ų looks more like a ɥ written (U with descender). Basically the written Armenian Z, զ. |
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*I and U are [j] and [w] respectially before and after another vowel except with an acute on it. |
*I and U are [j] and [w] respectially before and after another vowel except with an acute on it. |
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+ | *Stressed A and O are [a] and [ɔ] respectivally |
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+ | *N is [ŋ] before C, K, Q, and X |
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+ | *K, Q, and W are purely etymological (W isn't considard part of the alphabet but a foreign letter; to type it on a keyboard in Shax, one would press control+shift+grave V. Q is replaced by Ų on the keyboard; to write Q, one would press control+shift+grave Ų). |
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====Multigraphs==== |
====Multigraphs==== |
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{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 500px;" |
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 500px;" |
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| style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|''double letter'' |
| style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|''double letter'' |
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| style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|''geminate'' |
| style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|''geminate'' |
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+ | |- |
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+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|ng |
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+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|[ŋ(g)] |
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+ | |- |
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+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|qû |
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+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|[k] |
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|} |
|} |
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+ | *NG is [ng] intervocallically |
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+ | *QÛ is used for etymological purposes |
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====Diacritics==== |
====Diacritics==== |
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{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 500px;" |
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 500px;" |
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|- |
|- |
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| style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|''acute'' |
| style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|''acute'' |
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− | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|'' |
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|''stress'' |
+ | |- |
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+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|''grave'' |
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+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|''homophone'' |
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|- |
|- |
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| style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|Á á |
| style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|Á á |
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| style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|[ˈa] |
| style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|[ˈa] |
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+ | |- |
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+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|Ó ó |
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+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|[ˈɔ] |
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|- |
|- |
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| style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|Â â |
| style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|Â â |
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| style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|[a] |
| style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|[a] |
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+ | |- |
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+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|Ô ô |
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+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|[ɔ] |
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+ | |- |
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+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|Û û |
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+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|[ɐ] |
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|} |
|} |
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+ | *'''Very important to note '''that the acute is used on every word to mark stress except those with only one vowel since the stress is obvious :) ; Also, in cursive and unofficial works, the stress mark is usually left out unless it could be confused |
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==Grammar == |
==Grammar == |
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− | ===Nouns=== |
+ | ===Nouns and Modifiers=== |
− | ====Declension==== |
+ | ====Noun Declension==== |
+ | Noun cases simplified very quickly: they were standardized quickly based gender where the feminine 1st and 5th merged and the masculine 3st, 2nd, and 4th merged. There are two cases: base and oblique. The base case is used in the nominative, most prepositional cases, and accusative, and oblique in most other cases. Sometimes a certain preposition will require the oblique case. |
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− | =====1st Declension===== |
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+ | |||
− | selua [sɛlwa] - forest |
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+ | <u>Masculine</u> |
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− | Contains only feminine nouns ending in [a]. |
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+ | |||
+ | V - vowel base. The vowel base can be (base-oblique): '''e-o''',''' i-a''',''' o-u''',''' u-a''',''' i-u''',''' a-o'''. The vowel base comes from the original Latin forms in the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th declensions. There is no standard way of knowing the vowel base just from the word itself, but most will follow the '''i-u''' structure. The stem and vowel are separated by either ''h ''or ''j ''(''j ''for after ''e ''or ''i'', and ''h ''elsewhere) if the stem already ends in a vowel. |
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+ | |||
+ | A common irregularity is nouns that end in -s: in the oblique, the consonant that precedes the S becomes geminite, or the S becomes geminite if it stands alone (e.g., ''pats'', father, in the singular oblique becomes ''patts''). Another irregularity is with L which, before a consonant, becomes ''u'' (as a /w/). Because it happened before certain vowel combinations merged, it may appear as a U, O, or AU, as the old sound change was /ɛw > u/, /ɔw > aw/, and /aw > ɔ/ (e.g., ''cel'', sky, in the singular oblique becomes ''cus''). |
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+ | |||
+ | <u>Masculine</u> |
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{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 500px;" |
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 500px;" |
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|- |
|- |
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! scope="row"| |
! scope="row"| |
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− | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Base |
− | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Oblique |
|- |
|- |
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! scope="row"|Singular |
! scope="row"|Singular |
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− | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"| - |
− | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"| -s |
|- |
|- |
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! scope="row"|Plural |
! scope="row"|Plural |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"| -V |
− | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"| -Vr |
|} |
|} |
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+ | <u>Feminine</u> |
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− | =====2nd Declension===== |
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+ | |||
− | lovu [lovu] - wolf |
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+ | V - vowel base. The separation of stem vowel to affix vowel is the same as in the masculine. |
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− | Contains only nouns ending in [u]. |
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{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 500px;" |
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 500px;" |
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|- |
|- |
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! scope="row"| |
! scope="row"| |
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− | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Base |
− | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Oblique |
|- |
|- |
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! scope="row"|Singular |
! scope="row"|Singular |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"| - |
− | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"| -e |
|- |
|- |
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! scope="row"|Plural |
! scope="row"|Plural |
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− | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"| -e |
− | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"| -er |
|} |
|} |
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+ | |||
− | =====3rd Declension===== |
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+ | ====Adjective Declension==== |
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− | faș [faș] - father |
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+ | Adjectives have been heavily simplified. Feminine adjectives follow the first declension nouns. Masculine nouns follow the structure of ''stem ''for singular and ''stem-s ''for plural. Though, there are a relatively good amount of irregulars. The basic declension: |
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− | Contains only masculine nouns. This is also the declension for gerunds. |
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{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 500px;" |
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 500px;" |
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|- |
|- |
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− | ! scope="row"| |
+ | ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" scope="row"| |
− | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | ! colspan="2" rowspan="1" scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Masculine |
− | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | ! colspan="2" rowspan="1" scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Feminine |
|- |
|- |
||
+ | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Base |
||
+ | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Oblique |
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+ | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Base |
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+ | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Oblique |
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+ | |- |
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+ | ! colspan="1" rowspan="2" scope="row"|Positive |
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! scope="row"|Singular |
! scope="row"|Singular |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"| - |
− | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"| -s |
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"| - |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"| -e |
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|- |
|- |
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! scope="row"|Plural |
! scope="row"|Plural |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"| -i |
− | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"| -ur |
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"| -e |
||
