Petersburgian is a descendant of the Modern Russian language, spoken in Saint Petersburg and most surrounding areas.
Petersburgian петербуршки /'peterburʃki/ | |||
---|---|---|---|
Type | |||
Fusional | |||
Alignment | |||
Nominative-Accusative | |||
Head direction | |||
Mixed | |||
Tonal | |||
No | |||
Declensions | |||
Yes | |||
Conjugations | |||
Yes | |||
Genders | |||
Yes | |||
Nouns decline according to... | |||
Case | Number | ||
Definiteness | Gender | ||
Verbs conjugate according to... | |||
Voice | Mood | ||
Person | Number | ||
Tense | Aspect |
Classification and Dialects[]
Petersburgian evolved from a local accent of Russian. It has been influenced by neighbouring languages, including North Russian dialects, Estonian and Finnish. It is closely related and partly mutually intelligible with other descendants of Russian, including "Standard Russian" (the language spoken in Moscow).
Phonology[]
Consonants[]
/tʃ/ and /dʒ/ have merged with /tɕ/ and /dʑ/ respectively for some speakers. /x/ is often realized as [h].
Labial | Dental | Postalveolar | Palatal | Dorsal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ɲ | |||
Occlusive | unv. | p | t | (tʃ) | tɕ | k |
v. | b | d | (dʒ) | dʑ | g | |
Fricative | unv. | f | s | ʃ | ɕ | x~h |
v. | v | z | ʒ | ʑ | ||
Approximant | w | l | j |
Vowels[]
The vowel system has undergone various changes, most of those being the effect of the stress shifts onto the first syllable. Unlike Russian, where there are six vowels with multiple stress-related allophones, Petersburgian has an extensive vowel system with ten vowels and three diphthongs.
/ɨ/ is sometimes analyzed as /ɤj/ due to absence of minimal pairs.
Front | Non-front | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
unr. | r. | unr. | r. | |
High | i | y | ɨ | u |
Close-mid | e | ø | ɤ | o |
Open | ɛ | a | ||
High-mid
diphthongs |
ie | yø | uo |
Writing System[]
Petersburgian uses its variant of the Cyrillic alphabet.
Letters marked by an asterisk (*) indicate that the expected pronunciation of the previous letter is the one listed below, rather than above.
А | Б | В | Г | Д | ДЖ | Е | Ё | Ж | З | И | Й | К | Л | М | Н | О | П |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
a | b | v | g | d | dʒ | e* | ø* | ʒ | z | i* | j | k | ɫ~w | m | n | o | p |
dʑ | dʑ | ʑ | j | ɲ | |||||||||||||
Р | С | Т | У | Ф | Х | Ц | Ч | Ш | Щ | Ъ | Ы | ЫЙ | Ь | Э | Ю | Я | |
r | s | t | u | f | h | (t)s | tʃ | ʃ | ʃʃ | ∅ | ɤ | ɨ | ∅* | ɛ | y | (j)a~ɛ* | |
ɕ | tɕ | tɕ | ɕ |
Grammar[]
Verbs[]
In the non-past tense, verbs inflect for person and number, while in the past tense they inflect for gender and number. The future tense is formed by adding the infinitive of the lexical verb to the copula. If the copula is put in the past tense, the verb acquires a plurperfect marking.
Inflection table[]
-ать verbs | -вать verbs | -ноть verbs | -нуть verbs | -еть verbs | -ить verbs | -иеть verbs | быть | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Non-past | SG | 1 | -аю | -уу | -но | -ну | -ё | -ю | бу | |
2 | -айш | -уйш | -неш | -нюёш | -еш | -иш | буйч | |||
3 | -айт | -уйт | -нет | -нюёт | -ет | -ит | буйт | |||
PL | 1 | -айм | -уйм | -нем | -нюём | -ем | -им | буйм | ||
2 | -айть | -уйть | -неть | -нюёть | -ьте | -ите | буйте | |||
3 | -ают | -уут | -нот | -нут | -ят | -ят | бут | |||
Past | Feminine | -ала | -вала | -нола | -нула | -ела | -ила | -иела | была | |
Masculine | -ал | -вал | -нуу | -нуу | -ел | -ил | -иел | был | ||
Plural | -але | -вале | -ноле | -нуле | -еле | -иле | -иеле | быле |
Nouns[]
Nouns in Petersburgian decline for gender, number and case. Many nouns undergo ablaut and apohony in the plural forms and sometimes even when changing cases. Nouns also take possession marking.
