| Polijole | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type | Agglutinatively Polysynthetic | ||||||||||||
| Alignment | Nominative-Accusative | ||||||||||||
| Head direction | Initial | ||||||||||||
| Tonal | No | ||||||||||||
| Declensions | Yes | ||||||||||||
| Conjugations | Yes | ||||||||||||
| Genders | No | ||||||||||||
| Nouns decline according to... | |||||||||||||
| Case | Number | ||||||||||||
| Definiteness | Gender | ||||||||||||
| Verbs conjugate according to... | |||||||||||||
| Voice | Mood | ||||||||||||
| Person | Number | ||||||||||||
| Tense | Aspect | ||||||||||||
| Meta-information | |||||||||||||
| Progress | 48% | ||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||
| Creator | Glitchy999 | ||||||||||||
Polijolè [pɒliˈɟɒlə̆] (Polidish /ˈpolɪdɪʃ/ in English) is the language spoken by the Polidians, a race of humans with magical powers, they existed on earth for around ~5800bc to 692bc, but now live on another planet called Poligathè [pɒliˈgatʰə̆] (Poligea /poˈlɪʒia/ in English), and have erased all evidence of their Earth presence.
Classification and Dialects[]
The version of Polijole shown in this article was the average version of the variant spoken at around ~692bc, otherwise known as "Classic Polidish" but the language has changed and has altered into 6 different modern languages. A list of all historical versions and the modern languages/dialects can be found here (WILL BE HEAVILY REWORKED).
Classical Polidish[]
Phonology[]
Consonants[]
| Labial | Alveolar | Post-alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | (nʲ~ɲ) | ŋ | ||
| Plosive | p pʰ b | t tʰ d | ɟ | k kʰ g | ʔ | |
| Fricative | s z | ʃ ʒ | x | |||
| Affricate | t͡s t͡sʰ | t͡ʃ t͡ʃʰ | ||||
| Lateral app. | l | (lʲ~ʎ) | ||||
Vowels[]
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | i ĭ | u ŭ | |
| Mid | ə ə̆ | ||
| Low | a | ɒ |
diphthongs: /ĭu/, /ĭə/, /ĭa/, /ĭɒ/
Normal length vowels are not long, comparitively short vowels are barely uttered. In most later dialects short vowels completely dissapeared word finally.
Post-alveolar consonants were originally allophones of the alveolar consonants when preceding other alveolars separated by a vowel (not neccesarily in the next syllable). Due to the dissapearance of coda consonants, the post-alveolar consonants are now phonemic in classical Polidish.
Phonotactics[]
Very strict CV syllable structure.
the diphthongs /ĭu/, /ĭə/, /ĭa/ and /ĭɒ/ can only occur before /n/, /l/ & sibilant fricatives, with /nĭ/ & /ʎĭ/ realised as [ɲĭ] & [ʎĭ] or [nʲĭ] & [lʲĭ]
Writing System[]
The Polidish Abugida, called "Polidothu", it is descended from the Phoenician abjad. The diacritics made to distinguish /a/, /ə/ and /ɒ/ or short forms of vowels did not originally exist, meaning it was originally an impure abjad, but became an abugida.
Nuances[]
The short versions of /ə/, /i/ and /u/ are written with a dot ontop.
The symbol for /ʃ/ fills the role of /ʒ/.
The symbol for /tʰ/ fills the role of /t͡sʰ/ and /t͡ʃʰ/.
Grammar[]
Nouns[]
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| Nominative | -(ga) | -[C]a | -[C]u |
| Accusative | -nè | -[C]anè | -[C]unè |
| Dative | -ŋa | -[C]aŋa | -[C]uŋa |
| Locative | -tè(p) | -[C]atè(p) | -[C]utè(p) |
| Genitive | -bo(k) | -xa | -xu |
| Reflexive | -(Previous Syllable) | ||
-ga is often considered not neccesary
The plural and dual declensions have 5 different forms where 1 tenuis consonant is inserted in the place of [C]: p, t, c/ç, k, or ʼ
Suffixes starting with ʼ that continue after certain declensions may replace the ʼ with p, t, c/ç, or k
The "p, t, c/ç, or k" that are often inserted are derived from old coda consonants that would have otherwise disappeared. For example, in Proto Polidish, person is kʼōbēt, the plural would be: kʼōbēt + ʼū -> kʼōbētʼū. In Classical Polidish, person is koma, the plural is komatu.
