| Polijole | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type | Agglutinatively Polysynthetic | ||||||||||||
| Alignment | Nominative-Accusative | ||||||||||||
| Head direction | Initial | ||||||||||||
| Tonal | No | ||||||||||||
| Declensions | Yes | ||||||||||||
| Conjugations | Yes | ||||||||||||
| Genders | No | ||||||||||||
| Nouns decline according to... | |||||||||||||
| Case | Number | ||||||||||||
| Definiteness | Gender | ||||||||||||
| Verbs conjugate according to... | |||||||||||||
| Voice | Mood | ||||||||||||
| Person | Number | ||||||||||||
| Tense | Aspect | ||||||||||||
| Meta-information | |||||||||||||
| Progress | 48% | ||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||
| Creator | Glitchy999 | ||||||||||||
Polijolè [pˠɒliɟɒlə̆] (Polidish /ˈpolɪdɪʃ/ in English) is the language spoken by the Polidians, a race of humans with magical powers, they existed on earth for around ~5820bc to 692bc, but now live on another planet called Poligathè [pˠɒligatʰə̆] (Poligea /poˈlɪʒia/ in English), and have erased all evidence of their Earth presence.
Contents
Classification and Dialects[]
The version of Polijole shown in this article was the average version of the variant spoken at around ~692bc, otherwise known as "Classic Polidish" but the language has changed and has altered into 6 different modern dialects. A list of all historical versions and the modern dialects/languages can be found here.
Classical Polidish[]
Phonology[]
Consonants[]
| Labial | Alveolar | Post-alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m mˠ | n | ŋ | |||
| Plosive | pˠ pˠʰ bˠ | t tʰ d | ɟ | k kʰ g | ʔ | |
| Fricative | s z | ʃ ʒ | x | |||
| Affricate | t͡s t͡sʰ | t͡ʃ t͡ʃʰ | ||||
| Lateral app. | l | |||||
velarised labials get develarised before /i/ and /ĭ/
Vowels[]
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | i ĭ | u ŭ | |
| Mid | ə ə̆ | ||
| Low | a | ɒ |
diphthongs: /ĭu/, /ĭə/, /ĭa/, /ĭɒ/
Phonotactics[]
Very strict CV syllable structure.
the diphthongs /ĭu/, /ĭə/, /ĭa/ and /ĭɒ/ can only occur before alveolar or post-alveolar sounds excluding plosives and affricates
Writing System[]
The Polidish Abugida, called "Polidothu", it is descended from the Phoenician abjad. The diacritics for /a/, /ə/ and /ɒ/ or short forms of vowels did not originally exist, meaning it was originally an impure abjad, but became an abugida.
Nuances[]
The short versions of /ə/, /i/ and /u/ are written with a dot ontop.
The symbol for /ʃ/ fills the role of /ʒ/.
The symbol for /tʰ/ fills the role of /t͡sʰ/ and /t͡ʃʰ/.
Grammar[]
Nouns[]
| Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||
| Athematic | Thematic | Athematic | Thematic | Athematic | Thematic | |
| Nominative | -(ga) | -kè | -[C]a | -sù | -[C]u | |
| Accusative | -nè | -kènè | -[C]anè | -şzùnè | -[C]unè | |
| Dative | -ŋa | -kèŋa | -[C]aŋa | -sùŋa | -[C]uŋa | |
| Vocative | -∅ | -ʼa | -[C]a | -ʼu | -[C]u | |
| Locative | -tè | -kètè | -[C]atè | -şùtè | -[C]utè | |
| Genitive | -bo | -kèbo | -xa | -zùbo | -xu | |
| Reflexive | -(Previous Syllable) | |||||
-ga is often considered not neccesary
The thematic declensions have 5 different forms where 1 tenuis consonant is inserted, p, t, c/ç, k, or ʼ
Verbs[]
Tenses/Perfective