Inflection table[]
Feminine a-ending | Masculine/Neuter | Feminine null-ending | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
plain | ablaut | plain | ablaut | plain | ablaut | ||||||
hard | soft | hard | soft | hard | soft | hard | soft | ||||
Singular | Nom | -а | -я | -а | -я | -∅ | -ь | -∅ | -ь | -ь | |
Gen | -ы | -е | -ы | -и | -а | -я | -а | -я | -е | -и | |
Dat | -е | -ие | -о | -ё | -у | -ю | |||||
Acc | -о | -ё | -у | -ю | -∅ | -ь | -∅ | -ь | -ь | ||
Ins | -ой | -ёй | -уй | -юй | -ам | -ям | -уом | -юём | -ю | ||
Pre | -е | -ие | -е | -ие | -е | -и | |||||
Voc | -∅ | -ь | -∅ | -ь | IDENTICAL TO NOMINATIVE | ||||||
Plural | N/A/V | -ы | -е | -ы | -и | -ы | -е | -ы | -и | -е | -и |
Gen | -∅ | -ь | -∅ | -ь | -ав | -ее | -уов | -ии | -ее | -ии | |
Dat | -ам | -ям | -ам | -ям | -ам | -ям | -ам | -ям | -ям | ||
Ins | -ме | -ьме | -аме | -яме | -ме | -ьме | -аме | -яме | -ьме | -ьми | |
Pre | -аа | -яа | -аа | -яа | -аа | -яа | -аа | -яа | -яа |
Possession markers[]
Masculine/Neuter | Feminine | ||
---|---|---|---|
Singular | 1 | -мый | -мэ |
2 | -тый | -тэ | |
3 | -юё | ||
Plural | 1 | -наш | |
2 | -ваш | ||
3 | -и/-ый |
Pronouns[]
Pronouns in Petersburgian decline more than nouns do. They also have different cases not present in nouns, like the adessive case, used to create possessive constructions.
Personal | Impersonal | Demonstrative | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1SG | 2SG | 3SG.FEM | 3SG
MASC |
3SG
NEUT |
1PL | 2PL | 3PL | Proximal
FEM |
Proximal
M/N |
Proximal
PL |
Distal
FEM |
Distal
M/N |
Distal
PL | ||
Nominative | я | ты | ана | уон | ано | мы | вы | ани | ∅ | эта | эт | эте | та | туо | тие |
Genitive | мя | тя | юё | нас | вас | ии | ся | этай | этва | этии | туй | тао | тии | ||
Accusative | это | ту | |||||||||||||
Dative | мие | тие | ии | иму | нам | вам | им | сие | этай | этмо | этем | туй | тамо | тием | |
Instrumental | муй | той | нии | ним | наме | ваме | име | сой | этем | этьме | тием | тиеме | |||
Prepositional | амие | атие | ании | анюём | анас | авас | анее | асие | айтай | айтам | айтии | атуй | атуом | атии | |
Adessive | омя | отя | онюё | онас | овас | онее | ося | оутай | оутва | оутии | отуй | отуо | отии |
Lexicon[]
Numerals[]
Numeral | English | Cardinal | Ordinal |
---|---|---|---|
0 | zero | нуоль | нольвуй |
1 | one | адин | пиервый |
2 | two | два | втаруй |
3 | three | три | триети |
4 | four | четыре | четвюёртый |
5 | five | пять | пятый |
6 | six | шесь | шистуй |
7 | seven | сием | седьмуй |
8 | eight | вуосем | васьмуй |
9 | nine | диеветь | девятый |
10 | ten | диесеть | десятый |
20 | twenty | дватцать | дватцатый |
30 | thirty | тритцать | третцатый |
40 | forty | суорак | сараквуй |
50 | fifty | педдесят | педдесятый |
60 | sixty | шесдесят | шесдесятый |
70 | seventy | сиемдесет | семдесятый |
80 | eighty | вуосемдесет | восемдесятый |
90 | ninety | дейнуоста | дейнуостый |
100 | hundred | стуо | суотый |
1000 | thousand | тыща | тыщный |
Swadesh List[]
English | Petersburgian | Transcription | IPA |
---|---|---|---|
I | я | ||
thou | ты | ||
he, she | он, ана | ||
we | мы | ||
you | вы | ||
they | ани | ||
this | эт, эта | ||
that | туо, та | ||
here | здиесь | ||
there | там | ||
who | куо | ||
what | чо | ||
where | дие | ||
when | каада | ||
how | как | ||
not | ние | ||
all | сюё, сие | ||
many | нуога | ||
some | скуокта | ||
