By all means, take a look around. Thank you.
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This page is basically a English-translated English-rewritten version of 帕提语.
Patchélogue | |||||||||||||
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Type | Fusional | ||||||||||||
Alignment | Nominative-Accusative | ||||||||||||
Head direction | Mixed | ||||||||||||
Tonal | No | ||||||||||||
Declensions | Yes | ||||||||||||
Conjugations | Yes | ||||||||||||
Genders | 2 | ||||||||||||
Nouns decline according to... | |||||||||||||
Case | Number | ||||||||||||
Definiteness | Gender | ||||||||||||
Verbs conjugate according to... | |||||||||||||
Voice | Mood | ||||||||||||
Person | Number | ||||||||||||
Tense | Aspect | ||||||||||||
Meta-information | |||||||||||||
Progress | 69% | ||||||||||||
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Creator | 简体中文使用者 |
Classification and Dialects
Patigulh(/'pʌtɪgʊl/, Vżɑiκṡu/'pʰatʰik⁼uɫʷ/, lit."Language of vanila") is an artlang created by Kaihan Zhang, a Chinese student.
In the Patigulh universe, Patigulh is spoken by about 120 million people in Patikyo and is the official language of it. Numerous colloquial varieties also exist.
Patikyo(/'pʰatʰikʰjou/, lit."Land of vanila") is a great empire in an alternate universe which is far from ours.
Phonology
The stress is always on the syllable before the last one.
Vovel
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
High | i y | ɨ~ɿ~ʅ | u |
Mid | e ø | o | |
Low | ᴀ~a |
- When [ɨ] appears after [s/ts⁼/tsʰ], it becomes [ɿ],when after [ʂ/tʂ⁼/tʂʰ], it becomes[ʅ],otherwise [ɨ/ɿ/ʅ] is all acceptable.
- Both[ᴀ/a] is acceptable.
Consonants
Bilabial | Alveolar | Post-alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |||
Plosive | plain | p⁼ | t⁼ | k⁼ | |||
aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | kʰ | ʔ | |||
Fricative | f | s | ʃ~ʂ | (ɕ) | x | ||
Africative | plain | ts⁼ | tʃ⁼~tʂ⁼ | (tɕ⁼) | |||
aspirated | tsʰ | tʃʰ~tʂʰ | (tɕʰ) | ||||
Approximant | ʋ~w | l ɬʷ | ɹ | j |
- [h/kʰ/k⁼] are palatalised [ɕ/tɕʰ/tɕ⁼] before [i], but the spelling doesn't change.
- [pʰ/tʰ/kʰ] are disaspiratised [p⁼/t⁼/k⁼] after[s/ʂ], the spelling also change.
- [p⁼/t⁼/k⁼] are unreleased [p̚/t̚/k̚] at the end of a syllable.
Writing System
Patigulh is written in Higilsamo(/'xitɕ⁼iɬsamo/, lit."Saint-letter"), which looks like Latin letters. The reason is that a passing-by time-traveller accidently dropped his comic books into the Patigulh universe when getting lost in time-axis.
The Latin transliteration below is never used by Patikio people, only by the author, in order to make Patigulh more readable.
Theream are 27 letters in Higilsamo.
Letter | ᐯv ʋ | ㄚy ʯ | ᐱʌ л | 人ʎ ɦ |
---|---|---|---|---|
Phonetic | pʰ ‹p› | f ‹f› | p⁼ ‹b› | m ‹m› |
Letter | ᐃɑ ɑ | ᗅq ɋ | ᐁɒ ɒ | ᗄb ɓ |
Phonetic | tʰ ‹t› | s ‹s› | t⁼ ‹d› | ʃ~ʂ ‹c› |
Letter | ꓘᴚ ᴚ | ᖷʞ ʞ | 𝖪ĸ ʀ | ᖶk ƙ |
Phonetic | kʰ ‹k› | x ‹h› | k⁼ ‹g› | ʔ ‹'› |
Letter | ⨅n n | ᒣƞ ɳ | ⨆u u | ᒪև և |
Phonetic | l ‹l› | n ‹n› | ɫʷ ‹lh› | ŋ ‹ng› |
Letter | Γſ l | Iʃ ʃ | Jȷ ȷ |
---|---|---|---|
Phonetic | j ‹y› | ɹ ‹j› | w ‹w› |
Letter | İi ì | Żż z̀ | Ṡṡ s̀ |
Phonetic | i ‹i› | ᴀ~a ‹a› | u ‹u› |
Letter | Ịı̣ ı̗ | Ẓẓ z̗ | Ṣṣ s̗ |
Phonetic | e ‹e› | ɨ ‹r› | o ‹o› |
Letter | Ṩṩ s̗̀ | Ị̇ẓ̇ ı̗̀ | |
Phonetic | oʊ ‹ou› | aɪ ‹ai› |
Letter | ɑq | ɒq | ɑb | ɒb | ṡi | ṣı̣ | ᴚi | ʞi | κi |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Phonetic | tsʰ ‹ts› | ts⁼ ‹ds› | tʃ~tʂʰ ‹tc› | tʃ~tʂ⁼ ‹dc› | y ‹ui› | ø ‹oe› | tɕʰi ‹qi› | ɕi ‹xi› | tɕ⁼i ‹zi› |
ᴚiṩ(qiou) is pronounced as /tɕʰiou/, and ᴚſṩ(kyou) is pronounced as /kjou/:
- Kı̣ƞqṩᴚſṣ(Gensoukyo)"Fantasy-land" VS Kı̣ƞqṩᴚiṣ(Gensouqio)"Fantasy-ball"
Punctuation
Punctuation | , | 。 | ; | ⨟ | ⌊ ⌉ | ◌̊ ◌̥ | 。。。 | 。。, |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Name | Period | Comma | Exclamation | Exclam-comma | Quotation marks | Rising tone mark | Ellipsis | Sentence-ending Ellipsis |
- Vżɑbiṩni ʞżƞżqı ẓ。 ⌊żnṣʞżſṩ⨟ ȷṣ ʌiq Vżɑbiṩni,⌉, Δqiż ʞżƞżqı̣u ƞz̊ƞ, Δbiż ʞżƞżqı̣u ẓ ɑbiż ɒı̣q Vżɑbiṩni; ż。。。 ſṣλṣ。。,
- Patchouli says: "Hello! I am Pachouli". what did she say? She said that she is Patchouli! Ah... maybe....
