| Polijole | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type | Agglutinatively Polysynthetic | ||||||||||||
| Alignment | Nominative-Accusative | ||||||||||||
| Head direction | Initial | ||||||||||||
| Tonal | No | ||||||||||||
| Declensions | Yes | ||||||||||||
| Conjugations | Yes | ||||||||||||
| Genders | No | ||||||||||||
| Nouns decline according to... | |||||||||||||
| Case | Number | ||||||||||||
| Definiteness | Gender | ||||||||||||
| Verbs conjugate according to... | |||||||||||||
| Voice | Mood | ||||||||||||
| Person | Number | ||||||||||||
| Tense | Aspect | ||||||||||||
| Meta-information | |||||||||||||
| Progress | 48% | ||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||
| Creator | Glitchy999 | ||||||||||||
Polijolè [pˠɒliɟɒlə̆] (Polidish /ˈpolɪdɪʃ/ in English) is the language spoken by the Polidians, a race of humans with magical powers, they existed on earth for around ~7820bc to 692bc, but now live on another planet called Poligathè [pˠɒligatʰə̆] (Poligea /poˈlɪʒia/ in English), and have erased all evidence of their Earth presence.
Contents
Classification and Dialects[]
The version of Polijole shown in this article was the average version of the variant spoken at around ~692bc, otherwise known as "Classic Polidish" but the language has changed and has altered into 6 different modern dialects. A list of all historical versions and the modern dialects can be found here.
Classical Polidish[]
Phonology[]
Consonants[]
| Labial | Alveolar | Post-alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m mˠ | n | ŋ | |||
| Plosive | pˠ pˠʰ bˠ | t tʰ d | ɟ~c | k kʰ g | ʔ | |
| Fricative | s z | ʃ ʒ | x | |||
| Affricate | t͡s t͡sʰ | t͡ʃ t͡ʃʰ | ||||
| Lateral app. | l | |||||
C[+labial][+velarised] > C[+labial] / _i, _ĭ
ɟ > c / C[-voice]V_VC[-voice] / C[-voice]V_
Vowels[]
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | i ĭ | u ŭ | |
| Mid | ə ə̆ | ||
| Low | a | ɒ |
diphthongs: /ĭu/, /ĭə/, /ĭa/, /ĭɒ/
Phonotactics[]
Very strict CV syllable structure.
the diphthongs /ĭu/, /ĭə/, /ĭa/ and /ĭɒ/ can only occur before /n/, /l/, /s/, /z/ /ʃ/, and /ʒ/.
Writing System[]
"Polidothu", The classic right-to-left syllabary writing system derived from the Phoenician alphabet, the older writing system is unknown. The symbols for /ʃ/ also fills the role of /ʒ/ and the symbol for /tʰ/ fills the role of /t͡sʰ/ and /t͡ʃʰ/. Short vowels are written using a dot at the top.
Grammar[]
Nouns[]
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| Nominative | -ga* | -kè | -sù |
| Accusative | -nè | -kènè | -şzùnè |
| Dative | -ŋa | -kèŋa | -zùŋa |
| Vocative | -‘i | -‘a | |
| Locative | -te | -kète | -şùte |
| Genitive | -ba/-bo | -kèba | -zùba |
| Allative | -sa | -kèsa | -şùsa |
| Ablative | -saka | -ke | -sùka |
| Inessive | -bì | -kèbì | -zùbì |
| Reflexive | -(Previous consonant) | ||
*-ga is often considered not neccesary in some dialects
Verbs[]
Tenses/Perfective
| Present tense | Past tense | Future tense | |
| Simple | -∅ (Near Present)
-the (Exact Present) |
-mu | -tu |