− | |} |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"| -er |
||
− | =====4th Declension===== |
||
− | re [re̞] - the truth of the situation/events, a witnesse's claim [in a court of law], reality [as opposed to a fantasy] (can be used to call someone crazy or deluded) |
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− | Contains only feminine nouns. |
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− | {| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 500px;" |
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|- |
|- |
||
− | ! scope="row"| |
+ | ! colspan="1" rowspan="2" scope="row"|Comparative |
− | ! scope=" |
+ | ! scope="row"|Singular |
− | + | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"| -ô |
|
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"| -ue |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"| -â |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"| -ie |
||
|- |
|- |
||
+ | ! scope="row"|Plural |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"| -ôs |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"| -ues |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"| -âs |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"| -ies |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | ! colspan="1" rowspan="2" scope="row"|Superlative |
||
! scope="row"|Singular |
! scope="row"|Singular |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"| -éssm |
− | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"| |
+ | | colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"| -éssmu |
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"| -éssm |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"| -éssme |
||
|- |
|- |
||
! scope="row"|Plural |
! scope="row"|Plural |
||
− | | |
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"| -éssmi |
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"| -éssme |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"| -éssmâ |
||
|} |
|} |
||
− | ==== |
+ | ====Suffixes==== |
+ | *'''-ins: '''demonym |
||
− | Masculine nouns can change to feminine nouns by using the 4th declension and feminine nouns can use the 3rd declension. |
||
+ | *'''-ans: '''makes an adjective from latin and greek nouns |
||
− | =====Suffixes===== |
||
+ | *'''-(û)s: '''makes an adjective from the gerund of a verb; makes a gerundive |
||
− | To make a "doer" noun (i.e.: farm'''er''', swimm'''er''', fish'''er''', etc), place a ''-u/-ü'', masculine, or ''-i/-ï'', feminine (forms with umlauts are for nouns that end the same vowel). |
||
+ | *'''-í: '''makes an adjective from Arabic nouns |
||
− | ===Adjectives=== |
||
+ | *'''-phón: '''identifies a language or area/people that speak[s] the specific language |
||
− | =====Declension===== |
||
+ | *'''-tór: '''makes a "doer" noun |
||
− | Adjectives decline just like what they're modifying (ex with ''biũ'', good: ''lovu biu'', nice wolf, or ''selua bia'', friendly woods/forest). |
||
+ | *See others in the lexicon |
||
− | |||
− | Note that in a list, the declension of the adjective will match the second noun. |
||
− | =====States===== |
||
− | A comparitive is marked with the construction ''"more/most" + adjective-"io" (+ "than" + the thing being compared)''. A superlative adjective is ''adjective-"ixu''.''"'' |
||
− | ===Transformations=== |
||
− | A verb can become an adjective through the use of its present participle. A noun can become an adjective by placing it the way an adjective would be and declining it to what it's modifying. An adjective can become a noun by the same process as a noun would become an adjective. Note that some adjective cannot be noun and vice versa (i.e. ''pliccu ''must be an adjective). |
||
− | =====Adverbs===== |
||
− | Adverbs simply take the full adjective and end it with ''-mẽ''. |
||
===Pronouns=== |
===Pronouns=== |
||
+ | Pronouns are unique in Shax as they take the nominative, accusative, dative, genitive, emphatic, and possessive cases. They are placed before the verb rather than after. |
||
====Personal==== |
====Personal==== |
||
+ | Emphatic corralates to the Latin vocative, the English marked-nominative, and the French stressed pronouns |
||
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 500px;" |
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 500px;" |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | ! colspan="2" rowspan=" |
+ | ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" scope="row"| |
− | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | ! colspan="5" scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Singular |
− | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | ! colspan="5" scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Plural |
− | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Acc |
||
− | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Nom Emphatic |
||
|- |
|- |
||
+ | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Nom. |
||
− | ! colspan="1" rowspan="4" scope="row"|Singular |
||
− | ! scope=" |
+ | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Acc. |
− | + | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Dat. |
|
− | + | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Gen. |
|
− | + | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Emph. |
|
− | + | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Nom. |
|
+ | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Acc. |
||
+ | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Dat. |
||
+ | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Gen. |
||
+ | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Emph. |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | ! scope="row"| |
+ | ! colspan="2" rowspan="1" scope="row"|First |
− | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|ju |
− | | rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"| |
+ | | colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|mi |
− | | |
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|mej, maj |
− | | |
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|mé |
+ | | colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|nos |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|nov |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|notts |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|nós |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | ! scope="row"| |
+ | ! colspan="2" rowspan="1" scope="row"|Second |
− | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|tu |
− | | |
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|ti |
− | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|tiv |
− | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|ti, ta |
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|té |
||
+ | | colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|vos |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|vov |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|vetts |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|bós |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | ! scope="row"| |
+ | ! colspan="1" rowspan="3" scope="row"|Third |
+ | ! scope="row"|Masculine |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|ela |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|es |
− | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|jun |
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|ej |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|si |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|és |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|ji |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|jor |
||
+ | | colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|jis |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|jor |
||
+ | | colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|éj |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | ! |
+ | ! scope="row"|Feminine |
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|as |
||
− | ! scope="row"|1st |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|jan |
− | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|aj |
− | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|sa |
− | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|ás |
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|je |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|jar |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|jar |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | ! scope="row"| |
+ | ! scope="row"|Reflexive |
− | | style="text-align:center;background-color: |
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:gray;"| |
− | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|se |
− | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|sev |
− | | style="text-align:center;background-color: |
+ | | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;background-color:gray;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|sem |
||
− | |- |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|sevûm |
||
− | ! scope="row"|3rd M |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;background-color: |
+ | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color:gray;"| |
− | | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|elú |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|li |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|élir |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! scope="row"|3rd F |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|elá |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|lar |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|élar |
||
|} |
|} |
||
====Possessive==== |
====Possessive==== |
||
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 500px;" |
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 500px;" |
||
+ | ! rowspan="2" scope="row"|<span style="font-weight:bold;">Owner ↓</span> |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! |
+ | ! rowspan="2" scope="row"|<span style="font-weight:bold;">Owned →</span> |
+ | ! colspan="2" scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Singular |
||
− | Owner ⇩ |
||
− | ! colspan="2 |
+ | ! colspan="2" scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Plural |
− | ! colspan="2" rowspan="1" scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Plural |
||
|- |
|- |
||
! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Mas |
! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Mas |
||
Line 365: | Line 426: | ||
! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Fem |
! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Fem |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | ! |
+ | ! rowspan="2" scope="row"|First |
− | ! |
+ | ! scope="row"|Singular |
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|mus |
||
− | ! scope="row"|Mas |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|ma |
− | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|mej |
− | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|me |
− | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|maudar |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | ! scope="row"| |
+ | ! scope="row"|Plural |
− | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"| |
+ | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|notts |
− | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"| |
+ | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|nottsi |
− | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|míar |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|miadar |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | ! |
+ | ! rowspan="2" scope="row"|Second |
− | ! scope="row"| |
+ | ! scope="row"|Singular |
− | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|tus |
− | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|ta |
− | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|toj |
− | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|te |
|- |
|- |
||
− | ! scope="row"| |
+ | ! scope="row"|Plural |
− | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"| |
+ | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|votts |
− | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"| |
+ | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|vottsi |
− | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|țuar |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|țuadar |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | ! |
+ | ! rowspan="2" scope="row"|Third |
− | ! scope="row"| |
+ | ! scope="row"|Singular |
− | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|sus |
− | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|sa |
− | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|soj |
− | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|se |
|- |
|- |
||
− | ! scope="row"| |
+ | ! scope="row"|Plural |
− | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|jor |
− | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|jar |
− | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|jor |
− | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|jar |
− | |- |
||
− | ! colspan="1" rowspan="6" scope="row"|Plural |
||
− | ! colspan="1" rowspan="2" scope="row"|1st |
||
− | ! scope="row"|Mas |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|noși |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|noșa |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|noșir |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|noșar |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! scope="row"|Fem |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|noșșa |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|noșșada |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|noșșar |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|noșșadar |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! colspan="1" rowspan="2" scope="row"|2nd |
||
− | ! scope="row"|Mas |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|veși |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|veșa |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|veșir |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|veșar |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! scope="row"|Fem |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|veșșa |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|veșșada |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|veșșar |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|veșșadar |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! colspan="1" rowspan="2" scope="row"|3rd |
||
− | ! scope="row"|Mas |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|xi |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|xida |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|xir |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|xidar |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! scope="row"|Fem |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|xa |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|xada |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|xar |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|xadar |
||
|} |
|} |
||
===Verbs=== |
===Verbs=== |
||
+ | In the indicative, the past tense was formed from the Latin perfect tense. The future, as most Romance Languages, was formed from the indicative + HABĒRE construction. |
||
− | ====Morphology==== |
||
− | Full article [[Standard Shax/Verbs|here]]. |
||
− | ====Reflexive==== |
||
− | Put the corresponding accusative pronoun with the verb (ex: ''u me lu ''[u me lu] - I wash myself). |
||
− | ====T-V Distinction==== |
||
− | Shax doesn't have a T-V distinction, but when refering to a person of higher authority, one must use their title as a prefix to ''țu''. |
||
− | ====Passive==== |
||
− | Some verbs are intrisically "passive." Such verbs work like ''manquer'', to miss, in French and ''gustar'', to like, in Spanish where the verb works in the opposite way. (ex: ''u țe șuvu ''means "You're confusing me," but literally, it's "I you confuse" where it is "I am being confused by you" semantically). Note that this "passivity" doesn't apply to imperitive and intransitive verb [forms]. |
||
− | ==Syntax== |
||
− | ===Phrases=== |
||
− | ====Postpositional==== |
||
− | Being a head initial language, Shax puts its prepositions (or compound prepositions) after the noun. The noun take the Nom-Acc case. Sometimes, the noun will the Gen-Dat case. Note: the noun takes the appropriate article. |
||
− | ====Nominal==== |
||
− | =====Nouns with adjectives===== |
||
− | A nominal phrase has the noun at the head (which is the first word) with adjective following it. Adjectives follow it in a logical order of which descibes the noun best or which is the most important quality. Therefore, a change in the adjective can also change the semantic of the noun. Though in colloquial speech, the order is irrelevant and one would simply list to their whim. |
||
− | =====Genitive Nouns===== |
||
− | The owner takes the genitive case and turns into a modifier, but it is placed before the owned noun. ''mau fați lovu ''means "My father's wolf." |
||
− | ====Verbial==== |
||
− | =====Word Order===== |
||
− | A personal pronoun is necessary before every verb form in Shax. If the clause uses pronouns alone, it is SOV (ex: ''u me lu ''- I wash myself, ''u țe șuve ''- you confuse me, ''u elu dormiau ''- I'll sleep [over] there; but ''u su fezuã ''- I am a person). Note that interrogative sentences function as any normal verb would in Shax. |
||
− | =====Negation===== |
||
− | The general negation marker is a ''no ''before the main verb and after the main pronoun. Though, specific types of negation may be placed by using ''no ''as a prefix (i.e.: nobody, never, nobody ever, no where). |
||
− | =====Other===== |
||
− | *Supine: gerund + ''fe ''(ex: "I went to the pool to swim" = «u amblavi nattuaia a nattuà fe», lit. ''I walked pool to swiming by means of'') |
||
− | ===Clauses=== |
||
− | =====Conditional Clauses===== |
||
− | Conditional clauses where there is a requirement clause then a condition clause require the indicative then a subjunctive. But, sentences where there is only a condition (like ''I'd do that'') require the verb ''to be able to ''in the subjunctive. |
||
− | =====Subordinate Clauses===== |
||
− | These are introduced with either ''cã'' or'' ce'''. '''cã ''is ''that''; ''ce ''means ''who/whom.'' The introductory words are necessary and almost never omitted except in ''very ''informal or uneducated speech. Subordinate clauses go after independent clauses and are separated by a comma before ''cã'' ''or ce''. The verb conjugates to the person taking the nominative in the independent clause. |
||
− | ===Copula=== |
||
− | There are two auxillary verbs used for a copula: ''to be ''and ''to have''. When it's a construction with a noun and an adjective, ''he is good'', one would use ''to have ''and the adjective as a noun. |
||
+ | The subjunctive in Shax is used in hypothetical situations, if statements, that clauses (that are subordinant to ''must'', ''shall'', ''can'', ''wish'', ''want'', and occasionally ''need''), and various other phrases. The future is made through a paraphrastic phrase. |
||
− | === Extra === |
||
+ | The optative was formed in a similar way to the future. The subjunctive was growing to be less "optative" semantically, therefore the requirement for ''copér'', to wish, to go before the main verb in the 3rd singular person (the main verb is still conjugated) was developed. Eventually, they mixed semantically and syntactually and like the future in Shax, became a new conjugation. This developed into two prefixes: ''co- ''before consonants where the consonant in geminate, and ''cop-'' before vowels. Note that these prefixes can never be stressed. |
||
+ | The imperitive is identified by how it does not use a pronoun (where the other moods do). The subjunctive imperitive, or jussive, came about by the conjugating ''divér'', must, in the subjunctive present and the imperitive. |
||
− | ===== Time and Place ===== |
||
− | Time is written in order: year, day-month ''ẽxa ''time(hour-minute) ''a''. Place goes: country, (state, province, etc) ''ẽxa ''(everything else in English's order with a postposition of ''a''). |
||
+ | The origininal Latin 3rd conjugation merged into the 2nd, 4th, or Irregular Class depending of the verb. Note that arabic loan verbs will use the Class II conjugation usually. |
||
+ | <u>Paraphrastic Phrases</u> |
||
+ | The subjunctive and optative futures are formed by ''to go'' in the present of either subjunctive or optative and the future participle. |
||
− | ==Text== |
||
+ | The passive is formed by a paraphrastic phrase of to be in the desired tense and the present participle. |
||
+ | ====Morphology==== |
||
+ | =====Class I===== |
||
+ | {| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 500px;" |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | ! colspan="6" scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Paradigm |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | ! colspan="6" scope="row"|potar [pɐˈtar] |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | ! colspan="3" scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Indicative |
||
+ | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Present |
||
+ | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Past |
||
+ | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Future |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | ! rowspan="3" scope="row"|Singular |
||
+ | ! colspan="2" scope="row"|1st |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|pot |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|pot'''áu''' |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|pot'''arávu''' |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | ! colspan="2" scope="row"|2nd |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|pot'''ás''' |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|pot'''ást''' |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|pot'''arávis''' |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | ! colspan="2" scope="row"|3rd |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|pot'''át''' |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|pot'''ád''' |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|pot'''arávit''' |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | ! rowspan="3" scope="row"|Plural |
||
+ | ! colspan="2" scope="row"|1st |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|pot'''áms''' |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|pot'''ávims''' |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|pot'''arvéms''' |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | ! colspan="2" scope="row"|2nd |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|pot'''áts''' |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|pot'''ávits''' |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|pot'''aréts''' |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | ! colspan="2" scope="row"|3rd |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|pot'''ánt''' |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|pot'''avént''' |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|pot'''arvén''' |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | ! colspan="6" scope="row"|Subjunctive |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | ! rowspan="3" scope="row"|Singular |
||
+ | ! colspan="2" scope="row"|1st |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|pot |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|pot'''uér''' |
||
+ | | rowspan="6" style="text-align:center;border-color:gray;background-color:gray;"| |
||
+ | ''to go ''+ future |
||
+ | participle |
||
− | ===Lexicon=== |
||
+ | |- |
||
− | [[Standard Shax/Lexicon]] |
||
+ | ! colspan="2" scope="row"|2nd |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|pot'''s''' |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|pot'''uéz''' |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | ! colspan="2" scope="row"|3rd |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|pot'''t''' |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|pot'''uétt''' |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | ! rowspan="3" scope="row"|Plural |
||
+ | ! colspan="2" scope="row"|1st |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|pot'''éms''' |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|pot'''uémms''' |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | ! colspan="2" scope="row"|2nd |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|pot'''éts''' |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|pot'''uétts''' |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | ! colspan="2" scope="row"|3rd |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|pot'''ént''' |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|pot'''uénnt''' |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | ! colspan="6" scope="row"|Optative |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | ! rowspan="3" scope="row"|Singular |
||
+ | ! colspan="2" scope="row"|1st |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|'''cop'''pót |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|'''cop'''pot'''uér''' |
||
+ | | rowspan="6" style="text-align:center;border-color:gray;background-color:gray;"| |
||
+ | ''to go ''+ future |
||
+ | participle |
||
− | ===Universal Decleration of Human Rights=== |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | ! colspan="2" scope="row"|2nd |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|'''cop'''pót'''s''' |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|'''cop'''pot'''uéz''' |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | ! colspan="2" scope="row"|3rd |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|'''cop'''pót'''t''' |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|'''cop'''pot'''uétt''' |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | ! rowspan="3" scope="row"|Plural |