If the quotation can be considered a word in the sentence, periods should be add both inside and outside the quotation. Otherwise, only inside the quotation needs a period.
- ȷṣ ʞżƞżq ⌊żnṣʞżſṩ,⌉, (Wo hanas "Alohajou.".) I say "Hello.".
- ȷṣ。 ⌊żnṣʞżſṩ,⌉ (Wo, "Alohajou.") Me: "Hello."
If only the first half of the sentence needs exclaiming, an exclaim-comma should be used.
- ȷṣi⨟ ȷṣ ᴚṣᴚ iu, (Woi!, wo kok ilh.) "Hey, I'm here!"
There is no question marks in Patigulh. In interrogative sentences, there should be a rising tone on the word being asked about, whose dots should be changed into rings (so-called "rising tone mark"):
- ᴚṣu ɒı̣q ƞz̊ƞ. (kol des nan?.) "This is what?."
- ɑs̥ƞɑ ɑżʌı̣u ᴚṣu. (talh? tabelh kolh) "Who? ate this."
There is no colon in Patigulh. A comma is placed wherever, in English, a colon would be used.
- ȷṣ ʞżƞżq。 ⌊żnṣʞżſṩ,⌉, (Wo hanas, "Alohajou.".) I say:"Hello.".
Grammar
Gender | Cases | Numbers | Tenses | Persons | Moods | Voices | Aspects | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Verb | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | No |
Nouns | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | No |
Adjectives | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Numbers | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Participles | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | No |
Adverb | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Pronouns | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No |
Adpositions | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Article | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Particle | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Nouns
In Patigulh, nouns decline based on number and case, gender is shown by atricles.
Usually, plural is made by adding plural suffix -ʎ(m) to the ending of the singular noun, whether the word ends by a consonant or vowel.
- qżʌżu(sabalh)"cat" → qżʌżnʎ(sabalm)"cats"
- ʎiᴚi(miki)"mouse" → ʎiᴚiʎ(mikim)"mouse"
However, some nouns change irregularly.
- ṣſṣ(oyo)"eye" → ı̣ſı̣(eye)"eyes"
- ṩvẓ̇(oupai)"boob" → ṩvẓ̇(oupai)"boobs"
4 cases are marked in Patigul, They are:
- Nominative — marks the subject.
- Instrumental — marks the instrument.(I personally call it "indirect subject.")
- Dative — marks the indirect object.
- Accusative — marks the object.
Take an English and a Patigulh sentence for example:
- The mouse gave the cat a flower with its hands.
- ı̣nı̣ ʎiᴚiȷż ɑżq ṣɑı̣ʎiż κịyı̣u ı̣nı̣ qżʌżniṣ ż ʞṡżƞżȷṣ.
Pay attention to ṣɑı̣ʎiż(otemia)"hands(ins.)". It shows that the plural suffix comes after the case suffix.
End | Elsewhere | Nominative | Instrumental | Dative | Accusative |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Constant | ʎiᴚi(miki) | ʎiᴚiȷż(mikiwa) | ʎiᴚiſż(mikija) | ʎiᴚiſṣ(mikijo) | ʎiᴚiȷṣ(mikiwo) |
Vowel | qżʌżu(sabalh) | qżʌżnż(sabala) | qżʌżniż(sabalia) | qżʌżniṣ(sabalio) | qżʌżnṣ(sabalo) |
Proper nouns and gerunds doesn't decline by number or case:
- Aṡiᴚż ɑżʌ ᴚẓ̇ᴚiȷṣ(Suika tab kaiqiwo)"Suika eats cake."
- Aṡiᴚżȷż ɑżʌ ᴚżiᴚi(Suikawa tab Kaiqi)"Watermelon eats Keiki"
- Δżʌiև qṡiᴚżʎ qżvnibı̣u Aṡiᴚż(Tabing suikam saplicelh Suika)"Eating watermelons surprises Suika."
There are 2 genders in Patigulh, which is not divided by sеx but animate/inanimate. It is shown by declining the article of the noun.
It should be noticed that a noun's gender isn't always the same. For example, "water" can be either animate or inanimate depending on the context.
Starts by | Inanimative | Animative |
---|---|---|
Consonant | żnż qżʌżu(ala sabalh)"the cat" ż qżʌżu(a sabalh)"a cat" |
ı̣nı̣ qżʌżu(ele sabalh)"the cat" ı̣ qżʌżu(ei sabalh)"a cat" |
Vovel | żn ẓ̇vṩ(al aipou)"the apple" żƞ ẓ̇vṩ(an aipou)"an apple" |
ı̣n ẓ̇vṩ(el aipou)"the apple" ı̣ƞ ẓ̇vṩ(en aipou)"an apple" |
Pronouns
In Patigulh, pronouns are divided as personal pronouns and demonstrative pronouns.
Personal pronouns
Personal pronouns pluralize based on person, number and case, but not gender.
