Paolon

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Type
Alignment
Head direction
Tonal
No
Declensions
No
Conjugations
No
Genders
No
Nouns decline according to...
Case	Number
Definiteness	Gender
Verbs conjugate according to...
Voice	Mood
Person	Number
Tense	Aspect

Phonology

Consonants

	Bilabial	Labio-dental	Dental	Alveolar	Post-alveolar	Retroflex	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Pharyngeal	Epiglottal	Glottal
Nasal
Plosive
Fricative
Affricate
Approximant
Trill
Flap or tap
Lateral fric.
Lateral app.
Lateral flap

Vowels

	Front	Near-front	Central	Near-back	Back
Close
Near-close
Close-mid
Mid
Open-mid
Near-open
Open

Grammar

	Gender	Cases	Numbers	Tenses	Persons	Moods	Voices	Aspects
Verb	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No
Nouns	No	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	No	No
Adjectives	No	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	No	No
Numbers	No	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	No	No
Participles	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	No
Adverb	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Pronouns	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	No
Adpositions	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Article	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Particle	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No

Verbs

Paolonese verbs are conjugated for ...

1. their person: 1., 2. and 3. person

2. their number: singular and plural

3. their tense: present, past and future as well as participle constructions

4. their voice: active and passive

5. their mood: indicative, subjunctive and imperative

Paolon has 4 different conjugations, based on the suffix vowel of the verbal stem. Because Paolon uses apophony to conjugate verbs, you have to know the verbal apophony row.

	a conjugation	i conjugation	o conjugation	u conjugation
1. sound	a	i	o	u
2. sound	ä	e	ö	ü
3. sound	au	ei	ou	ui

Note that only the 1. sound can be the suffix vowel of a verb - because of that, all verbs end in either a, i, o or u.

Being in a certain conjugation has nothing to do with the meaning of the verb. However, there are some basic rules for which verbs belong in which conjugation.

1. a conjugation: Usually, verbs of movement are in this group (to go, to walk, to swim ...).

2. i conjugation: Usually, verbs of feeling/perception are in this group (to love, to hate, to see ...).

3. o conjugation: Usually, verbs of "mental activity" are in this group (to think, to speak, to write ...).

4. u conjugation: Usually, verbs of change are in this group (to grow up, to die ...).

With these rows, we can form all infinitives of Paolon which are needed for the conjugations (VS stands for "verbal stem").

	a conjugation	i conjugation	o conjugation	u conjugation
Infinitive Present	VSa	VSi	VSo	VSu
Infinitive Past	VSä	VSe	VSö	VSü
Infinitive Future	VSau	VSei	VSou	VSui

With the 3 infinitives, we can now form all other verb forms.

1. For the present tense conjugation, the following prefixes have to be attached to the "Infinitive Present".

2. For the past tense conjugation, the following prefixes have to be attached to the "Infinitive Past".

3. For the future tense conjugation, the following prefixes have to be attached to the "Infinitive Past".

Active + indicative	Personal Pronoun	a conjugation	i conjugation	o conjugation	u conjugation
1. Person Singular	ler	-r
2. Person Singular	shuk	-k
3. Person Singular	thon	-n
1. Person Plural	aim	-m
2. Person Plural	dhool	-l
3. Person Plural	sudh	-dh

Active + subjunctive	Personal Pronoun	a conjugation	i conjugation	o conjugation	u conjugation
1. Person Singular	lem	-yar	-yir	-yor	-yur
2. Person Singular	shuk	-yak	-yik	-yok	-yuk
3. Person Singular	thon	-yan	-yin	-yon	-yun
1. Person Plural	ain	-yam	-yim	-yom	-yum
2. Person Plural	dhool	-yal	-yil	-yol	-yul
3. Person Plural	sudh	-yadh	-yidh	-yodh	-yudh

Passive + indicative	Personal Pronoun	a conjugation	i conjugation	o conjugation	u conjugation
1. Person Singular	lem	-x
2. Person Singular	shuk	-g
3. Person Singular	thon	-s
1. Person Plural	ain	-p
2. Person Plural	dhool	-sh
3. Person Plural	sudh	-f

Passive + subjunctive	Personal Pronoun	a conjugation	i conjugation	o conjugation	u conjugation
1. Person Singular	lem	-yax	-yix	-yox	-yux
2. Person Singular	shuk	-yag	-yig	-yog	-yug
3. Person Singular	thon	-yas	-yis	-yos	-yus
1. Person Plural	ain	-yap	-yip	-yop	-yup
2. Person Plural	dhool	-yash	-yish	-yosh	-yush
3. Person Plural	sudh	-yaf	-yif	-yof	-yuf

The "imperative" is somewhat different from the other moods. It can only be used in the present and in the future because it gives orders - and the past is already over and unchangeable. So, it would be stupid to try giving orders to something in the past.