| Imperfect | -cu | -mù(cu) | -tù(cu) |
| Perfect | -ci | -mùci | -tùci |
| Infinitive | nie- | ||
Poly-Personal Agreement[]
| 1P | 2P | 3P | ||||||||||
| SINGULAR | DUAL | PLURAL | SINGULAR | DUAL | PLURAL | SINGULAR | DUAL | PLURAL | ||||
| MASCULINE | FEMININE | MASCULINE | FEMININE | |||||||||
| 1P | SG | -nana | -memè | -tana | 'o-...-nagù | 'o-...-nania | -çena | -nagè | 'o-...-na | -kèna | 'o-...-nasù | |
| PL/DU | -nagù | -megù | -tagù | -gugù | 'o-...-gunia | -cegù | -gugè | 'o-...-gu | -kègu | 'o...-gusù | ||
| 2P | SG | -nania | -menia | -tania | -gunia | -niania | -mimì | -çenia | -niagè | 'o-...-nia | -kènia | 'o...-niasù |
| PL/DU | -nagè | -megè | -tagè | -gugè | -niagè | -migè | -çecè | -gegè | 'o-...-ge | -kège | 'o...-gesù | |
| 3P | SG | -na | -me | -ta | -gu | -nia | -mi | -çeta | -ge | -∅ | -kèxa | 'o-...-xasù |
| PL/DU | -nasù | -mesù | -tasù | -gusù | -niasù | -misù | -çesù | -gesù | -xasù | -kèsù | -susù | |
Indirect Object (Goes After)[]
| 1P | 2P | 3P | ||||||||
| SG | DU | PL | SG | DU | PL | SG | DU | PL | ||
| MASC | FEM | MASC | FEM | |||||||
| -no | -mo | -to | -gu’o | -nio | -mi’o | -ço | -go | -∅ | -ko | -so |
Converbs[]
-te = CONV
-tecì = ABL.CONV
-kono = PURP.CONV
-pu = COND.CONV
Evidentiality[]
'e- = INFR
cho-/çho- = VIS.INFR
ba- = HEAR.INFR
jo- = QUOT
Copula[]
| 1st Person | 2nd Person | 3rd Person | |||||||
| PR | PS | FU | PR | PS | FU | PR | PS | FU | |
| Simple | nani | memu | natu | niani | mimu | niatu | ni | mu | tu |
| Perfect | phu* | phumu* | phutu* | phu* | phumu* | phutu* | phu* | phumu* | phutu* |
| Imperfect | nanicu | menimùcu | nanitùcu | nianicu | minimùcu | nianitùcu | nicu | nimùcu | nitùcu |
| Infinitive | nieni | ||||||||
Copula Object
| 1P | 2P | 3P | |||
| SG | PL | SG | PL | SG | PL |
| -na | -gù | -nia | -gè | -∅ | -kè |
*The imperfect forms just behave like regular verbs except the tense goes first
The inderect remains the same
Pronouns[]
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |||||
| Masculine | Feminine | Masculine | Neuter | Feminine | Neuter | ||
| NOM | 1st Person Exc. | Na | Me | Na+DUAL | Mena | Me+DUAL | Gu |
| 1st Person Inc. | Ta | Mapho | Tama | Go | |||
| 2nd Person | Nia | Mi | Nia+DUAL | Neta | Mi+DUAL | Ge | |
| OBL | 1st Person Exc. | No | Mo | No+DUAL | Meno | Mo+DUAL | Gu'o |
| 1st Person Inc. | To | Mopho | Ta'o | Go'o | |||
| 2nd Person | Nio | Mi’o | Nio+DUAL | Neto | Mi’o+DUAL | Ga’o | |
Adjectives[]
phe- = Adjective
pho- = Adverb
add the accusative case if it is in stative form
Syntax[]
it has a VSO word order and is head initial, however adjectives go before nouns
Nouns[]
(NEG)-NOUN-(affix)-case
Verbs[]
(evidential)-VERB-agreement-tense-(affix)-(converb)
Adjectives[]
(adj/adv)-(affix)-ADJECTIVE-(acc)
Lexicon[]
Example text - The North Wind and the Sun[]
Romanisation:
'Èlabukèxamù phelapatopho miḿega niu gonaga ŋoniogekhenè xakeba. Phoxi'o niu phomime dulamìkèxamùçite, siumù zamaŋenio'agasa chùŋite phepuçota'anè pulolobi.
Lilemùci gonaga "lamìta", "gùmitatatùci niogekhega xa zamaŋenio'agabo pulolonè".