Nominative | Accusative | Plural(N. or A.) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
1st person |
Normal | ȷṣ(wo) I |
ȷi(wi) me |
żƞɑẓ̇(antai)you&we¹ żɑẓ̇(atai)we |
Humblific | ʎṣ(mo) Humble I |
ʎi(mi) Humble me |
żɑı̣ᴚq(ateks) Humble we | |
2nd person |
Normal | ɒṡ(du) thou |
ɒi(di) thee |
żƞɑż(anta) you |
Honorific | ƞṣƞ(non) Mister thou |
ƞiƞ(nin) Mister thee |
ᴚqżʎż(ksama) Mister you | |
3rd person |
Masc. Neut. |
ɑż(ta) he/it |
ɑżƞ(tan) him/it |
ɑżʎ(tam) they |
Fem. | ɑbiż(tcia) she |
abiżƞ(tcian) her |
ɑbiżʎ(tciam) they | |
4th person | ᴚṡ(ku) alt-he² |
ᴚṡƞ(kun) alt-him |
ᴚṡʎ(kum) alt-they | |
Interrogative | ɑżu(talh) who |
ɑżnı̣(tale) whom |
ɑżnı̣ʎ(talem) whoes |
- żƞɑżn(antai)"you&we" is inclusive and żɑżi(atai)"we" is exclusive. That is:żƞɑżi(antai)"you&we" includes "you" inside "we", while żɑżi(atai)"we" does not:
- Vżɑbiṩni ʞżƞżq biƞᴚi ẓ。 ⌊żnżṡ (żƞɑẓ̇/żɑẓ̇) ȷı̣ɒṣƞ qʎiɒż,⌉,
- Patciouli hanas Cinqi r: "Alau (antai/atai) wedon smida.".
- Patchouli tells Shinki: "Please allow (you&me/us) get married".
- →Patchouli wants to marry (Shinki/Alice).
- Patigulh features a "fourth person" pronoun ᴚṡ(ku)"alt-he". It is used when the "third person" pronoun had already referred to someone else, i.e.:
- vżɑbiṩni ȷiɒiſı̣u ẓ ʎżniqż ɒı̣qɑ ɑżɑbiƞ (ɑbiżq/ᴚṡq) ṩvżi,
- Patciouli widiyelh r Malisa dest tatcin (tcias/kus) oupai.
- Patchouli saw that Marisa is touching (her/alt-her) chest.
- →Marisa is touching (herselfs/Patchouli's) chest.
The possessive form of personal pronouns can be made by adding an "s", but only personal pronouns.
The word żṡɑṣ(auto)"self" is any of the pronouns' reflexive form. Whether it stands for "yourself" of "myself" or else relys on the context.
Demonstrative pronouns
Demonstrative pronouns is very regular in Patigulh. It can be numerously generated by using the prefixes shown below:
Proximal | Medial¹ | Distal | Existential | ??? | Interro gative |
Negative | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Elective | Assertive | |||||||
Prefix | ᴚṣ~(ko~) this~ |
qṣ~(so~) thy~ |
ṣ~(o~) that~ |
ſṣ~(jo~) any~ |
ʎṣ~(mo~) some~ |
ᴚṣ~(ho~) every~ |
ɑṣ~(to~) what~ |
ƞṣ~(no~) no~ |
Adj. | ᴚṣƞ(kon) this |
qṣƞ(son) thy |
ṣƞ(on) that |
ſṣƞ(jon) any |
ʎṣƞ(mon) some |
ᴚṣƞ(hon) every |
ɑṣƞ(ton) which |
ƞṣƞ(non) no |
Noun | ᴚṣu(kolh) this-thing |
qṣu(solh) thy-thing |
ṣu(olh) that-thing |
ſṣu(jolh) anything |
ʎṣu(molh) something |
ᴚṣu(holh) every-thing |
ɑṣu(tolh) which-thing |
ƞṣu(nolh) nothing |
Adv. | ᴚṣqɑ(kost) thishow |
qṣqɑ(sost) thyhow |
ṣqɑ(ost) thathow |
ſṣqɑ(jost) anyhow |
ʎṣqɑ(most) somehow |
ᴚṣqɑ(host) everyhow |
ɑṣqɑ(tost) how |
ƞṣqɑ(nost) no way |
Place | ᴚṣᴚ(kok) here |
qṣᴚ(sok) thyre |
ṣᴚ(ok) there |
ſṣᴚ(jok) anywhere |
ʎṣᴚ(mok) somewhere |
ᴚṣᴚ(hok) every-where |
ɑṣᴚ(tok) where |
ƞṣᴚ(nok) nowhere |
Time | ᴚṣb(koc) this-time |
qṣb(soc) thy-time |
ṣb(oc) that-time |
ſṣb(joc) anytime |
ʎṣb(moc) sometime |
ᴚṣb(hoc) everytime |
ɑṣb(toc) whichtime |
ƞṣb(noc) no time |
People | ᴚṣƞɑ(kont) thisbody |
qṣƞɑ(sont) thybody |
ṣƞɑ(ont) thatbody |
ſṣƞɑ(jont) anybody |
ʎṣƞɑ(mont) somebody |
ᴚṣƞɑ(hont) everybody |
ɑṣƞɑ(tont) which-body² |
ƞṣƞɑ(nont) nobody |
Reason | ᴚṣyṣ(kofo) herefore |
qṣyṣ(sofo) thyrefore |
ṣyṣ(ofo) therefore |
ſṣyṣ(jofo) anywhe-refore |
ʎṣyṣ(mofo) somewhe-refore |
ᴚṣyṣ(hofo) everywhe-refore |
ɑṣyṣ(tofo) wherefore |
ƞṣyṣ(nofo) nowhe-refore |
- The difference between qṣƞ(son)"this" and ṣƞ(on)"thy" is that qṣƞ is something close to the listener, while ṣƞ is something far from both the listener and the speaker.
- ɑṣƞɑ(tont)"whichbody" and ɑżu(talh)"who" means the same, expect that the former one is more formal. And the same goes with ɑṣu(tolh)"which thing" and ƞżƞ(nan)"what".
Adjectives
Adjectives in Patigul do not decline. Shoot, I forgot Comparatives and Superlatives.
Verbs
In Patigulh, verbs conjugate based on tense, voice and number, but not person.