Verbs[]
Tense/Aspect
| Tense | ||||
| Present tense | Past tense | Future tense | ||
| Aspect | Perfect | -∅ | -mi | -tu |
| Imperfect | -cì | -mu | ||
| Infinitive | nie- | |||
Poly-Personal Agreement[]
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |||
| Masculine | Feminine | ||||
| Subject | 1st Person | -na | -me | -ta | -gu |
| 2nd Person | -nia | -mi | -çeta | -ge | |
| 3rd Person | -∅ | -xu | |||
| Object | 1st Person | -kho | -ʼatì | ||
| 2nd Person | -mo | -ma | -ʼotì | ||
| 3rd Person | -∅ | -ziu | |||
| Indirect Object | 1st Person | -no | -ʼatè | ||
| 2nd Person | -nio | -ʼotè | |||
| 3rd Person | -xa | -siu | |||
| Reflexive | 1st Person | -nana | -meme | -tata | -gugu |
| 2nd Person | -niania | -mimi | -çece | -gege | |
| 3rd Person | -xaxa | ||||
When multiple case types are used on one verb, the order is:
subject > object > indirect object, or
reflexive > indirect object
Converbs[]
-tecì = CONV "while"
-te = ABL.CONV "after"
-so = PURP.CONV "because of"
-pu = COND.CONV "if"
Copula[]
| Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||||||
| 1st Person | 2nd Person | 3rd Person | 1st Person | 2nd Person | 3rd Person | 1st Person | 2nd Person | 3rd Person | ||
| Perfect | Present | ni | ninami | nina | nikha | nimi | no | nukhè | numì | nu |
| Past | mi | miʼè | miʼu | |||||||
| Imperfect | Present | phù | phùtè | phùtu | ||||||
| Past | mu | muʼè | muʼu | |||||||
| Future | tu | tuʼè | tuʼu | |||||||
| Infinitive | nieni | |||||||||
Pronouns[]
| Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||
| Masculine | Feminine | |||||
| NOM | 1st Person | Na | Me | Ta | Gu | |
| 2nd Person | Nia | Mi | Ge | |||
| 3rd Person | Xa | Xu | ||||
| OBL | 1st Person | No | Mu | ʼAtè | ||
| 2nd Person | Nio | Ma | ʼOtè | |||
| 3rd Person | Xo | Siu | ||||
| INTER | Ŋo | |||||
Oblique pronouns will take case conjugation excluding accusative
Adjectives & Adverbs[]
| Nominative | Oblique | |
| Adjective | -bo | phe- |
| Adverb | pho- | |
| Stative | -nè, -ga | |
Adjectives affecting nominative nouns use the genitive suffix, while stative adjectives (e.g the grass is green) use the accusative suffix. All other adjectives & adverbs use their own prefix.
Syntax[]
It has a predominantly VSO word order and is strongly head initial
SVO and VOS are occasionally & interchangeably used for prepositons (prepositions are treated as verbs), alongside this, prepositional verbs do not recieve personal agreement for subject.
e.g na zamemi niobo şetatè [na ˈzaməmi ˈɲĭɒbɒ ʃəˈtatə̆] 1sg.MASC.NOM go.to-∅-AOR 2sg.OBL-GEN house-LOC "I went to your house"
alternatively, zamemi niobo şetatè na [ˈzaməmi ˈɲĭɒbɒ ʃəˈtatə̆ na] go.to-∅-AOR 2sg.OBL-GEN house-LOC 1sg.MASC.NOM (identical meaning)
SVO is also occasionally used for sentences where the subject is being brought into focus.
Nouns[]
NOUN-(affix)-case
Adjectives go before nouns
Verbs[]
(Negative)-(infintiv)-VERB-(affix)-agreement-tense/aspect-(converb)
Adjectives/Adverbs[]
(phe/pho)-(affix)-ADJECTIVE-(acc/gen)
Auxilliary Verb, Adverb & Adpositional Order[]
(Time), MAIN VERB (Modal), (Interrogative), (Adverb), (Manner), (Place)
'(Place)' adposition is a locative noun
Lexicon[]
here (outdated)
Example text - The North Wind and the Sun[]
Romanisation:
*GRAMMAR HERE IS MASSIVELY OUTDATED & NEEDS TO BE REWORKED
'Èlabumi lapatophobo mimega niu gonaga ŋonionina zugenè xokèbo. Phoxi'o niu phomime dulamìmutecì, zamemu chùŋitè zamaŋenio'aga phopuçota'ane kalèmi xa pulolonè.