| Present tense | Past tense | Future tense | |
| Perfect | -∅ | -mi | -tu |
| Imperfect | -cì | -mu | |
| Infinitive | nie- | ||
Poly-Personal Agreement[]
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |||
| Masculine | Feminine | ||||
| Subject | 1st Person | -na | -me | -ta | -gu |
| 2nd Person | -nia | -mi | -çeta | -ge | |
| 3rd Person | -∅ | -xu | |||
| Object | 1st Person | -kho | -ʼatì | ||
| 2nd Person | -mwo | -ma | -ʼotì | ||
| 3rd Person | -∅ | -ziu | |||
| Indirect Object | 1st Person | -no | -ʼatè | ||
| 2nd Person | -nio | -ʼotè | |||
| 3rd Person | -xa | -siu | |||
| Reflexive | 1st Person | -nana | -meme | -tata | -gugu |
| 2nd Person | -niania | -mimi | -çece | -gege | |
| 3rd Person | -xaxa | ||||
Converbs[]
-tecì = CONV "while"
-te = ABL.CONV "after"
-so = PURP.CONV "because of"
-pu = COND.CONV "if"
Copula[]
| Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||||||
| 1st Person | 2nd Person | 3rd Person | 1st Person | 2nd Person | 3rd Person | 1st Person | 2nd Person | 3rd Person | ||
| Perfect | Present | ni | ninami | nina | nikha | nimi | no | nukhè | numì | nu |
| Past | mi | miʼè | miʼu | |||||||
| Imperfect | Present | phù | phùtè | phùtu | ||||||
| Past | mu | muʼè | muʼu | |||||||
| Future | tu | tuʼè | tuʼu | |||||||
| Infinitive | nieni | |||||||||
Pronouns[]
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |||||
| Masculine | Feminine | Normal | Couple | ||||
| NOM | 1st Person | Na | Me | Ta | Mabo | Gu | |
| 2nd Person | Nia | Mi | Ge | Neta | Ge | ||
| 3rd Person | Xa | Xu | |||||
| OBL | 1st Person | No | Mu | ʼAtè | Mabè | ʼAtè | |
| 2nd Person | Nio | Ma | ʼOtè | Nota | ʼOtè | ||
| 3rd Person | Xo | Siu | |||||
| INTER | Ŋo | ||||||
Adjuncts[]
| Nominative | Oblique | |
| Adjective | -bo | phe- |
| Adverb | pho- | |
| Stative | -nè | |
Syntax[]
it has a predominantly VSO/VOS word order and is head initial, however adjectives go before nouns
Nouns[]
(NEG)-NOUN-(affix)-case
Verbs[]
(evidential)-VERB-agreement-tense-(affix)-(converb)
Adjectives[]
(adj/adv)-(affix)-ADJECTIVE-(acc/gen)
Lexicon[]
Example text - The North Wind and the Sun[]
Romanisation:
'Èlabumi lapatophobo mimwega niu gonaga ŋonionina zugenè xokèbo. Phoxi'o niu phomime dulamìmutecì, zamemu chùŋitè zamaŋenio'aga phopuçota'ane kalèmi xa pulolonè.
Lilemi gonaga "lamìta", "ŋonina niozugenè gùmitatatu zamaŋeniobokaga pulolonè".
Phodema lilemi lapatophobo mimwega "lamìnanio", pholathe lumemi pheşzuniamo mimwenè, xujoni zamaŋeniotèpaga.
Pilogèmu phojukana mimwega pulolobo zamaŋeniobokaga khemanè. Niu phothigi puçotami xaxa, niu phoniozuge xujonimi mimwega, phoniothigi puçotami xaxa. Phodema kuthomèmi mimwega pulolonè, niu mi phetidi xobo tutapega du'ochakobo.
Photuke mìkomu gonaga. mi xabo mìkosù ŋelakinè, niu kalèmu phegìna xi'onè, dupuçotami zamaŋenio'aga xabo pulolonè niu paŋami phomèta şzaliudamu xabo daşzinişzùnè. Mu gonabo mìkosù nioxi'onè niu nioxi'onè. Gùmitami lijoga xabo jena niu şacumi xabo philanè. Phocimani muso ziagu xi'onè gùmita xobo pulolonè, niu, kisotamu nieşzadèna phosuxi'o gonabo mìkonè, cìmìmu xaxa phetonia takanèbo xalutè khulìchùŋitè.
IPA:
[ʔə̆laˈbˠumi lapˠaˈtɒpˠʰɒbˠɒ ˈmimˠəga nĭu gɒˈnaga ŋɒnĭɒniˈna zuˈgənə̆ ˈxɒkəbˠɒ. pˠʰɒxiˈʔɒ nĭu pˠʰɒˈmimə duˈlamĭmutət͡sĭ, ˈzaməmu t͡sʰŭˈŋitə̆ zamaŋəˈnĭɒʔaga pˠʰɒpˠut͡ʃɒˈtaʔanə ˈkalə̆mi xa pˠulɒˈlɒnə̆]