The tense system of Patigulh consists of twelve(that is, 3×4) tenses, three simple tenses and four aspects.
The simple tenses are: past tense, present tense and future tense.
The aspects are: completed aspect, simple aspect progressive aspect and so-called "starting aspect".
tense<br\>aspect | Future | Present | Past |
---|---|---|---|
simple | ɑżʌṣu(tabolh)<br\>"will eat" | ɑżʌ(tab)<br\>"eat" | ɑżʌı̣u(tabelh)<br\>"ate" |
completed | ʞı̣ȷż ɑżʌı̣ƞ(hewa taben)<br\>"will have eaten" | ʞı̣ɒ ɑżʌı̣ƞ(hed taben)<br\>"have eaten" | ʞı̣qɑ ɑżʌı̣ƞ(hest taben)<br\>"had eaten" |
progressive | ɒı̣ȷż ɑżʌiƞ(dewa tabin)<br\>"will be eating" | ɒı̣q ɑżʌiƞ(des tabin)<br\>"is eating" | ɒı̣qɑ ɑżʌiƞ(dest tabin)<br\>"was eating" |
starting | κṣɑż ɑżʌṣƞ(gota tabon)<br\>"will get to eat" | κṣɑ ɑżʌṣƞ(got tabon)<br\>"get to eat" | κṣqɑ ɑżʌṣƞ(gost tabon)<br\>"got to eat" |
About the "-elh" suffix, if the root word:
- Ends with an consonant, the suffix does not change: ɑżʌ(tab)"eat" → ɑżʌı̣u(tabelh)"ate"
- Ends with a non-e vovel, a "y" appears before the suffix: ᴚiƞṣ(kino)"throw" → ᴚiƞṣſı̣u(kinoyel)"threw"
- Ends with an "e", the suffix appears without an "e": ṣqı̣(ose)"teach" → ṣqı̣u(osel)"taught"
About the "-olh" suffix, if the root word:
- Ends with an consonant, the suffix does not change: ɑżʌ(tab)"eat" → ɑżʌṣu(tabolh)"will eat"
- Ends with a non-o vovel, a "w" appears before the suffix: ṣqı̣(ose)"teach" → ṣqı̣ȷṣu(osewol)"will teach"
- Ends with an "o", the suffix appears without an "o": ᴚiƞṣ(kino)"throw" → ᴚiƞṣu(kinol)"will throw"
The same goes with "-en" "-on" suffixes.
Irregular verbs like:ɒı̣q(des)"be", ʞı̣ɒ(hed)"have", κṣɑ(got)"get", qṡu(sul)"do" conjugate irregularly.
Present | Past | Future | |
---|---|---|---|
be* | ɒı̣q(des) | ɒı̣qɑ(dest) | ɒı̣ƞ(den) |
ʎżq(mas) | ʎżqɑ(mast) | ʎżƞ(man) | |
ʌiq(bis) | ʌiqɑ(bist) | ʌiƞ(bin) | |
have | ʞı̣ɒ(hed) | ʞı̣qɑ(hest) | ʞı̣y(hef) |
get | κṣɑ(got) | κṣqɑ(gost) | κṣƞ(gon) |
do | qṡu(sul) | qı̣u(sel) | qṣu(sol) |
- The word "be" conjugates based on person, so every form has itself's tense conjugatation.
As for the irregular verbs, their (past/present/future) participle is their (past/present/future) tense form with the suffix -iƞ(in), and their (past/present/future) gerund is their (past/present/future) tense form with the suffix -iև(ing). That is:
- ʌiqɑ(bist)"was" → ʌiqɒiƞ(bisdin)"been" → ʌiqɒiև(bisding)"being(gerund)"
Verbs also have a passive voice conjugation.
Tense | Future | Present | Past |
---|---|---|---|
Passive voice | ʌiɑżʌṣu(bitabolh)<br\>"will be eaten" | ʌiɑżʌ(bitab)<br\>"is eaten" | ʌiɑżʌı̣u(bitabelh)<br\>"was eaten" |
Participles
Patriciple | Future | Present | Past |
---|---|---|---|
simple | ɑżʌṣƞ(tabon)<br\>≈"to eat" | ɑżʌiƞ(tabin)<br\>≈"eating" | ɑżʌı̣ƞ(taben)<br\>"eaten" |
As for the irregular verbs, their (past/present/future) participle is their (past/present/future) tense form with the suffix -iƞ(in).
Present | Past | Future | |
---|---|---|---|
verb | ɒı̣q(des)"is" | ɒı̣qɑ(dest)"was" | ɒı̣n(den)"will be" |
participle | ɒı̣qiƞ(desin)"being" | ɒı̣qɒiƞ(desdin)"been" | ɒı̣yiƞ(defin)≈"to be" |
Participles can be used to form aspects. Past participle forms completed aspect, present particle for progressive aspect, future particle for "starting aspect".
Future | Present | Past | |
---|---|---|---|
κṣɑ ɑżʌṣƞ(got tabon)<br\>"get to eat" | ɒı̣q ɑżʌiƞ(des tabin)<br\>"is eating" | ʞı̣ɒ ɑżʌı̣ƞ(hed taben)<br\>"have eaten" |
Gerund
Patriciple | Future | Present | Past |
---|---|---|---|
simple | ɑżʌṣև(tabon)<br\>≈"to eat" | ɑżʌiև(tabin)<br\>"eating" | ɑżʌı̣և(taben)<br\>≈"having eaten" |
As for the irregular verbs, their (past/present/future) gerund is their (past/present/future) tense form with the suffix -iև(ing).
Present | Past | Future | |
---|---|---|---|
verb | ɒı̣q(des)"is" | ɒı̣qɑ(dest)"was" | ɒı̣ƞ(den)"will be" |
participle | ɒı̣qiև(desin)"being" | ɒı̣qɒiև(desdin)"having been" | ɒı̣ƞiև(denin)≈"to be" |
The (past/future) gerunds are used to express the action happen (before/after) the verb.