Phodema lilemùci phelapatopho miḿega "lamìnanio", pholathe lumemùci pheşuniamo miḿenè, xujoni zamaŋenio'agasa.
Pilogèmù phojukana miḿega puloloba zamaŋenio'agabo khemanè. Niu phothigi puçotamùci xaxa, niu phoniogekhe xujonimùci miḿega, phoniothigi puçotamùci xaxa. Phodema kuthomèmùci mimega pulolonè, niu nimùci phetidi xabo tutapega du'ocakoba.
Photuke mìkomù gonaga. nimu xabo mìkosù ŋelakinè, niu siumù phegìna xi'obi, dupuçotamùci zamaŋenio'agaga xabo pulolonè niu paŋamùci phomèta şzaliudamù xabo daşzinişzùnè. Phùmu gonabo mìkosù nioxi'onè niu nioxi'onè. Gùmitamùci linajoga xabo jena niu şacumùci xabo philanè. Phocimani phùmùci ziagu xi'onè gùmita xabo pulolonè, niu, kisotamu nieşzadèna phosuxi'o gonabo mìkonè, cìmìmùci xaxa phetonia takaneba xalusa khulìchùŋite.
IPA:
[ʔə̆labˠukə̆xamŭ pˠʰəlapˠatɒpˠʰɒ mimˠəga nĭu gɒnaga ŋɒnĭɒgəkʰənə̆ xakəbˠa. pˠʰɒxiʔɒ nĭu pˠʰɒmimə dulamĭkə̆xamŭt͡ʃitə, sĭumŭ zamaŋənĭɒʔagasa t͡sʰŭŋitə pˠʰəpˠut͡ʃɒtaʔanə̆ pˠulɒlɒbi]
[liləmŭt͡si gɒnaga lamĭta, gŭmitatatŭt͡si nĭɒgəkʰəga xa zamaŋənĭɒʔagabˠɒ pˠulɒlɒnə̆]
[pˠʰɒdəma liləmŭt͡si pˠʰəlapˠatɒpˠʰɒ miməga lamĭnanĭɒ pˠʰɒlatʰə luməmŭt͡si pˠʰəʃunĭamɒ mimˠənə̆ xuɟɒni zamaŋənĭɒʔagasa]
[pilɒgə̆mŭ pˠʰɒcukana mimˠəga pˠulɒlɒbˠa zamaŋənĭɒʔagabˠɒ kʰəmanə̆. nĭu pˠʰɒtʰigi pˠut͡ʃɒtamŭt͡si xaxa, nĭu pˠʰɒnĭɒgəkʰə xuɟɒnimŭt͡si mimˠəga, pˠʰɒnĭɒtʰigi pˠut͡ʃɒtamŭt͡si xaxa. pˠʰɒdəma kutʰɒmə̆mŭt͡si miməga pˠulɒlɒnə̆, nĭu nimŭt͡si pˠʰətidi xabˠɒ tutapˠəga duʔɒt͡sakɒbˠa]
[pˠʰɒtukə mĭkɒmŭ gɒnaga. nimu xabˠɒ mĭkɒsŭ ŋəlakinə̆, nĭu sĭumŭ pˠʰəgĭna xiʔɒbi, dupˠut͡ʃɒtamŭt͡si zamaŋənĭɒʔagaga xabˠɒ pˠulɒlɒnə̆ nĭu pˠaŋamŭt͡si pˠʰɒmə̆ta ʒalĭudamŭ xabˠɒ daʒiniʒŭnə̆. pˠʰŭmu gɒnabˠɒ mĭkɒsŭ nĭɒxiʔɒnə̆ nĭu nĭɒxiʔɒnə̆. gŭmitamŭt͡si linaɟɒga xabˠɒ ɟəna nĭu ʃat͡sumŭt͡si xabˠɒ pʰilanə̆. pˠʰɒt͡simani pˠʰŭmŭt͡si zĭagu xiʔɒnə̆ gŭmita xabˠɒ pˠulɒlɒnə̆, nĭu, kisɒtamukɒnɒ nĭəʒadə̆na pˠʰɒsuxiʔɒ gɒnabˠɒ mĭkɒnə̆, t͡sĭmĭmŭt͡si xaxa pˠʰətɒnĭa takanəbˠa xalusa kʰulĭt͡sʰŭŋitə]
Gloss:
argue-3du>3sg-PST.PERF ADJ-north wind-NOM and sun-NOM who-AUG-strong-ACC DEM-GEN.du. ADV-heat and ADJ-wind NEG-agree-3du>3sg-PST.PERF-CONV, COP.LOC-∅-PST.IMPERF travel-AG-ALL path-LOC ADJ-wrap-PAT cloak-INE.