few | ненуога | ||
other | дрогуй | ||
one | адин | ||
two | два | ||
three | три | ||
four | четыре | ||
five | пять | ||
big | бальшуй | ||
long | линный | ||
wide | шируоки | ||
thick | туустый | ||
heavy | тежуолый | ||
small | миелки | ||
short | каруотки | ||
narrow | уски | ||
thin | туонки | ||
woman | женсена | ||
man | можик | ||
person | човак | ||
child | малый | ||
wife | жина | ||
husband | муш | ||
mother | мать | ||
father | атиец | ||
animal | звиер | ||
fish | рыба | ||
bird | птиса | ||
dog | пюёс, сабака | ||
louse | вуош | ||
snake | змия | ||
worm | червяк | ||
tree | диерива, бревнуо | ||
forest | лиес | ||
stick | палка | ||
fruit | фрут, плуот | ||
seed | сиеме | ||
leaf | лисс | ||
root | куорень | ||
bark | кара | ||
flower | цветуок | ||
grass | трава | ||
rope | верюёвка | ||
skin | куожа | ||
meat | мяса | ||
blood | круов | ||
bone | куоссь | ||
fat (n.) | жир | ||
egg | коринай | ||
horn | руок | ||
tail | хуосс | ||
feather | перуо | ||
hair | вуолас | ||
head | башка | ||
ear | уха | ||
eye | глас | ||
nose | нуос | ||
mouth | руот | ||
tooth | зуп | ||
tongue | езык | ||
fingernail | куогать | ||
foot | стапа | ||
leg | нага | ||
knee | калиенка | ||
hand | рока | ||
wing | крылуо | ||
belly | живуот | ||
guts | кишке | ||
neck | шея | ||
back | спена | ||
breast | груть | ||
heart | сиерце | ||
liver | пиечень | ||
to drink | |||
to eat | |||
to bite | |||
to suck | |||
to spit | |||
to vomit | |||
to blow | |||
to breathe | |||
to laugh | |||
to see | |||
to hear | |||
to know | |||
to think | |||
to smell | |||
to fear | |||
sleep | |||
to live | |||
to die | |||
to kill | |||
to fight | |||
to hunt | |||
to hit | |||
to cut | |||
to split | |||
to stab | |||
to scratch | |||
to dig | |||
to swim | |||
to fly | |||
walk | |||
to come | |||
to lie (as in the bed) | |||
to sit | |||
to stand | |||
to turn | |||
to fall | |||
to give | |||
to hold | |||
to squeeze | |||
to rub | |||
to wash | |||
to wipe | |||
to pull | |||
to push | |||
to throw | |||
to tie | |||
to sew | |||
to count | |||
to say | |||
to sing | |||
to play | |||
to float | |||
to flow | |||
to freeze | |||
to swell | |||
sun | суонце | ||
moon | лона | ||
star | звезда | ||
water | вада | ||
rain | дуощ | ||
river | река | ||
lake | уозера | ||
sea | муоре | ||
salt | суоль | ||
stone | камень | ||
sand | песуок | ||
dust | пыль | ||
earth | земля | ||
cloud | уоблака | ||
fog | томан | ||
sky | ниеба | ||
wind | виетер | ||
snow | сниек | ||
ice | люёт | ||
smoke | дым | ||
fire | агуонь | ||
ashes | зала | ||
burn | |||
road | даруога | ||
mountain | гара | ||
red | красный | ||
green | зелюёный | ||
yellow | жуолтый | ||
white | биелый | ||
black | чуорный | ||
night | нуоч | ||
day | диень | ||
year | гуот | ||
warm | тюёплый | ||
cold | халуодный | ||
full | пууный | ||
new | нуовый | ||
old | старый, дриевни | ||
good | клюёвый, харуоши | ||
bad | дреный, плауой | ||
rotten | знивши, туулый | ||
dirty | грязный | ||
straight | премуой | ||
round | круглый | ||
sharp (as a knife) | уострый | ||
dull (as a knife) | топуой | ||
smooth | глатки | ||
wet | муокрый | ||
dry | соуой | ||
correct | туочный, виерный, пральный | ||
near | блиски | ||
far | далюёки | ||
right adj | правый | ||
left adj | лиевый | ||
at | о | ||
in | ва | ||
with | са | ||
and | и | ||
if | ись | ||
because | патмушта | ||
name | име |