- ṡɒṡᴚi ᴚṡᴚṣև (uduqi kukong) "forget to cook"
- ṡɒṡᴚi ᴚṡᴚiև (uduqi kuqing) "forget cooking"
- ṡɒṡᴚi ᴚṡᴚı̣և (uduqi kukeng) "forget having cooked"
Pay attention to the word ᴚṡᴚiև(kuqing)"cooking".It wasn't wirtten as ᴚṡᴚiևṣ(kuqingo)"cookingᴼᵇʲ", because gerunds don't decline by number or case.
Prepositions
"at" class | "to" class | "of" class |
---|---|---|
ɒı̣(de)at | ʎżɒı̣(made)to | yṣƞ(fon)of |
ni(li)in | ʎżni(deli)into | niyṣƞ(lifon)in-of |
"of" class prepositions are used to form modifying phrases, which comes before the noun it modifies:
- Yṣƞ żnż ʎṡɒ żƞ ẓ̇vṩ,(Fon ala mud an aipou)[Of the tree an apple]An apple of the tree.
- Jṣ ɑżʌ niyṣƞ żnż ʎṡɒʎ żnż ẓ̇vṩʎṣ,(Wo tab lifon mudm aipoumo)[I eat in-of the trees the apples]I eat apples in the tree.
Clauses
PS: It is now still a mess.
- ẓ(r)"that" — introduces any nominal clause and direct speech.
- ɑżn(tal)"who" — introduces nominal clause of person.
- ƞżƞ(nan)"what" — introduces nominal clause of object.
- ɑṣb(toc)"when" — introduces nominal clause of time.
- ɑṣᴚ(tok)"where" — introduces nominal clause of place.
- ɒżʎ(dam)"when" — introduces adverbial clause of time.
- ṡʌi(ubi)"where" — introduces adverbial clause of place.
- ȷṣ ʞżƞżqı̣u ɑżƞ ɑṣb ȷṣ ɑżʌı̣u,(wo hanaselh tan toc wo tab.)"I told him when I ate." → I told him the time in which I ate.
- ȷṣ ɒżʎ ȷṣ ɑżʌı̣u ʞżƞżqı̣u ɑżƞ,(wo ubi wo tabel hanasel tan.)"When I ate I told him." → I told him in the time I ate.
Syntax
Head direction
Adjectives always come before the noun they modify, and so are modifying phrases and clauses.
Adverbs always come before the verb they modify, and so are modifying phrases and clauses.
Possession
Possession is made by using the particle yṣƞ(fon)of, which is similar with "of" in English. Differently, pronouns' possessive form is made by adding suffix q(s)xx's. For example:
- ȷṣq ẓ̇vṩ。 ɒṡq ẓ̇vṩ,(Wos aipou, dus aipou.)"My apple, your apple."
- Yṣƞ Vżɑbiṩni ẓ̇vṩ,(Patciouli kai aipou.)"Patchouli's apple."
Pronouns' possessive pronoun is same as theirs possessive form.
- ȷṣq。 ɒṡq,(Wos, dus.)"Mine, yours."
Voices
In Patigulh, active voice uses a Subject-Verb-Object word order.
Passive voice uses a OVS word order. It is formed by adding the prefix ʌi(bi) before the verb:
- qżʌżnż ɑżʌ ʎiᴚiȷṣ,(Sabala tab mikiwo)"Cat eats mouse."
- ʎiᴚiȷż ʌiɑżʌ qżʌżnṣ,(Mikiwa bitab sabalo)"Mouse is eaten by cat."
Mood
Declarative
The Affirmative Sentences in Patigulh uses a SVO word order.
To make a sentence negative, the prefix żn(al-)"doesn't-" should be added to the beginning of the verb. However, this prefix has many other forms:
Preffix | Verb begins with |
---|---|
żʎ(am) | v/y/ʌ (p/f/b) |
żƞ(an) | ɑ/q/ɒ/b (t/s/d/c) |
żև(ang) | ᴚ/κ (k/g) |
ż(a) | ʎ/ƞ/n (m/n/l) |
żn(al) | All else |
- ȷṣ binż,(Wo cila.)"I know."
- ȷṣ żƞbinż,(Wo ancila.)"I don't know."
Interrogative
Questioning sentences in Patigulh is devided into "general questions" and "special questions".
Before going further, notice that Patigulh don't have question marks.
General questons (Yes/No questions) are created by taking the verb(and its adverb) to the beginning of the sentence.
- ɒṡ ſṩᴚni ɑżʌı̣u ẓ̇ ẓ̇vṩȷṣ,(Du joukli tabelh e aipouwo,)[Thou slow-ly eat-ed aⁱᴬᵐⁱ appleᴼᵇʲ]"You ate an apple slowly."
- ſṩᴚni ɑz̊ʌs̥u ɒṡ ị qżκṣ,(Joukli tabelh du ei sago,)"Slowly ate? you an apple?/Did you eat an apple slowly?"
Special questons (Wh- questions) are created by taking the subject or object or anything with interrogative pronouns.
- ᴚṣu ɒı̣q ƞz̊ƞ. (kol des nan?.)[This is what?.]"What is this?"
- ɑs̥ƞɑ ɑżʌı̣u ᴚṣu. (talh? tabelh wi) "Who? ate this."
Imperative
Imperative in Patigulh can be easily made by simply add the interjective ɒı̣(de)"imp."(or qʎiɒż(smida)"please" to show polite) before the whole sentence.
- ɑżʌ,(Tab.)"To eat."
- ɑżʌ ɒı̣,(Tab de.)"Eat."
- ɑżʌ qʎiɒż,(Tab smida.)"Please eat."