say-∅-PST.PERF sun-NOM "agree-1du>3sg", "take.off-1du>3sg-FUT.PERF AUG-strong-NOM DEM travel-AG-GEN cloak-ACC".
ADV-angry say-∅-PST.PERF ADJ-north wind-NOM "agree-1sg>3sg-2sg.DAT", ADV-PRES create-∅-PST.PERF ADJ-cold wind-ACC, push-∅ travel-AG-ALL.
whip-∅-PST.IMPERF ADV-one.ORD wind-NOM cloak-GEN travel-AG-GEN end-ACC. and ADJ-close wrap-∅-PST.PERF 3sg.RELF, and ADJ-AUG-strong push-∅-PST.PERF wind-NOM, ADJ-AUG-close wrap-∅-PST.PERF 3sg.RELF. ADV-angry tear-∅-PST.PERF wind-NOM cloak-ACC, and-∅-PST.PERF COP ADJ-all DEM.GEN PST.PERF labour-NOM NEG-reason-GEN.
ADV-after shine-∅-PST.IMPERF. COP-∅-PST 3sg.GEN ray-PL weak-ACC, and COP.LOC-∅-PST.IMPERF ADJ-good heat-INE, NEG-wrap-∅-PST.PERF traveler-AG-NOM 3sg.GEN cloak-ACC and allow-∅-PST.PERF ADV-loose hang-3sg>3pl-PST.PERF 3sg.GEN shoulder-ACC.PL. COP.IMPERF.PST sun-GEN ray-PL AUG-hot-ACC and AUG-hot-ACC. take.off-∅-PST.PERF person-NOM 3sg.GEN hat-ACC and wipe-∅-PST.PERF 3sg.GEN brow-ACC. ADV-final become-∅ too hot-ACC take.off 3sg.GEN coat-ACC, and, want-∅-PST-PURP.CONV INF-escape-∅ ADV-pl-hot sun-GEN light-ACC, throw-∅-PST.PERF 3sg.RELF ADJ-welcome tree-GEN shadow-All side-path-LOC.
Translation:
The North Wind and the Sun had a quarrel about which of them was the stronger. While they were disputing with much heat and bluster, a Traveler passed along the road wrapped in a cloak.
"Let us agree," said the Sun, "that he is the stronger who can strip that Traveler of his cloak".
"Very well," growled the North Wind, and at once sent a cold, howling blast against the Traveler.
With the first gust of wind the ends of the cloak whipped about the Traveler's body. But he immediately wrapped it closely around him, and the harder the Wind blew, the tighter he held it to him. The North Wind tore angrily at the cloak, but all his efforts were in vain.
Then the Sun began to shine. At first his beams were gentle, and in the pleasant warmth after the bitter cold of the North Wind, the Traveler unfastened his cloak and let it hang loosely from his shoulders. The Sun's rays grew warmer and warmer. The man took off his cap and mopped his brow. At last he became so heated that he pulled off his cloak, and, to escape the blazing sunshine, threw himself down in the welcome shade of a tree by the roadside."
Romanisation[]
| Consonants | Vowels | |
|---|---|---|
| IPA | b g d z x tʰ ɟ k l m mˠ n ŋ s p t͡s t͡ʃ t͡sʰ t͡ʃʰ kʰ pʰ ʃ ʒ t ʔ
|
a ə i ɒ u ĭ ŭ ə̆ ĭu ĭə ĭa ĭɒ
|
| Romanisation | b g d z x th j k l m ḿ n ŋ s p c ç ch çh kh ph ş şz t '
|
a e i o u ì ù è iu ie ia io
|