||
+ | ! colspan="2" scope="row"|1st |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|'''cop'''pot'''éms''' |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|'''cop'''pot'''uémms''' |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | ! colspan="2" scope="row"|2nd |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|'''cop'''pot'''éts''' |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|'''cop'''pot'''uétts''' |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | ! colspan="2" scope="row"|3rd |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|'''cop'''pot'''ént''' |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|'''cop'''pot'''uénnt''' |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | ! colspan="6" scope="row"|Extra |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | ! colspan="3" scope="row"|Participle |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|pot'''áns''' |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|pot'''áts''' |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|pot'''atúz''' |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | ! rowspan="2" scope="row"|Imperative |
||
+ | ! rowspan="2" scope="row"|2nd |
||
+ | ! scope="row"|Singular |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|pot'''á''' |
||
+ | | rowspan="5" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-color:gray;background-color:gray;"| |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | ! scope="row"|Plural |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|pot'''át''' |
||
+ | |} |
||
+ | =====Class II===== |
||
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 500px;" |
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 500px;" |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | ! colspan=" |
+ | ! colspan="6" scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Paradigm |
|- |
|- |
||
− | ! colspan=" |
+ | ! colspan="6" scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|timér [tiˈmɛr] - to fear |
|- |
|- |
||
+ | ! colspan="3" scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Indicative |
||
− | | colspan="2" style="background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. |
||
+ | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Present |
||
+ | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Past |
||
+ | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Future |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | ! |
+ | ! rowspan="3" scope="row"|Singular |
+ | ! colspan="2" scope="row"|1st |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|tím'''u''' |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|tim'''ué''' |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|tim'''erávu''' |
||
|- |
|- |
||
+ | ! colspan="2" scope="row"|2nd |
||
− | !Text |
||
− | | style="background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|tim'''és''' |
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|tim'''uést''' |
||
− | Fezuãr naxũdu avu liverrar o gualar e avu jinda o caccu. Elé dotén avu loggar o muaidi e elé deván țodu carrosié ũdamẽ. |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|tim'''erávis''' |
||
|- |
|- |
||
+ | ! colspan="2" scope="row"|3rd |
||
− | !IPA |
||
− | | style="background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|tim'''ét''' |
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|tim'''uéd''' |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|tim'''erávit''' |
||
|- |
|- |
||
+ | ! rowspan="3" scope="row"|Plural |
||
− | ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Literal Translation |
||
+ | ! colspan="2" scope="row"|1st |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|tim'''éms''' |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|tim'''uéms''' |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|tim'''ervéms''' |
||
|- |
|- |
||
+ | ! colspan="2" scope="row"|2nd |
||
− | !Lit. 1 |
||
− | | style="background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|tim'''éts''' |
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|tim'''uéts''' |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|tim'''ervéts''' |
||
|- |
|- |
||
+ | ! colspan="2" scope="row"|3rd |
||
− | !Lit. 2 |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|tim'''ént''' |
||
− | | style="background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|People are born with freedom and equality [amongst themselves] and with dignity and rights. They are endowed with logic and morality and they must all be courteous/respect [to] one another. |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|tim'''uént''' |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|tim'''ervén''' |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | ! colspan="6" scope="row"|Subjunctive |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | ! rowspan="3" scope="row"|Singular |
||
+ | ! colspan="2" scope="row"|1st |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|tim |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|tim'''uér''' |
||
+ | | rowspan="6" style="text-align:center;border-color:gray;background-color:gray;"| |
||
+ | ''to go ''+ future |
||
+ | |||
+ | participle |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | ! colspan="2" scope="row"|2nd |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|tim'''s''' |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|tim'''uéz''' |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | ! colspan="2" scope="row"|3rd |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|tim'''t''' |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|tim'''uétt''' |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | ! rowspan="3" scope="row"|Plural |
||
+ | ! colspan="2" scope="row"|1st |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|tim'''áms''' |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|tim'''uémms''' |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | ! colspan="2" scope="row"|2nd |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|tim'''áts''' |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|tim'''uétts''' |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | ! colspan="2" scope="row"|3rd |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|tim'''ánt''' |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|tim'''uénnt''' |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | ! colspan="6" scope="row"|Optative |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | ! rowspan="3" scope="row"|Singular |
||
+ | ! colspan="2" scope="row"|1st |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|'''cot'''tim |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|'''cot'''tim'''uér''' |
||
+ | | rowspan="6" style="text-align:center;border-color:gray;background-color:gray;"| |
||
+ | ''to go ''+ future |
||
+ | |||
+ | participle |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | ! colspan="2" scope="row"|2nd |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|'''cot'''tim'''s''' |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|'''cot'''tim'''uéz''' |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | ! colspan="2" scope="row"|3rd |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|'''cot'''tim'''t''' |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|'''cot'''tim'''uétt''' |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | ! rowspan="3" scope="row"|Plural |
||
+ | ! colspan="2" scope="row"|1st |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|'''cot'''tim'''áms''' |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|'''cot'''tim'''uémms''' |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | ! colspan="2" scope="row"|2nd |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|'''cot'''tim'''áts''' |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|'''cot'''tim'''uétts''' |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | ! colspan="2" scope="row"|3rd |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|'''cot'''tim'''ánt''' |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|'''cot'''tim'''uénnt''' |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | ! colspan="6" scope="row"|Extra |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | ! colspan="3" scope="row"|Participle |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|tim'''éns''' |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|tim'''íts''' |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|tim'''itúz''' |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | ! rowspan="2" scope="row"|Imperitive |
||
+ | ! rowspan="2" scope="row"|2nd |
||
+ | ! scope="row"|Sing |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|tim'''é''' |
||
+ | | rowspan="5" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-color:gray;background-color:gray;"| |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | ! scope="row"|Plur |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|tim'''ét''' |
||
|} |
|} |
||
+ | =====Class III===== |
||
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 500px;" |
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 500px;" |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | ! colspan=" |
+ | ! colspan="6" scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Paradigm |
|- |
|- |
||
− | ! colspan=" |
+ | ! colspan="6" scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|dommiár [dɐmˈmjar] - to sleep |
|- |
|- |
||
+ | ! colspan="3" scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Indicative |
||
− | | colspan="2" style="background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status. Furthermore, no distinction shall be made on the basis of the political, jurisdictional or international status of the country or territory to which a person belongs, whether it be independent, trust, non-self-governing or under any other limitation of sovereignty. |
||
+ | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Present |
||
+ | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Past |
||
+ | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Future |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | ! |
+ | ! rowspan="3" scope="row"|Singular |
+ | ! colspan="2" scope="row"|1st |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|dómm'''i''' |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|domm'''íu''' |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|domm'''irávu''' |
||
|- |
|- |
||
+ | ! colspan="2" scope="row"|2nd |
||
− | !Text |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|domm'''ís''' |
||
− | | style="background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|Fezuãr țodu dotén a coccur o liverrar, cã dexán Dexé ẽxa, jiẽijur nuavu; I jișẽiju desón suda éțniste, su secsu, suda lẽgui, suda regũi, suda oviniu pliccu o suda oviniu giu, suda fația, su tabaccaixtae, suda frovrea, e xitxuexõr eceța. Pluavu: jișẽiju no arai fezuẽ baadi-terrtuarir statiu pliccu, statiu juredisiũ, o statiu ẽténnasiunu fe. |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|domm'''íst''' |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|domm'''irávis''' |
||
|- |
|- |
||
+ | ! colspan="2" scope="row"|3rd |
||
− | !IPA |
||
− | | style="background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|domm'''ít''' |
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|domm'''íd''' |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|domm'''irávit''' |
||
|- |
|- |
||
+ | ! rowspan="3" scope="row"|Plural |
||
− | ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Literal Translation |
||
+ | ! colspan="2" scope="row"|1st |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|domm'''íms''' |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|domm'''ívims''' |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|domm'''irvéms''' |
||
|- |
|- |
||
+ | ! colspan="2" scope="row"|2nd |
||
− | !Lit. 1 |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|domm'''íts''' |
||
− | | style="background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|People all endow rights and liberty to, that declare Declaration in, discrimination not-with; This discrimination is from one's ethnicity, one's gender, one's language, one's religion, one's belief political and one's belief in-general, their native-country, one's social-class, one's property, or situations etc. Also: descrimination will not have person's country's state-of-affaires political, state-of-affaires jurisdictional, state-of-affaires international through. |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|domm'''ívits''' |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|domm'''irvéts''' |
||
|- |
|- |
||
+ | ! colspan="2" scope="row"|3rd |
||
− | !Lit. 2 |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|domm'''iónt''' |