Conditional
Conditional mood can be made by adding the suffix -ṡu(ulh) to the end of the verb. But if the verb ends with a vovel, an "k(')" will be placed before the "ṡ(u)".
The Conditional suffix comes before the tense suffix: ɑżʌṣnı̣u(tabulel)"would have eaten".
Past | Present | Future | |
---|---|---|---|
Normal | ɑżʌı̣u | ɑżʌ | ɑżʌṣu |
Conditional | ɑżʌṡnı̣u | ɑżʌṡu | ɑżʌṡnṣu |
The tense of conditional verbs agrees with other verbs in the context.
- Jṣ ȷiq ẓ ȷṣ ʌiqṡu ı̣ nṣniȷṣ,(Wo wis r wo bisulh e loliwo.)"I wish that I were a girl."
- Jṣ ȷiqı̣u ẓ ȷṣ ʌiqɑṡu ẓ nṣniȷṣ,(Wo wiselh r wo bistulh e loliwo.)"I wished that I had been a girl."
Lexicon
Main articlle: Patigulh/Lexicon
The table of personal pronouns and demonstrative pronouns can be found above.
Suffixes
Suffixes can change the word's meaning from verb to noun, noun to adjective/adverb, and so on.
When any letter appear after u(lh), the u(lh) becomes n(l).
- ṣqı̣u(oselh)"teach" → ṣqı̣nṡq(oselus)"teacher"
When i(i) appear after q(s), the q(s) becomes b(c)。
- vżɑq(pats)"Knowledge" → vżɑbi(patci)"Knowledgable"
Suffix | Meaning | Similar | Type | Examples |
---|---|---|---|---|
~iև | the action of ~ing | ~ing (n.) |
v.→n. | ɑżʌ(tab)eat → ɑżʌiⴑ(tabing)eating(n.) |
~[V]bẓƞ ~[C]ibẓƞ |
thing used in ~ing | ~tion | v.→n. | ɑżʌ(tab)eat → ɑżʌı̣bẓƞ(tabecrn)food |
~iƞ | be ~ing | ~ing (adj.) |
v.→adj. | qʌiᴚ(sbik)say → qʌiᴚiƞ(sbikin)speaking(adj.) |
~[V]y ~[C]iy |
be often ~ing | ~ive | v.→adj. | qʌiᴚ(sbik)say → qʌiᴚiy(sbikif)speakactive |
~[V]ƞż ~[C]i |
be of ~ | ~y | n.→adj. | vżɑq(pats)Knowledge → vżɑbi(patci)Knowledgable |
~ṡև | the action of being of ~ | ~ness | adj.→n. | ʎı̣ɒ(med)mad → ʎı̣ɒṡⴑ(medung)madness |
~b | make sth. ~ | ~fy | adj. → v. | ʌı̣nṣ(belo)beautiful→ʌı̣nṣb(beloc)beautify |
~yż | make sth. be of ~ | ~ize | n.→v. | qɒṩ(sdou)stone → qɒṩyż(sdoufa)fossilize |
~ni | in the method of ~ | ~ly | adj.→adv. | ʌṣƞɒṣ(bondo)real → ʌṣƞɒṣni(bondoli)really |
~ṡq ~ı̣q |
man/woman who ~ | ~er ~ess |
v.→n. | ṣqı̣u(oselh)teach → ṣqı̣nṡq(oselus)teacher |
Preffixes
Preffixes can change word's meaning to a related one. They seldon change the word's kind.
Preffix | Meaning | Similar | Type | Examples |
---|---|---|---|---|
żn~ (varies) |
doesn't do ~ | un- | v. | binż(cila)"know" → żƞbinż(ancila)"doesn't know" vżƞɑq(pants)"hit" → żʎvżƞɑq(ampants)"doesn't hit" |
in~ (varies) |
not ~ | in- | adj. adv. |
biƞı̣(cine)"dead" → iƞbiƞı̣(incine)"undead" ʌṣƞ(bon)"good" → iʎʌṣƞ(imbon)"ungood" |
ɒṣ~ | extremly ~ | ex~ | adj. | qżɒi(sadi)"violent"→ɒṣqżɒi(dosadi)"extremely violent" ʌṣƞ(bon)"good" → ɒṣʌṣƞ(dobon)"overgood" |
Swadesh table
No. | English | Patigulh |
---|---|---|
1 | I | ȷṣ(wo) |
2 | you (singular) | ɒṡ(du) |
3 | he | ɑż(ta) |
4 | we | ɑbiż(tcia) |
5 | you (plural) | żƞɑż(anta) |
6 | they | ɑżʎ(tam) |
7 | this | ᴚṣu(kolh) |
8 | that | ṣu(olh) |
9 | here | ᴚṣᴚ(kok) |
10 | there | ṣᴚ(ok) |
11 | who | ɑżu(talh) |
12 | what | ƞżƞ(nan) |
13 | where | ɑṣᴚ(tok) |
14 | when | ɑṣb(toc) |
15 | how | ɑṣqɑ(tost) |
16 | not | żƞ(an) |
17 | all | ʞṣnṣ(holo) |
18 | many | ɑżɒṣ(tado) |
19 | some | qı̣(se) |
20 | few | yiṡ(fiu) |
21 | other | żnɑ(alt) |
22 | one | ſżɒ(jad) |
23 | two | ɒṣq(dos) |
24 | three | qżƞ(san) |
25 | four | ſṣƞ(jon) |
26 | five | yżi(fai) |
27 | big | ɒżi(dai) |
28 | long | nṣƞ(lon) |
29 | wide | ȷiɒı̣(wide) |