The "imperative" is formed by adding the following suffixes to the corresponding infinitive.

	a conjugation	i conjugation	o conjugation	u conjugation
Imperative Present	-zhye		-luu
Imperative Future	-pla		-foun

Alternatively, the "subjunctive" can be used to give orders.

Participles are a way of giving more detailed information about different time stages - this is needed since Paolon only has 3 actual tenses.

Both the "Infinitive Past" and the "Infinitive Future" can build 3 participles by attaching the following suffixes to them. The "Infinitive Present" can only build the "Participle Present". The reason for this is the definitons of the participles.

The "Participle Past" expresses that something happens BEFORE the reference point (which is the tense of the infinitive).

The "Participle Present" expresses that something happens AT THE SAME TIME AS the reference point.

The "Participle Future" expresses that something happens AFTER the reference point.

It is crucial to understand that all participle information is within the reference tense - if we form participles from the "Infinitive Past", all actions described by the participles will be in the past. Even though something happened "after the past (tense)", it is still in the past. The same applies for the "Infinitive Future". This is the reason why these infinitves can form all participles as both the past and future are infinitly large. The present is not infinitly large like the past or the future. The present is only a point in time - we couldn't stay within the present when we use "before" or "after" because these words need additional time points (which don't exist in the present). In the case of the present, the actual past and future tense express the ideas of "before" and "after".

	a conjugation	i conjugation	o conjugation	u conjugation
Participle Past	-rs		-lt
Participle Present	-rt		-lk
Participle Future	-rk		-ls

Note that all participles are active and indicative. The participles can also be used as adjectives (#adjectives).

Here is a visualisation of the tense/participle system as the whole:

Past Participle Past	Past AND Past Participle Present	Past Participle Future	Present AND Present Participle Present	Future Participle Past	Future AND Future Participle Present	Future  Participle Future

Nouns

In Paolon, nouns are declined for ...

1. their number: singular and plural

2. their case: nominative, accusative, locative, temporative, adessive, ablative, genetive, comparative and instructive

3.1. Nominative: basic form of a noun, subject of the sentence, agent in active constructions, patient in passive constructions

3.2. Accusative: direct object which an action is done to, patient in active constructions

3.3. Locative: place

3.4. Temporative: time

3.5. Adessive: direction towards something (as in movement), indirect object (as the action is done in "its direction"), future goal (a future reason for ...)

3.6. Ablative: direction away from something (as in movement), agent in passive constructions, past reason (as in what you want to flee from)

3.7. Genetive: possession, quality

3.8. Comparative: comparison

3.9. Inctructive: means or instruments for an action

Just like verbs are in different conjugations, nouns also have different declinations depending on how the stem of a noun ends.

Singular

	Short vowel	Long vowel or Diphthong	Consonant
Nominative	-
Accusative	-zh	-a
Locative	-l	-o
Temporative	-rf	-u
Adessive	-t	-ö
Ablative	-s	-ä
Genetive	-n	-e
Comparative	-v	-i
Instructive	-x	-ü

Plural

	Short vowel	Diphthong	Consonant
Nominative	-(V)m	-m	-au
Accusative	-(V)k	-k	-iu
Locative	-(V)sh	-sh	-oi
Temporative	-(V)ft	-ft	-ai
Adessive	-(V)lp	-lp	-ou
Ablative	-(V)d	-d	-ao
Genetive	-(V)rd	-rd	-aa
Comparative	-(V)xt	-xt	-ie
Instructive	-(V)st	-st	-ii

Adjectives

In Paolon, adjectives are declined for ...

1. their number: singular and plural

2. their case: nominative, accusative, locative, temporative, adessive, ablative, genetive, comparative and instructive

3. their grade of comparison: positive, positive comparative, positive superlative, negative comparative and negative superlative

3.1. Positive: qualitiy

3.2. Positive comparative: more of a quality

3.3. Positive superlative: most of a quality

3.4. Negative comparative: less of a quality

3.5. Negative superlative: least of a quality

The number/case declension of adjectives is identical to noun declension.

The grade of comparison is indicated by an infix which is put between the word stem and the number/case suffix.

	Short vowel	Diphthong	Consonant
Positive	-
Positive comparative	-va-	-rei-	-us-
Positive superlative	-vä-	-roi-	-ush-
Negative comparative	-lo-	-pau-	-od-
Negative superlative	-lö-	-pai-	-ort-

Note that an adjective in the positive/negative comparative usually demands a reference point in the comparative case. King Schnack (talk) 20:56, December 25, 2014 (UTC)

Numbers

In Paolon, numbers can behave in two different ways, namely ...

1. like a noun: In this case, the number is declined just like any other noun

2. like an adjective: In this case, the number is declined just like any other adjective. However, as numbers represent absolute ideas, you can't grade them.

Numbers are created in a similar way to the English system - small numbers are put together to form bigger numbers. However, in Paolon, the order of the digits is reversed - the ones are said first, then the tens, then the hundreds ...