||
− | | style="background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|People are all endowed with rights and liberties, that are declared in this Declaration, without discrimination; this descrimination stems from one's ethnicity, gender, language, religion, political or other opinion[s], homeland, social class, belongings, etc. Futhermore, descrimination will not be had through the political, jurisdictional, or international state of affaires of one's country. |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|domm'''ivúnt''' |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|domm'''irvén''' |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | ! colspan="6" scope="row"|Subjunctive |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | ! rowspan="3" scope="row"|Singular |
||
+ | ! colspan="2" scope="row"|1st |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|dómm'''i''' |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|domm'''uír''' |
||
+ | | rowspan="6" style="text-align:center;border-color:gray;background-color:gray;"| |
||
+ | ''to go ''+ future |
||
+ | |||
+ | participle |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | ! colspan="2" scope="row"|2nd |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|domm'''iás''' |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|domm'''uíz''' |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | ! colspan="2" scope="row"|3rd |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|domm'''iát''' |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|domm'''uítt''' |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | ! rowspan="3" scope="row"|Plural |
||
+ | ! colspan="2" scope="row"|1st |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|domm'''iáms''' |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|domm'''uímms''' |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | ! colspan="2" scope="row"|2nd |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|domm'''iáts''' |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|domm'''uítts''' |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | ! colspan="2" scope="row"|3rd |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|domm'''iánt''' |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|domm'''uínnt''' |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | ! colspan="6" scope="row"|Optative |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | ! rowspan="3" scope="row"|Singular |
||
+ | ! colspan="2" scope="row"|1st |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|'''cod'''domm'''i''' |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|'''cod'''domm'''uír''' |
||
+ | | rowspan="6" style="text-align:center;border-color:gray;background-color:gray;"| |
||
+ | ''to go ''+ future |
||
+ | |||
+ | participle |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | ! colspan="2" scope="row"|2nd |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|'''cod'''domm'''iás''' |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|'''cod'''domm'''uíz''' |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | ! colspan="2" scope="row"|3rd |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|'''cod'''domm'''iát''' |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|'''cod'''domm'''uítt''' |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | ! rowspan="3" scope="row"|Plural |
||
+ | ! colspan="2" scope="row"|1st |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|'''cod'''domm'''iáms''' |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|'''cod'''domm'''uímms''' |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | ! colspan="2" scope="row"|2nd |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|'''cod'''domm'''iáts''' |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|'''cod'''domm'''uítts''' |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | ! colspan="2" scope="row"|3rd |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|'''cod'''domm'''iánt''' |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|'''cod'''domm'''uínnt''' |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | ! colspan="6" scope="row"|Extra |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | ! colspan="3" scope="row"|Participle |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|domm'''iéns''' |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|domm'''íts''' |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|domm'''itúz''' |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | ! rowspan="2" scope="row"|Imperative |
||
+ | ! rowspan="2" scope="row"|2nd |
||
+ | ! scope="row"|Sing |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|domm'''í''' |
||
+ | | rowspan="5" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-color:gray;background-color:gray;"| |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | ! scope="row"|Plur |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|domm'''ít''' |
||
|} |
|} |
||
− | === |
+ | =====estiár - to be===== |
+ | {| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 500px;" |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | ! colspan="6" scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Paradigm |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | ! colspan="6" scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|estiár [ɛsˈtjar] - to sleep |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | ! colspan="3" scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Indicative |
||
+ | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Present |
||
+ | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Past |
||
+ | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Future |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | ! rowspan="3" scope="row"|Singular |
||
+ | ! colspan="2" scope="row"|1st |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|su |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|fúi |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|sirávu |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | ! colspan="2" scope="row"|2nd |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|es |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|fúis |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|sirávis |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | ! colspan="2" scope="row"|3rd |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|é |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|fúit |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|sirávit |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | ! rowspan="3" scope="row"|Plural |
||
+ | ! colspan="2" scope="row"|1st |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|sums |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|fúims |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|sirvéms |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | ! colspan="2" scope="row"|2nd |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|esti |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|fúisti |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|sirvéts |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | ! colspan="2" scope="row"|3rd |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|sun |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|fuirúnt |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|sirvén |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | ! colspan="6" scope="row"|Subjunctive |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | ! rowspan="3" scope="row"|Singular |
||
+ | ! colspan="2" scope="row"|1st |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|se |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|fúissi |
||
+ | | rowspan="6" style="text-align:center;border-color:gray;background-color:gray;"| |
||
+ | ''to go ''+ future |
||
+ | |||
+ | participle |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | ! colspan="2" scope="row"|2nd |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|ses |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|fúissis |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | ! colspan="2" scope="row"|3rd |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|set |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|fúissit |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | ! rowspan="3" scope="row"|Plural |
||
+ | ! colspan="2" scope="row"|1st |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|sems |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|fuisséms |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | ! colspan="2" scope="row"|2nd |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|seti |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|fuisséts |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | ! colspan="2" scope="row"|3rd |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|sen |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|fuissént |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | ! colspan="6" scope="row"|Optative |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | ! rowspan="3" scope="row"|Singular |
||
+ | ! colspan="2" scope="row"|1st |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|cossé |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|coffúissi |
||
+ | | rowspan="6" style="text-align:center;border-color:gray;background-color:gray;"| |
||
+ | ''to go ''+ future |
||
+ | |||
+ | participle |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | ! colspan="2" scope="row"|2nd |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|cossés |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|coffúissis |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | ! colspan="2" scope="row"|3rd |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|cossét |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|coffúissit |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | ! rowspan="3" scope="row"|Plural |
||
+ | ! colspan="2" scope="row"|1st |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|cosséms |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|coffuisséms |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | ! colspan="2" scope="row"|2nd |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|cosséti |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|coffuisséts |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | ! colspan="2" scope="row"|3rd |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|cossén |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|coffuissént |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | ! colspan="6" scope="row"|Misc. |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | ! colspan="3" scope="row"|Participle |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|istiéns |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|istíts |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|istitúz |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | ! rowspan="2" scope="row"|Imperative |
||
+ | ! rowspan="2" scope="row"|2nd |
||
+ | ! scope="row"|Sing |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|és |
||
+ | | rowspan="5" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-color:gray;background-color:gray;"| |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | ! scope="row"|Plur |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|isté |
||
+ | |} |
||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | ====Extra==== |
||
+ | : ''Gerund'' |
||
+ | |||
+ | To make the gerund, you take the present participle, and change the -n- to -d- (ex: dommiéns > dommiénd). The gerund declines like any other noun. The vowel stem in gerunds is '''a-e''', '''e-i''', and '''i-ia''' for Classes I, II, and III respectivally. |
||
+ | |||
+ | : ''Reflexive'' |
||
+ | |||
+ | Reflexives are made with the corresponding pronoun to the subject of the verb in the accusative. In the third person, there are special reflexive pronouns. |
||
+ | ====T-V Distinction==== |
||
+ | Note that when speaking to one's god, one would use the respectful form. |
||
+ | *'''T: '''use the singular form without the pronoun |
||
+ | *'''V:''' |
||
+ | **'''Respectful: '''use the singular form with the pronoun (note that emphasis of the pronoun is pejorative) |
||
+ | **'''Professional: '''use the plural form without the pronoun |
||
+ | **'''Formal: '''use the plural form with the pronoun (this is also used to those of higher social rank and by children to adults) |
||
+ | **'''Very Formal: '''use the plural form with the pronoun and the honorific before the pronoun (this may be ''sir ''or ''ma'am ''to ''your highness ''or even ''Mr./Mrs. President ''anything that mentions the rank or social status of the adressee) |
||
+ | ==Syntax== |
||
+ | ===Phrases=== |
||
+ | ====Prepositional==== |
||