30 | thick | ʞṩ(hou) |
31 | heavy | yị(fei) |
32 | small | ᴚṣ(ko) |
33 | short | bṣɒ(cod) |
34 | narrow | qʌṣ(sbo) |
35 | thin | ſżqı̣u(jaselh) |
36 | woman | ſżƞ(jan) |
37 | man (adult male) | ƞżʎ(nam) |
38 | man (human being) | ſżƞ(yan) |
39 | child | ᴚiɒṣ(kido) |
40 | wife | ʞżnı̣(hale) |
41 | husband | ʌı̣ᴚi(beki) |
42 | mother | ʎṡʎż(muma) |
43 | father | yṡʌż(fuba) |
44 | animal | ɑqṡ(tsu) |
45 | fish | yiq(fis) |
46 | bird | ɑṡiɒ(tuid) |
47 | dog | qƞṡʌi(snubi) |
48 | louse | bẓqż(crsa) |
49 | snake | ṡɑżʞṡ(utahu) |
50 | worm | niκ(lig) |
51 | tree | ʎṡɒ(mud) |
52 | forest | ʎṣni(moli) |
53 | stick | nṣɒ(rod) |
54 | fruit | κṣqż(gosa) |
55 | seed | ƞı̣ɑż(neta) |
56 | leaf | ı̣qż(esa) |
57 | root | nṡɒ(lud) |
58 | bark | ȷżƞ(wan) |
59 | flower | ʞṡżƞż(huana) |
60 | grass | ȷżnż(wala) |
61 | rope | ƞżȷż(nawa) |
62 | skin | viy(pif) |
63 | meat | ſṣκ(jog) |
64 | blood | ᴚı̣ɑq(kets) |
65 | bone | qżƞż(sans) |
66 | fat | — |
67 | egg | ʌṣu(bolh) |
68 | horn | ɑqṡƞṣ(tsuno) |
69 | tail | ſı̣ʌż(jeba) |
70 | feather | ſṣʎṣ(jomo) |
71 | hair | ʎṣyż(mofa) |
72 | head | żɑʎż(atma) |
73 | ear | żɒṣ(ado) |
74 | eye | ṣſṣ(ojo) |
75 | nose | ʌiqż(bisa) |
76 | mouth | yı̣nż(fela) |
77 | tooth | ɑṡq(tus) |
78 | tongue | qı̣ɑṣ(seto) |
79 | fingernail | ſṡʌibı̣u(jubicelh) |
80 | foot | ʌżu(balh) |
81 | leg | żbi(aci) |
82 | knee | żbibı̣u(acicelh) |
83 | hand | żʎṡ(amu) |
84 | wing | ɑqẓʌż(tsrba) |
85 | belly | ɒṡy(duf) |
86 | guts | κżɑq(gats) |
87 | neck | ʌṣqż(bosa) |
88 | back | ʌịᴚ(beik) |
89 | breast | ṩvżi(oupai) |
90 | heart | ᴚnṣ(klo) |
91 | liver | κżƞ(gan) |
92 | drink | biniṡ(ciliu) |
93 | eat | ɑżʌ(tab) |
94 | bite | ſżṡ(jau) |
95 | suck | biqżκ(cisag) |
96 | spit | vṣi(poi) |
97 | vomit | ṣɑṡ(otu) |
98 | blow | yṡᴚi(fuki) |
99 | breathe | yṡbi(fuci) |
100 | laugh | ᴚqż(ksa) |
101 | see | ɑqı̣ƞ(tsen) |
102 | hear | żṡɒi(audi) |
103 | know | qinż(sila) |
104 | think | ɒiⴑᴚ(dingk) |
105 | smell | qṡʎ(sum) |
106 | fear | ᴚṡżi(kuai) |
107 | sleep | ƞı̣u(nelh) |
108 | live | ʎṣʞż(moha) |
109 | die | biƞı̣(cine) |
110 | kill | ᴚẓṣq(kros) |
111 | fight | ȷżu(walh) |
112 | hunt | ɒżnı̣(dale) |
113 | hit | ʞiɑ(hit) |
114 | cut | ᴚżɒ(kad) |
115 | split | yṡƞ(fun) |
116 | stab | ɑbż(tca) |
117 | scratch | ᴚiκṡż(kigua) |
118 | dig | ȷżɒ(wad) |
119 | swim | ſṡſṣƞ(jujon) |
120 | fly | — |
121 | walk | ʌṡκ(bug) |
122 | come | ᴚżʎ(kam) |
123 | lie | ɑżƞ(tan) |
124 | sit | qṡżu(sualh) |
125 | stand | ɑbi(tci) |
126 | turn | ʞiƞż(hina) |
127 | fall | ɒı̣u(delh) |
128 | give | κịy(geif) |
129 | hold | ʞṣnṡɒ(holud) |
130 | squeeze | ɒbiż(dcia) |
131 | rub | ſṩ(jou) |
132 | wash | ȷżbi(waci) |
133 | wipe | ɑżɑq(tats) |
134 | pull | vṡu(pulh) |
135 | push | ɑṣı̣(toe) |
136 | throw | ᴚiƞṣ(kino) |
137 | tie | ʌżƞɑżi(bantai) |
138 | sew | — |
139 | count | ʎı̣qı̣(mase) |
140 | say | qʌiᴚ(sbik) |
141 | sing | — |
142 | play | nịv(leip) |
143 | float | — |
144 | flow | — |
145 | freeze | — |
146 | swell | — |
147 | sun | ƞiʎż(nima) |
148 | moon | nṡƞż(luna) |
149 | star | qɒı̣nż(stela) |
150 | water | ʎiq(mis) |
151 | rain | qʎı̣(sme) |
152 | river | ᴚṡż(kua) |
153 | lake | ʎiqʎi(mismi) |
154 | sea | ṡʎ(um) |
155 | salt | qżnż(sala) |
156 | stone | qɒṩ(sdou) |
157 | sand | qƞżɒ(snad) |
158 | dust | — |
159 | earth | ɑṡɑi(tuti) |
160 | cloud | ᴚnżʎṣ(klamo) |
161 | fog | ᴚini(kili) |