Lilemi gonaga "lamìta", "ŋo kùthu gùmitatatu nina niozugega zamaŋeniobokaga pulolonè".
Phodema lilemi lapatophobo mimega "lamìnanio", pholathe lumemi pheşzuniamo mimenè, xujoni zamaŋeniotèpaga.
Pilogèmu phojukana mimega pulolobo zamaŋeniobokaga khemanè. Niu phothigi puçotami xaxa, niu phoniozuge xujonimi mimega, phoniothigi puçotami xaxa. Phodema kuthomèmi mimega pulolonè, niu mi phetidi xobo tutapega du'ochakobo.
Photuke mìkomu gonaga. mi xabo mìkosù ŋelakinè, niu kalèmu phegìna xi'onè, dupuçotami zamaŋenio'aga xabo pulolonè niu paŋami phomèta şzaliudamu xabo daşzinişzùnè. Mu gonabo mìkosù nioxi'onè niu nioxi'onè. Gùmitami lijoga xabo jena niu şacumi xabo philanè. Phocimani muso ziagu xi'onè gùmita xobo pulolonè, niu, kisotamu nieşzadèna phosuxi'o gonabo mìkonè, cìmìmu xaxa phetonia takanèbo xalutè khulìchùŋitè.
IPA:
[ʔə̆laˈbumi lapaˈtɒpʰɒbɒ ˈmiməga ɲĭu gɒˈnaga ŋɒɲĭɒniˈna zuˈgənə̆ ˈxɒkəbɒ | pʰɒxiˈʔɒ ɲĭu pʰɒˈmimə duˈlamĭmutət͡sĭ | ˈzaməmu t͡sʰŭˈŋitə̆ zamaŋəˈɲĭɒʔaga pʰɒput͡ʃɒˈtaʔanə ˈkalə̆mi xa pulɒˈlɒnə̆]
[ˈliləmi gɒˈnaga ˈlamĭta | ŋɒ kŭˈtʰu gŭmiˈtatatu nina ɲĭɒˈzugəga zamaŋəˈɲĭɒbɒkaga pulɒˈlɒnə̆]
[pʰɒdəˈma ˈliləmi lapaˈtɒpʰɒbɒ ˈmiməga ˈlamĭnaɲĭɒ | pʰɒˈlatʰə ˈluməmi pʰəʒuɲĭaˈmɒ ˈmim ənə̆ xuɟɒˈni zamaŋəˈɲĭɒtə̆paga]
[piˈlɒgə̆mu pʰɒɟukaˈna ˈmim əga pulɒˈlɒbɒ zamaŋəˈɲĭɒbɒkaga kʰəˈmanə̆ | ɲĭu pʰɒtʰiˈgi put͡ʃɒˈtami xaˈxa | ɲĭu pʰɒɲĭɒˈzugə xuɟɒˈnimi ˈmim əga | pʰɒɲĭɒtʰiˈgi put͡ʃɒˈtami xaˈxa | pʰɒdəˈma kuˈtʰɒmə̆mi ˈmim əga pulɒˈlɒnə̆ | ɲĭu mi pʰətiˈdi ˈxɒbɒ tuˈtapəga duʔɒt͡sʰaˈkɒbɒ]
[pʰɒˈtukə mĭˈkɒmu gɒˈnaga | mi ˈxabɒ mĭˈkɒsŭ ŋəlaˈkinə̆ | ɲĭu ˈkalə̆mu pʰəgĭˈna xiˈʔɒnə̆ | duput͡ʃɒˈtami zamaŋəˈɲĭɒʔaga ˈxabɒ pulɒˈlɒnə̆ ɲĭu paˈŋami pʰɒmə̆ˈta ʒaʎĭuˈdamu ˈxabɒ daʒiˈniʒŭnə̆ | mu gɒˈnabɒ mĭˈkɒsŭ ɲĭɒxiˈʔɒnə̆ ɲĭu ɲĭɒxiˈʔɒnə̆ | gŭmiˈtami liˈɟɒga ˈxabɒ ɟəˈna ɲĭu ʃaˈt͡sumi ˈxabɒ pʰiˈlanə̆ | pʰɒt͡siˈmani musɒ zĭagu xiʔɒnə̆ gŭmiˈta ˈxɒbɒ pulɒˈlɒnə̆ | ɲĭu | kisɒˈtamusɒ ɲĭəˈʒadə̆na pʰɒsuxiˈʔɒ gɒˈnabɒ mĭˈkɒnə̆ | ˈt͡sĭmĭmi xaˈxa pʰəˈtɒɲĭa taˈkanə̆bɒ xaˈlutə̆ kʰuʎĭt͡sʰŭˈŋitə̆]
Gloss:
argue-∅-AOR north-GEN wind-NOM and sun-NOM who-more-COP.PRES.3sg strong-ACC DEM.GEN.du. ADV-heat and ADV-wind NEG-agree-∅-PST.IMPERF-CONV, ALL-∅-PST.IMPERF path-LOC travel-AG.NOM ADV-wrap-PAT INE-∅-AOR DEM.NOM cloak-ACC.