+ | Being a head initial language, Shax puts its prepositions before the noun. Usually, the nominative case will be taken, but some prepositions use the oblique case historically. In all prepositional phrases however, |
||
+ | ====Nominal==== |
||
+ | =====Nouns with adjectives===== |
||
+ | A nominal phrase has the noun at the head with adjectives following it. Adjectives follow it in a logical order of which descibes the noun best or which is the most important quality. Therefore, a change in the adjective can also change the semantic of the noun. Though in colloquial speech, the order is irrelevant and one would simply list to their whim. |
||
+ | =====Genitive Nouns===== |
||
+ | The owner takes the oblique case and turns into a modifier, but it is placed before the owned noun. (''mus <u>patts</u> lop ''- "my father's wolf"). A more uncommon and overall formal way of making genitive phrases is with the preposition ''di'' which means "of", coming from Latin <small>DĒ</small> (''lop di mus pats'' - "the wolf of my father"). |
||
+ | ====Verbial==== |
||
+ | =====Personal Pronouns and Pejorative===== |
||
+ | Personal pronouns are rarely used in the nominative with verbs because the conjugation reveils this information already. As mentioned in ''T-V Distinction'' above, the emphasis of a pronoun in any T-V form is pejorative. This gets more and more pejorative as you get father from the particular T-V form: for example, using the basic T form to a king would be the ultimate pejorative in terms of morphology while using the ''Very Formal ''V form in a sarcastic tone to one of the same or lower social status would represent the same kind of offense. |
||
+ | =====Negation===== |
||
+ | The general negation marker is a ''non ''before the main verb and after the main pronoun. Though, specific types of negation may be placed by using ''non ''as a prefix (i.e.: nobody, never, nobody ever, no where). |
||
+ | =====Word Order===== |
||
+ | Pronouns and reflexives go before the verb (ex: ''I'm doing it ''= «<u>le</u> fáci»). |
||
+ | =====Other===== |
||
+ | *Supine: ''ųer ''+ gerund (ex: ''I went down to the pool to swim ''= «Cemav ad piscín ųer natáns») |
||
+ | ====Interrogative==== |
||
+ | For certain instances, you would make a question different ways: for simple questions with a noun and a verb, invert the noun and verb or change your intonation to a rising tone, [˩˥] (note that most questions like this would simply use the rising tone); for questions requiring an explination (using ''why'', ''how'', ''what'', etc), use the given phrase and the verb normally. More complex questions just use the rising intonation. |
||
+ | ===Clauses=== |
||
+ | =====Conditional Clauses===== |
||
+ | There are various conditional clauses (where ''X'' = the first verb and ''Y'' = the second verb separated by ''~̣̇''): |
||
+ | *if X is true, Y will happen (indicative.present ~̣̇ indicative.future) |
||
+ | *if X is true, Y would happen (indicative.present ~̣̇ subjunctive.present) |
||
+ | *if X will be true, Y will also happen (indicative.future ~̣̇ indicative.future) |
||
+ | *if X was true, Y would happen (indicative.past ~̣̇ subjunctive.present) |
||
+ | *if X was true, Y would have happended as well (indicative.past ~̣̇ subjunctive.past) |
||
+ | *if X be true, Y would happen (subjunctive.present ~̣̇ subjunctive.future) |
||
+ | *if X were true, Y would happen (subjunctive.past ~̣̇ subjunctive.present) |
||
+ | *if X will be true, Y would also happen (subjunctive.future ~̣̇ subjunctive.future) |
||
+ | *if X would have been true, Y would have happened (subjunctive.past ~̣̇ subjunctive.past) |
||
+ | *if X would have been true, Y will have heppended (subjunctvie.past ~̣̇ subjunctive.present) |
||
+ | |||
+ | In sentences where there is only a condition (like ''I'd do that''), the verb would be in the subjunctive. |
||
+ | |||
+ | '''Note '''that all conditional phrases begin with ''if'', «si». |
||
+ | =====Subordinate Clauses===== |
||
+ | These are introduced with either ''ųi ''(if it's a conjunction) or ''hod'' (if it's a pronoun)'''. '''The introductory words are necessary and almost never omitted except in ''very ''informal or uneducated speech. Subordinate clauses go after independent clauses and are separated by a comma before ''ųi'' ''or hod''. The verb conjugates to the person taking the nominative in the independent clause. Subjunctives can only happen after these words and ''si''. Note that nouns in a subordinate clause take the base case. |
||
+ | ===Copula=== |
||
+ | There are two auxillary verbs used for a copula: ''to be ''and ''to have''. These generally work in the same way as French. |
||
+ | ==Lexicon and Texts== |
||
+ | |||
+ | ===<span style="font-size:16px;">The Lord's Prayer</span>=== |
||
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 500px;" |
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 500px;" |
||
|- |
|- |
||
Line 566: | Line 1,061: | ||
!Text |
!Text |
||
| style="background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"| |
| style="background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"| |
||
− | + | Notts pats ųi é en cel, |
|
+ | Ųi tos nom cossét senctifhás. |
||
− | Țu nuẽ fua avedu xiadu. |
||
+ | Ųi ta renn covveniát. |
||
− | Țu renu fua vẽidu. |
||
+ | Ųi ta vuents cossét faciéns en Tér sic cus. |
||
− | Țu võda fua fadu Țerra ẽxa, |
||
+ | |||
− | Qui ele fua xiadu ẽxa. |
||
+ | Don nov pen di dés. |
||
− | Hoju, nu-dũa noși fãi cottíjnu. |
||
− | E: perrũa-nu noșir ițmer dés, |
||
− | Qui nu perrũamu fezũar cer nușa ițmén; |
||
− | E: no dui-nu țẽppaxu ẽxa, |
||
− | Maizu cã librén-nu mãu dés. |
||
− | Amen. |
||
|- |
|- |
||
!IPA |
!IPA |
||
Line 583: | Line 1,073: | ||
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Literal Translation |
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Literal Translation |
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+ | !Gloss |
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− | !Lit. 1 |
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+ | | style="background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"| |
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− | | style="background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|Our Father, who is heaven in,/ Your name will be having holiness/ Your dominion will be coming/ Your will will be doing Earth in,/ That it be heaven in./ Today, us-give our bread daily/And: forgive-us our sins from,/That we forgive people who us-against sin;/ And: lead-us not-into,/ But rather that free-us evil from./ Amen. |
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+ | our father.<small>BASE.SING</small> that be.<small>SING.3rd.INDIC.PRES</small> in sky.<small>BASE.SING</small>, that your.<small>SING.MAS</small> name.<small>BASE.SING</small> be.<small>SING.3rd.OPT.PRES</small> sanctify.<small>PART.PAST</small> . that your.<small>SING.FEM</small> Kingdom.<small>BASE.SING</small> come.<small>SING.3rd.OPT.PRES</small> . that your.<small>SING.FEM</small> will.<small>BASE.SING</small> be.<small>SING.3rd.OPT.PRES</small> done.<small>PART.PAST</small> in Earth.<small>BASE.SING</small> as sky.<small>OBL.SING</small> . give.<small>SING.2nd.IMP</small> we.<small>DAT</small> bread.<small>BASE.SING</small> of day.<small>BASE-SING</small> |
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|- |
|- |
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− | !Lit. |
+ | !Lit. |
+ | | style="background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"| |
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− | | style="background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"|Our father, who is in Heaven,/Your name be sacred./ Your kingdom come./Your will be done in Earth,/ As it be in heven./ Today, give us our daily bread./ And: forgive us for our sins,/ As we forgive people who sin to us,/ But rather that you free us from evil./ Amen. |
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===The Tower of Babel=== |
===The Tower of Babel=== |
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#Now the whole world had one language and a common speech. |
#Now the whole world had one language and a common speech. |
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− | #As men moved eastward, they found a plain in Shinar and settled there. |
+ | #As the men moved eastward, they found a plain in Shinar and settled there. |
#They said to each other, "Come, let's make bricks and bake them thoroughly." They used brick instead of stone, and tar for mortar. |
#They said to each other, "Come, let's make bricks and bake them thoroughly." They used brick instead of stone, and tar for mortar. |
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#Then they said, "Come, let us build ourselves a city, with a tower that reaches to the heavens, so that we may make a name for ourselves and not be scattered over the face of the whole earth." |
#Then they said, "Come, let us build ourselves a city, with a tower that reaches to the heavens, so that we may make a name for ourselves and not be scattered over the face of the whole earth." |
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+ | # |
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− | #’Llamũa, fezũar țodu loquì lẽgui o la’ja ipxa. |
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− | #Qui ’llamũa eledar fezũar errán égui Soi lia, elé djovrivrún flãi, apla Xn’ar, e éu șavlivși. |
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! scope="row"|Lit. 2 |
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+ | | style="background-color:rgb(245,245,245);"| |
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+ | ===Other Links=== |
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+ | *[[Standard Shax/GSFA|GSFA Sentences]] |
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+ | *[[Standard Shax/Excerpts|Excerpts]] |
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Latest revision as of 18:41, 7 October 2018
Shax – Morráni | |
---|---|
Morphological Type: | Synthetic |
Morphosyntactic Alignment: | Nominative-Accusative |
Linguistic Head: | Head Initial |
Word Order: | SVO, SOV* |
Tonal? | No |
Made by: | Maxseptillion77 |
General Information
This is the long lost North African romance language. It manifested in the Maghreb: specifically in modern-day Morocco, the Roman Empire's Mauritania. Shax's country is of the same name, Mauritania, in Shax, Morráni ([mɐrˈrani]). The East Roman Empire's side of North Africa was influenced by Greek and gave birth to Coptic and other such languages. Though, influence from Western Romance languages, namely Iberian, have made it closer to those such languages phonetically. Its sister language, Vandalic, followed a much different path, though is still highly respected among the inhabitants of Mauritania.
(*) Look at Word Order under Verbial in Syntax
In the photo, Morráni (Shax's constate) is in blue taking the place of modern day Morocco and parts of western Algeria. The Vandal Kingdom (Vandalic's constate) in purple is taking the place of Tunisia, coastal Algeria, Sicily, the Balearic Islands, Corsica, and Sardinia. Xarràña (Xarrano's constate) is in yellow taking the place of a conland around a volcano called Ezgo. Cirtania (Cirtanian's constate) is in dark blue next to Greece and is a fictional island that had been heavily influenced by Greece and Italy.
Sound Changes for Shax are here.
The lexicon is found here .
Phonology
Consonant
Bilabial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ŋ | ||
Plosive | p b | t d | k g | ||
Fricative | ɸ β | s z | h | ||
Liquid | w ʍ | l r | j |
All phonemes except [w], [j], and [ʍ] can be geminate. [ŋ] is only geminate as an allophone to [n] [wː] > [βː], [jː] > [jz], [ʍː] > [ɸʍ]
Note that [β], [ɸ], and [ʍ] are very unstable. [β] may also be [b] or [w] allophonically (usuallly [b] starting a word or before another consonant and [w] elsewhere). [ɸ] and [ʍ] also occasionally turn into [h] allophonically. Remember that these allophone are not considard standard and are phonemically their original/standard phoneme.
Vowel
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | i | u | |
Open-Mid | ɛ | ɔ | |
Near-Low | ɐ | ||
Low | a |
Stress
Stress falls on primarily on the closed syllable (except if it's ultimate) or a pre-rhotic syllable; if there isn't one of those conditions, the stress falls on the penultimate. Note that stress on the ultimate syllable is on an open syllable followed by a closed syllable in a two syllable word.
Orthography
Alphabet
Letter | Sound | Letter | Sound |
---|---|---|---|
A a | [ɐ], [a] | B b | [b] |
C c | [k] | D d | [d] |
E e | [ɛ] | F f | [ɸ] |
G g | [g] | H h | [h] |
I i | [i], [j] | J j | [j] |
K k | [k] | L l | [l] |
M m | [m] | N n | [n], [ŋ] |
O o | [ɔ], [ɐ] | P p | [p] |
Q q | [k] | Ų ų | [ʍ] |
R r | [r] | S s | [s] |
T t | [t] | U u | [u], [w] |
V v | [v] | X x | [ks] |
Y y | [i], [j] | Z z | [z] |
- (*) Ų looks more like a ɥ written (U with descender). Basically the written Armenian Z, զ.