162 | sky | ɑı̣ƞ(ten) |
163 | wind | ᴚżqị(kasei) |
164 | snow | ſṡᴚi(juki) |
165 | ice | ɑbiu(tcilh) |
166 | smoke | ɑżʌżᴚ(tabak) |
167 | fire | ʎṣᴚṩ(mokou) |
168 | ash | — |
169 | burn | bżṡ(cau) |
170 | road | ɒṣu(dolh) |
171 | mountain | ſżʎż(jama) |
172 | red | nṡʌi(lubi) |
173 | green | nṡiƞ(luin) |
174 | yellow | ı̣nṣ(elo) |
175 | white | ʞṣȷżɑ(howat) |
176 | black | ʌnżiᴚ(blaik) |
177 | night | ſżſı̣(jaje) |
178 | day | ɑżκ(tag) |
179 | year | żƞṣ(ano) |
180 | warm | ɑżᴚżi(takai) |
181 | cold | qżʎṣi(samoi) |
182 | full | ʎiɑq(mits) |
183 | new | ƞı̣ȷṣ(newo) |
184 | old | ṣnṡɒṣ(oludo) |
185 | good | ʌṣƞ(bon) |
186 | bad | ʌnżq(blas) |
187 | rotten | — |
188 | dirty | — |
189 | straight | — |
190 | round | ʎżu(malh) |
191 | sharp | — |
192 | dull | ʌżκż(baga) |
193 | smooth | — |
194 | wet | — |
195 | dry | — |
196 | correct | ʌiևκṩ(binggou) |
197 | near | — |
198 | far | ṣı̣ƞ(oen) |
199 | right | ƞżnṣ(nalo) |
200 | left | ƞżkı̣(na'e) |
201 | at | ɒı̣(de) |
202 | in | ni(li) |
203 | with | ɑṣ(to) |
204 | and | ı̣ɑ(et) |
205 | if | ſṡκ(jug) |
206 | because | ᴚṡq(kus) |
207 | name | ƞı̣ʎ(nem) |
Example text
Daily phrase
- żnṣʞżſṩ;(Alohajou!) Hello!
- żnṩ;(Alou!) Hi!
- qżnṡiƞżnż;(Saluinara!) Goodbye!
- qżnị;(Salai!) Bye!
- qṣniʎżqı̣ƞ,(solimasen.) Sorry.
- żniκżƞqż,(Aligansa) Thank you!
- qκı̣ɒżi;(Sgedai) Fuск уоu!
- Because if you can't swear in a conlang, it will be a totally failure.
"Our tent is missing!"
P.S.: Here are the marks I used in word-to-word translating version.
- Nᴺ=Nominative Iᴵ=Instrumental Dᴰ=Dative Aᴬ=Accusative
- Impᴵᵐᵖ=Imperative
- Present Particle=-in' (In order to distinguish it from gerund)
- "Past Gerund"=-eng "Present Gerund"=-ing "Future Gerund"=-to
Vżɑbiṩni | ı̣ɑ | Πı̣ʎiniſż | ʎżɒı̣ | ż | ſżʎżyṡn | ɒiyżƞ | iᴚı̣u | ᴚı̣ʎʌṣⴑ, | Δżʎ | Πı̣ʎiniż | ɒı̣qɑ | qnżyiƞ。 |
Patciouli | et | Lemiliya | made | a | jamaful | difan | ikelh | kembong. | Dam | Lemiliya | dest | slafin, |
Patchouli | and | Remilia | to-at | a | mountain-ful | area | go-ed | camp-to. | When | Remilia | is-ed | sleep-in', |
Patchouli and Remilia went to a mountainious area to camp. When Remilia was sleeping, |
Vżɑbiṩni | ȷżᴚı̣bı̣u | Πı̣ʎiniſż | ı̣ɑ | qʌiᴚı̣u | ẓ。 | ⌊Πı̣ʎi。 | ȷi̊ɒi̊ | ɒṡ | ṣƞ | bṩyṡu | ṣᴚṡȷṣ | ɑı̣,⌉, | |
Patciouli | wakecelh | lemiliya | et | sbikelh | r, | "Lemi, | widi? | du | on | couful | okuwo | te.". | |
Patchouli | awake-ize-ed | Remilia | and | say-ed | that: | "Remi, | look? | thou | that | star-ful | skyᴬ | ᴵᵐᵖ" | |
Patchouli enwaked Remilia and said:"Remi, did you see that starry sky?" |
Πı̣ʎiniſż | niqʌiᴚı̣u | ẓ。 | ⌊ẓƞ。 | Vżɑbiṩni, | ƞz̊ƞ | ɒı̣q | ʌnżq,⌉, | ⌊Jiɒi | ɒı̣;⌉ | Vżɑbiṩni | iᴚżni | qʌiᴚı̣u |
Lemiliya | lisbikelh | r, | "Rn, | Patciouli. | Nan? | des | blas.". | "Widi | de!" | Patciouli | ikali | sbikelh |
Remilia | re-speak-ed | that: | "Hmm, | Patchouli. | What? | is | bad.". | "Look | ᴵᵐᵖ!" | Patchouli | anger-ly | say-ed |
Remilia answered:"Uh-huh, Patchouli. What's wrong?" "Look at it!" Patchouli said angrily, |
ẓ。 | ⌈z̊ƞʞı̥ɒ | ɒṡ | ı̣ƞi | ɒiⴑᴚbẓƞṣ,⌋ | Πı̣ʎiniż | ſṣ | ȷiɒiʃı̣u | żu | ṣᴚṡȷṣ。 |
r, | "anhed? | du | eni | dingkcrno." | Lemiliya | yo | widiyelh | alh | okuwo, |
that: | "Un-have? | youᴺ | any | think-tionᴬ" | Remilia | again | see | the | skyᴬ, |
"Haven't you any thoughts?" Remilia looked at the sky again, |