Numbers from 0-9:

	Paolon
0	Tus
1	Loon
2	Sha
3	Ven
4	Plom
5	Flux
6	Tüüt
7	Kaar
8	Kant
9	Suzh

Tens from 10-90:

	Paolon
10	Loonidh
20	Shadh
30	Venidh
40	Plomidh
50	Fluxidh
60	Tüütidh
70	Kaaridh
80	Kantidh
90	Sushidh

Other important numbers:

	Paolon
100	Kraa
1,000	Thoon
1,000,000	Yext

If a number is written in words and not in digits, the single numbers combine to one word. However, an "-" is added between the individual numbers.

Adverbs In Paolon, adverbs are used to describe everything but nouns.

Adverbs can have their own word stems or they can be derivid from adjectives or participles by adding the following suffixes to stem + grad of comparison infix:

	Short vowel	Diphthong	Consonant
Suffix	-he	-he	-ihe

Pronouns

In Paolon, pronouns can be used instead of nouns. As they function as nouns, they are declinated accordingly.

Paolon has different types of pronouns:

1. Personal pronouns

2. Possessive pronouns

3. Reflexive pronouns

4. Demonstrative pronouns

Vocabulary

No.	English
1	I	—
2	you (singular)	—
3	he	—
4	we	—
5	you (plural)	—
6	they	—
7	this	—
8	that	—
9	here	—
10	there	—
11	who	—
12	what	—
13	where	—
14	when	—
15	how	—
16	not	—
17	all	—
18	many	—
19	some	—
20	few	—
21	other	—
22	one	—
23	two	—
24	three	—
25	four	—
26	five	—
27	big	—
28	long	—
29	wide	—
30	thick	—
31	heavy	—
32	small	—
33	short	—
34	narrow	—
35	thin	—
36	woman	—
37	man (adult male)	—
38	man (human being)	—
39	child	—
40	wife	—
41	husband	—
42	mother	—
43	father	—
44	animal	—
45	fish	—
46	bird	—
47	dog	—
48	louse	—
49	snake	—
50	worm	—
51	tree	—
52	forest	—
53	stick	—
54	fruit	—
55	seed	—
56	leaf	—
57	root	—
58	bark	—
59	flower	—
60	grass	—
61	rope	—
62	skin	—
63	meat	—
64	blood	—
65	bone	—
66	fat	—
67	egg	—
68	horn	—
69	tail	—
70	feather	—
71	hair	—
72	head	—
73	ear	—
74	eye	—
75	nose	—
76	mouth	—
77	tooth	—
78	tongue	—
79	fingernail	—
80	foot	—
81	leg	—
82	knee	—
83	hand	—
84	wing	—
85	belly	—
86	guts	—
87	neck	—
88	back	—
89	breast	—
90	heart	—
91	liver	—
92	drink	—
93	eat	—
94	bite	—
95	suck	—
96	spit	—
97	vomit	—
98	blow	—
99	breathe	—
100	laugh	—
101	see	—
102	hear	—
103	know	—
104	think	—
105	smell	—
106	fear	—
107	sleep	—
108	live	—
109	die	—
110	kill	—
111	fight	—
112	hunt	—
113	hit	—
114	cut	—
115	split	—
116	stab	—
117	scratch	—
118	dig	—
119	swim	—
120	fly	—
121	walk	—
122	come	—
123	lie	—
124	sit	—
125	stand	—
126	turn	—
127	fall	—
128	give	—
129	hold	—
130	squeeze	—
131	rub	—
132	wash	—
133	wipe	—
134	pull	—
135	push	—
136	throw	—
137	tie	—
138	sew	—
139	count	—
140	say	—
141	sing	—
142	play	—
143	float	—
144	flow	—
145	freeze	—
146	swell	—
147	sun	—
148	moon	—
149	star	—
150	water	—
151	rain	—
152	river	—
153	lake	—
154	sea	—
155	salt	—
156	stone	—
157	sand	—
158	dust	—
159	earth	—
160	cloud	—
161	fog	—
162	sky	—
163	wind	—
164	snow	—
165	ice	—
166	smoke	—
167	fire	—
168	ash	—
169	burn	—
170	road	—
171	mountain	—
172	red	—
173	green	—
174	yellow	—
175	white	—
176	black	—
177	night	—
178	day	—
179	year	—
180	warm	—
181	cold	—
182	full	—
183	new	—
184	old	—
185	good	—
186	bad	—
187	rotten	—
188	dirty	—
189	straight	—
190	round	—
191	sharp	—
192	dull	—
193	smooth	—
194	wet	—
195	dry	—
196	correct	—
197	near	—
198	far	—
199	right	—
200	left	—
201	at	—
202	in	—
203	with	—
204	and	—
205	if	—
206	because	—
207	name	—