- I and U are [j] and [w] respectially before and after another vowel except with an acute on it.
- Stressed A and O are [a] and [ɔ] respectivally
- N is [ŋ] before C, K, Q, and X
- K, Q, and W are purely etymological (W isn't considard part of the alphabet but a foreign letter; to type it on a keyboard in Shax, one would press control+shift+grave V. Q is replaced by Ų on the keyboard; to write Q, one would press control+shift+grave Ų).
Multigraphs
Letters | Sound |
---|---|
double letter | geminate |
ng | [ŋ(g)] |
qû | [k] |
- NG is [ng] intervocallically
- QÛ is used for etymological purposes
Diacritics
Letter | Sound |
---|---|
acute | stress |
grave | homophone |
Á á | [ˈa] |
Ó ó | [ˈɔ] |
 â | [a] |
Ô ô | [ɔ] |
Û û | [ɐ] |
- Very important to note that the acute is used on every word to mark stress except those with only one vowel since the stress is obvious :) ; Also, in cursive and unofficial works, the stress mark is usually left out unless it could be confused
Grammar
Nouns and Modifiers
Noun Declension
Noun cases simplified very quickly: they were standardized quickly based gender where the feminine 1st and 5th merged and the masculine 3st, 2nd, and 4th merged. There are two cases: base and oblique. The base case is used in the nominative, most prepositional cases, and accusative, and oblique in most other cases. Sometimes a certain preposition will require the oblique case.
Masculine
V - vowel base. The vowel base can be (base-oblique): e-o, i-a, o-u, u-a, i-u, a-o. The vowel base comes from the original Latin forms in the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th declensions. There is no standard way of knowing the vowel base just from the word itself, but most will follow the i-u structure. The stem and vowel are separated by either h or j (j for after e or i, and h elsewhere) if the stem already ends in a vowel.
A common irregularity is nouns that end in -s: in the oblique, the consonant that precedes the S becomes geminite, or the S becomes geminite if it stands alone (e.g., pats, father, in the singular oblique becomes patts). Another irregularity is with L which, before a consonant, becomes u (as a /w/). Because it happened before certain vowel combinations merged, it may appear as a U, O, or AU, as the old sound change was /ɛw > u/, /ɔw > aw/, and /aw > ɔ/ (e.g., cel, sky, in the singular oblique becomes cus).
Masculine
Base | Oblique | |
---|---|---|
Singular | - | -s |
Plural | -V | -Vr |
Feminine
V - vowel base. The separation of stem vowel to affix vowel is the same as in the masculine.
Base | Oblique | |
---|---|---|
Singular | - | -e |
Plural | -e | -er |
Adjective Declension
Adjectives have been heavily simplified. Feminine adjectives follow the first declension nouns. Masculine nouns follow the structure of stem for singular and stem-s for plural. Though, there are a relatively good amount of irregulars. The basic declension:
Masculine | Feminine | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Base | Oblique | Base | Oblique | ||
Positive | Singular | - | -s | - | -e |
Plural | -i | -ur | -e | -er | |
Comparative | Singular | -ô | -ue | -â | -ie |
Plural | -ôs | -ues | -âs | -ies | |
Superlative | Singular | -éssm | -éssmu | -éssm | -éssme |
Plural | -éssmi | -éssme | -éssmâ |
Suffixes
- -ins: demonym
- -ans: makes an adjective from latin and greek nouns
- -(û)s: makes an adjective from the gerund of a verb; makes a gerundive
- -í: makes an adjective from Arabic nouns
- -phón: identifies a language or area/people that speak[s] the specific language
- -tór: makes a "doer" noun
- See others in the lexicon
Pronouns
Pronouns are unique in Shax as they take the nominative, accusative, dative, genitive, emphatic, and possessive cases. They are placed before the verb rather than after.
Personal
Emphatic corralates to the Latin vocative, the English marked-nominative, and the French stressed pronouns
Singular | Plural | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nom. | Acc. | Dat. | Gen. | Emph. | Nom. | Acc. | Dat. | Gen. | Emph. | ||
First | ju | mi | mej, maj | mé | nos | nov | notts | nós | |||
Second | tu | ti | tiv | ti, ta | té | vos | vov | vetts | bós | ||
Third | Masculine | es | jun | ej | si | és | ji | jor | jis | jor | éj |
Feminine | as | jan | aj | sa | ás | je | jar | jar | |||
Reflexive | se | sev | sem | sevûm |
Possessive
Owner ↓ | Owned → | Singular | Plural | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mas | Fem | Mas | Fem | ||
First | Singular | mus | ma | mej | me |
Plural | notts | nottsi | |||
Second | Singular | tus | ta | toj | te |
Plural | votts | vottsi | |||
Third | Singular | sus | sa | soj | se |
Plural | jor | jar | jor | jar |
Verbs
In the indicative, the past tense was formed from the Latin perfect tense. The future, as most Romance Languages, was formed from the indicative + HABĒRE construction.
The subjunctive in Shax is used in hypothetical situations, if statements, that clauses (that are subordinant to must, shall, can, wish, want, and occasionally need), and various other phrases. The future is made through a paraphrastic phrase. The optative was formed in a similar way to the future. The subjunctive was growing to be less "optative" semantically, therefore the requirement for copér, to wish, to go before the main verb in the 3rd singular person (the main verb is still conjugated) was developed. Eventually, they mixed semantically and syntactually and like the future in Shax, became a new conjugation. This developed into two prefixes: co- before consonants where the consonant in geminate, and cop- before vowels. Note that these prefixes can never be stressed.
The imperitive is identified by how it does not use a pronoun (where the other moods do). The subjunctive imperitive, or jussive, came about by the conjugating divér, must, in the subjunctive present and the imperitive.
The origininal Latin 3rd conjugation merged into the 2nd, 4th, or Irregular Class depending of the verb. Note that arabic loan verbs will use the Class II conjugation usually.
Paraphrastic Phrases
The subjunctive and optative futures are formed by to go in the present of either subjunctive or optative and the future participle. The passive is formed by a paraphrastic phrase of to be in the desired tense and the present participle.