say-∅-AOR sun-NOM "agree-1du>3sg", "who can take.off-1du>3sg-FUT COP.3sg more-strong-NOM travel-GEN-AG cloak-ACC".
ADV-angry say-∅-AOR north-GEN wind-NOM "agree-1sg.MASC>3sg-2sg.DAT", ADV-now create-∅-AOR ADJ-very-cold wind-ACC, push travel-LOC-AG.
whip-∅-AOR ADV-one.ORD wind-NOM cloak-GEN travel-GEN-AG end-ACC. and ADJ-close wrap-∅-AOR DEM.RELF, and ADV-more-strong push-∅-AOR wind-NOM, ADJ-more-close wrap-∅-AOR DEM.RELF. ADV-angry tear-∅-AOR wind-NOM cloak-ACC, and COP.AOR ADJ-all DEM-GEN labour-NOM NEG-reason-GEN.
ADV-after shine-∅-PST.IMPERF sun-NOM. COP.AOR DEM.GEN ray-PL weak-ACC, and INE-∅-PST.IMPERF ADJ-good heat-ACC, NEG-wrap-∅-AOR traveler-AG.NOM DEM.GEN cloak-ACC and allow-∅-AOR ADV-loose hang-3sg>3pl-AOR DEM.GEN shoulder-ACC.PL. COP.PST.IMPERF sun-GEN ray-PL more-hot-ACC and more-hot-ACC. take.off-∅-AOR person-NOM DEM.GEN hat-ACC and wipe-∅-AOR DEM.GEN brow-ACC. ADV-final COP.PST.IMPERF-PURP.CONV too hot-ACC take.off DEM.GEN coat-ACC, and, want-∅-PST.IMPERF-PURP.CONV INF-escape ADV-very-hot sun-GEN light-ACC, throw-∅-AOR DEM.RELF ADJ-welcome tree-GEN shadow-LOC side-path-LOC.
Translation:
The North Wind and the Sun had a quarrel about which of them was the stronger. While they were disputing with much heat and bluster, a Traveler passed along the road wrapped in a cloak.
"Let us agree," said the Sun, "that he is the stronger who can stripthat Traveler of his cloak".
"Very well," growled the North Wind, and at once sent a cold, howling blast against the Traveler.
With the first gust of wind the ends of the cloak whipped about the Traveler's body. But he immediately wrapped it closely around him, and the harder the Wind blew, the tighter he held it to him. The North Wind tore angrily at the cloak, but all his efforts were in vain.
Then the Sun began to shine. At first his beams were gentle, and in the pleasant warmth after the bitter cold of the North Wind, the Traveler unfastened his cloak and let it hang loosely from his shoulders. The Sun's rays grew warmer and warmer. The man took off his capand mopped his brow. At last he became so heated that he pulled off his cloak, and, to escape the blazing sunshine, threw himself down in the welcome shade of a tree by the roadside."
Romanisation[]
| Consonants | Vowels | |
|---|---|---|
| IPA | b g d z x tʰ ɟ k l m n ŋ s p t͡s t͡ʃ t͡sʰ t͡ʃʰ kʰ pʰ ʃ ʒ t ʔ
|
a ə i ɒ u ĭ ŭ ə̆ ĭu ĭə ĭa ĭɒ
|
| Romanisation | b g d z x th j k l m n ŋ s p c ç ch çh kh ph ş şz t '
|
a e i o u ì ù è iu ie ia io
|
Other[]
irregularities (pretty outdated)