Morphology
Class I
Paradigm | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
potar [pɐˈtar] | |||||
Indicative | Present | Past | Future | ||
Singular | 1st | pot | potáu | potarávu | |
2nd | potás | potást | potarávis | ||
3rd | potát | potád | potarávit | ||
Plural | 1st | potáms | potávims | potarvéms | |
2nd | potáts | potávits | potaréts | ||
3rd | potánt | potavént | potarvén | ||
Subjunctive | |||||
Singular | 1st | pot | potuér |
to go + future participle | |
2nd | pots | potuéz | |||
3rd | pott | potuétt | |||
Plural | 1st | potéms | potuémms | ||
2nd | potéts | potuétts | |||
3rd | potént | potuénnt | |||
Optative | |||||
Singular | 1st | coppót | coppotuér |
to go + future participle | |
2nd | coppóts | coppotuéz | |||
3rd | coppótt | coppotuétt | |||
Plural | 1st | coppotéms | coppotuémms | ||
2nd | coppotéts | coppotuétts | |||
3rd | coppotént | coppotuénnt | |||
Extra | |||||
Participle | potáns | potáts | potatúz | ||
Imperative | 2nd | Singular | potá | ||
Plural | potát |
Class II
Paradigm | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
timér [tiˈmɛr] - to fear | |||||
Indicative | Present | Past | Future | ||
Singular | 1st | tímu | timué | timerávu | |
2nd | timés | timuést | timerávis | ||
3rd | timét | timuéd | timerávit | ||
Plural | 1st | timéms | timuéms | timervéms | |
2nd | timéts | timuéts | timervéts | ||
3rd | timént | timuént | timervén | ||
Subjunctive | |||||
Singular | 1st | tim | timuér |
to go + future participle | |
2nd | tims | timuéz | |||
3rd | timt | timuétt | |||
Plural | 1st | timáms | timuémms | ||
2nd | timáts | timuétts | |||
3rd | timánt | timuénnt | |||
Optative | |||||
Singular | 1st | cottim | cottimuér |
to go + future participle | |
2nd | cottims | cottimuéz | |||
3rd | cottimt | cottimuétt | |||
Plural | 1st | cottimáms | cottimuémms | ||
2nd | cottimáts | cottimuétts | |||
3rd | cottimánt | cottimuénnt | |||
Extra | |||||
Participle | timéns | timíts | timitúz | ||
Imperitive | 2nd | Sing | timé | ||
Plur | timét |
Class III
Paradigm | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
dommiár [dɐmˈmjar] - to sleep | |||||
Indicative | Present | Past | Future | ||
Singular | 1st | dómmi | dommíu | dommirávu | |
2nd | dommís | dommíst | dommirávis | ||
3rd | dommít | dommíd | dommirávit | ||
Plural | 1st | dommíms | dommívims | dommirvéms | |
2nd | dommíts | dommívits | dommirvéts | ||
3rd | dommiónt | dommivúnt | dommirvén | ||
Subjunctive | |||||
Singular | 1st | dómmi | dommuír |
to go + future participle | |
2nd | dommiás | dommuíz | |||
3rd | dommiát | dommuítt | |||
Plural | 1st | dommiáms | dommuímms | ||
2nd | dommiáts | dommuítts | |||
3rd | dommiánt | dommuínnt | |||
Optative | |||||
Singular | 1st | coddommi | coddommuír |
to go + future participle | |
2nd | coddommiás | coddommuíz | |||
3rd | coddommiát | coddommuítt | |||
Plural | 1st | coddommiáms | coddommuímms | ||
2nd | coddommiáts | coddommuítts | |||
3rd | coddommiánt | coddommuínnt | |||
Extra | |||||
Participle | dommiéns | dommíts | dommitúz | ||
Imperative | 2nd | Sing | dommí | ||
Plur | dommít |
estiár - to be
Paradigm | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
estiár [ɛsˈtjar] - to sleep | |||||
Indicative | Present | Past | Future | ||
Singular | 1st | su | fúi | sirávu | |
2nd | es | fúis | sirávis | ||
3rd | é | fúit | sirávit | ||
Plural | 1st | sums | fúims | sirvéms | |
2nd | esti | fúisti | sirvéts | ||
3rd | sun | fuirúnt | sirvén | ||
Subjunctive | |||||
Singular | 1st | se | fúissi |
to go + future participle | |
2nd | ses | fúissis | |||
3rd | set | fúissit | |||
Plural | 1st | sems | fuisséms | ||
2nd | seti | fuisséts | |||
3rd | sen | fuissént | |||
Optative | |||||
Singular | 1st | cossé | coffúissi |
to go + future participle | |
2nd | cossés | coffúissis | |||
3rd | cossét | coffúissit | |||
Plural | 1st | cosséms | coffuisséms | ||
2nd | cosséti | coffuisséts | |||
3rd | cossén | coffuissént | |||
Misc. | |||||
Participle | istiéns | istíts | istitúz | ||
Imperative | 2nd | Sing | és | ||
Plur | isté |
Extra
- Gerund
To make the gerund, you take the present participle, and change the -n- to -d- (ex: dommiéns > dommiénd). The gerund declines like any other noun. The vowel stem in gerunds is a-e, e-i, and i-ia for Classes I, II, and III respectivally.
- Reflexive
Reflexives are made with the corresponding pronoun to the subject of the verb in the accusative. In the third person, there are special reflexive pronouns.
T-V Distinction
Note that when speaking to one's god, one would use the respectful form.
- T: use the singular form without the pronoun
- V:
- Respectful: use the singular form with the pronoun (note that emphasis of the pronoun is pejorative)
- Professional: use the plural form without the pronoun
- Formal: use the plural form with the pronoun (this is also used to those of higher social rank and by children to adults)
- Very Formal: use the plural form with the pronoun and the honorific before the pronoun (this may be sir or ma'am to your highness or even Mr./Mrs. President anything that mentions the rank or social status of the adressee)
Syntax
Phrases
Prepositional
Being a head initial language, Shax puts its prepositions before the noun. Usually, the nominative case will be taken, but some prepositions use the oblique case historically. In all prepositional phrases however,
Nominal
Nouns with adjectives
A nominal phrase has the noun at the head with adjectives following it. Adjectives follow it in a logical order of which descibes the noun best or which is the most important quality. Therefore, a change in the adjective can also change the semantic of the noun. Though in colloquial speech, the order is irrelevant and one would simply list to their whim.
Genitive Nouns
The owner takes the oblique case and turns into a modifier, but it is placed before the owned noun. (mus patts lop - "my father's wolf"). A more uncommon and overall formal way of making genitive phrases is with the preposition di which means "of", coming from Latin DĒ (lop di mus pats - "the wolf of my father").
Verbial
Personal Pronouns and Pejorative
Personal pronouns are rarely used in the nominative with verbs because the conjugation reveils this information already. As mentioned in T-V Distinction above, the emphasis of a pronoun in any T-V form is pejorative. This gets more and more pejorative as you get father from the particular T-V form: for example, using the basic T form to a king would be the ultimate pejorative in terms of morphology while using the Very Formal V form in a sarcastic tone to one of the same or lower social status would represent the same kind of offense.
Negation
The general negation marker is a non before the main verb and after the main pronoun. Though, specific types of negation may be placed by using non as a prefix (i.e.: nobody, never, nobody ever, no where).
Word Order
Pronouns and reflexives go before the verb (ex: I'm doing it = «le fáci»).
Other
- Supine: ųer + gerund (ex: I went down to the pool to swim = «Cemav ad piscín ųer natáns»)
Interrogative
For certain instances, you would make a question different ways: for simple questions with a noun and a verb, invert the noun and verb or change your intonation to a rising tone, [˩˥] (note that most questions like this would simply use the rising tone); for questions requiring an explination (using why, how, what, etc), use the given phrase and the verb normally. More complex questions just use the rising intonation.
Clauses
Conditional Clauses
There are various conditional clauses (where X = the first verb and Y = the second verb separated by ~̣̇):
- if X is true, Y will happen (indicative.present ~̣̇ indicative.future)
- if X is true, Y would happen (indicative.present ~̣̇ subjunctive.present)
- if X will be true, Y will also happen (indicative.future ~̣̇ indicative.future)
- if X was true, Y would happen (indicative.past ~̣̇ subjunctive.present)
- if X was true, Y would have happended as well (indicative.past ~̣̇ subjunctive.past)
- if X be true, Y would happen (subjunctive.present ~̣̇ subjunctive.future)
- if X were true, Y would happen (subjunctive.past ~̣̇ subjunctive.present)
- if X will be true, Y would also happen (subjunctive.future ~̣̇ subjunctive.future)
- if X would have been true, Y would have happened (subjunctive.past ~̣̇ subjunctive.past)
- if X would have been true, Y will have heppended (subjunctvie.past ~̣̇ subjunctive.present)
In sentences where there is only a condition (like I'd do that), the verb would be in the subjunctive.
Note that all conditional phrases begin with if, «si».
Subordinate Clauses
These are introduced with either ųi (if it's a conjunction) or hod (if it's a pronoun). The introductory words are necessary and almost never omitted except in very informal or uneducated speech. Subordinate clauses go after independent clauses and are separated by a comma before ųi or hod. The verb conjugates to the person taking the nominative in the independent clause. Subjunctives can only happen after these words and si. Note that nouns in a subordinate clause take the base case.
Copula
There are two auxillary verbs used for a copula: to be and to have. These generally work in the same way as French.
Lexicon and Texts
The Lord's Prayer
Prayer | |
---|---|
English | |
Our Father, who art in heaven, Hallowed be thy Name. Thy Kingdom come. Thy will be done on earth, As it is in heaven. Give us this day our daily bread. And forgive us our trespasses, As we forgive those who trespasses against us; And lead us not into temptation, But deliver us from evil. Amen. | |
Shax | |
Text |
Notts pats ųi é en cel, Ųi tos nom cossét senctifhás. Ųi ta renn covveniát. Ųi ta vuents cossét faciéns en Tér sic cus. Don nov pen di dés. |
IPA | |
Literal Translation | |
Gloss |
our father.BASE.SING that be.SING.3rd.INDIC.PRES in sky.BASE.SING, that your.SING.MAS name.BASE.SING be.SING.3rd.OPT.PRES sanctify.PART.PAST . that your.SING.FEM Kingdom.BASE.SING come.SING.3rd.OPT.PRES . that your.SING.FEM will.BASE.SING be.SING.3rd.OPT.PRES done.PART.PAST in Earth.BASE.SING as sky.OBL.SING . give.SING.2nd.IMP we.DAT bread.BASE.SING of day.BASE-SING |
Lit. |
The Tower of Babel
Exerpt: Genesis 11 | |
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English | |
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Shax | |
Text |
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IPA | |
Literal Translation | |
Lit. 1 | |
Lit. 2 |
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