[ˈliləmi gɒˈnaga ˈlamĭta, ŋɒˈnina nĭɒˈzugənə̆ gŭmiˈtatatu zamaŋəˈnĭɒbˠɒkaga pˠulɒˈlɒnə̆]
[pˠʰɒdəˈma ˈliləmi lapˠaˈtɒpˠʰɒbˠɒ ˈmiməga ˈlamĭnanĭɒ pˠʰɒˈlatʰə ˈluməmi pˠʰəʒunĭaˈmɒ ˈmimˠənə̆ xuɟɒˈni zamaŋəˈnĭɒtə̆pˠaga]
[piˈlɒgə̆mu pˠʰɒɟukaˈna ˈmimˠəga pˠulɒˈlɒbˠɒ zamaŋəˈnĭɒbˠɒkaga kʰəˈmanə̆. nĭu pˠʰɒtʰiˈgi pˠut͡ʃɒˈtami xaˈxa, nĭu pˠʰɒnĭɒˈzugə xuɟɒˈnimi ˈmimˠəga, pˠʰɒnĭɒtʰiˈgi pˠut͡ʃɒˈtami xaˈxa. pˠʰɒdəˈma kuˈtʰɒmə̆mi ˈmimˠəga pˠulɒˈlɒnə̆, nĭu mi pˠʰətiˈdi ˈxɒbˠɒ tuˈtapˠəga duʔɒt͡sʰaˈkɒbˠɒ]
[pˠʰɒˈtukə mĭˈkɒmu gɒˈnaga. mi ˈxabˠɒ mĭˈkɒsŭ ŋəlaˈkinə̆, nĭu ˈkalə̆mu pˠʰəgĭˈna xiˈʔɒnə̆, dupˠut͡ʃɒˈtami zamaŋəˈnĭɒʔaga ˈxabˠɒ pˠulɒˈlɒnə̆ nĭu pˠaˈŋami pˠʰɒmə̆ˈta ʒalĭuˈdamu ˈxabˠɒ daʒiˈniʒŭnə̆. pˠʰŭˈmu gɒˈnabˠɒ mĭˈkɒsŭ nĭɒxiˈʔɒnə̆ nĭu nĭɒxiˈʔɒnə̆. gŭmiˈtami liˈɟɒga ˈxabˠɒ ɟəˈna nĭu ʃaˈt͡sumi ˈxabˠɒ pʰiˈlanə̆. pˠʰɒt͡siˈmani musɒ zĭagu xiʔɒnə̆ gŭmita xɒbˠɒ pˠulɒlɒnə̆, nĭu, kisɒtamusɒ nĭəʒadə̆na pˠʰɒsuxiʔɒ gɒnabˠɒ mĭkɒnə̆, t͡sĭmĭmi xaxa pˠʰətɒnĭa takanə̆bˠɒ xalusa kʰulĭt͡sʰŭŋitə̆]
Gloss:
argue-∅-AOR north-GEN wind-NOM and sun-NOM who-more-COP.PRES.3sg strong-ACC DEM.GEN.du. ADV-heat and ADV-wind NEG-agree-∅-PST.IMPERF-CONV, ALL-∅-PST.IMPERF path-LOC travel-AG.NOM ADV-wrap-PAT INE-∅-AOR DEM.NOM cloak-ACC.
say-∅-AOR sun-NOM "agree-1du>3sg", "who-COP.3sg more-strong-ACC take.off-1du>3sg-FUT travel-GEN-AG cloak-ACC".
ADV-angry say-∅-AOR north-GEN wind-NOM "agree-1sg.MASC>3sg-2sg.DAT", ADV-PRES create-∅-AOR ADJ-very-cold wind-ACC, push travel-LOC-AG.
whip-∅-AOR ADV-one.ORD wind-NOM cloak-GEN travel-GEN-AG end-ACC. and ADJ-close wrap-∅-AOR DEM.RELF, and ADV-more-strong push-∅-AOR wind-NOM, ADJ-more-close wrap-∅-AOR DEM.RELF. ADV-angry tear-∅-AOR wind-NOM cloak-ACC, and COP.AOR ADJ-all DEM-GEN labour-NOM NEG-reason-GEN.
ADV-after shine-∅-PST.IMPERF sun-NOM. COP.AOR DEM.GEN ray-PL weak-ACC, and INE-∅-PST.IMPERF ADJ-good heat-ACC, NEG-wrap-∅-AOR traveler-AG.NOM DEM.GEN cloak-ACC and allow-∅-AOR ADV-loose hang-3sg>3pl-AOR DEM.GEN shoulder-ACC.PL. COP.PST.IMPERF sun-GEN ray-PL more-hot-ACC and more-hot-ACC. take.off-∅-AOR person-NOM DEM.GEN hat-ACC and wipe-∅-AOR DEM.GEN brow-ACC. ADV-final COP.PST.IMPERF-PURP.CONV too hot-ACC take.off DEM.GEN coat-ACC, and, want-∅-PST.IMPERF-PURP.CONV INF-escape ADV-pl-hot sun-GEN light-ACC, throw-∅-AOR DEM.RELF ADJ-welcome tree-GEN shadow-LOC side-path-LOC.
Translation:
The North Wind and the Sun had a quarrel about which of them was the stronger. While they were disputing with much heat and bluster, a Traveler passed along the road wrapped in a cloak.
"Let us agree," said the Sun, "that he is the stronger who can strip that Traveler of his cloak".
"Very well," growled the North Wind, and at once sent a cold, howling blast against the Traveler.
With the first gust of wind the ends of the cloak whipped about the Traveler's body. But he immediately wrapped it closely around him, and the harder the Wind blew, the tighter he held it to him. The North Wind tore angrily at the cloak, but all his efforts were in vain.
Then the Sun began to shine. At first his beams were gentle, and in the pleasant warmth after the bitter cold of the North Wind, the Traveler unfastened his cloak and let it hang loosely from his shoulders. The Sun's rays grew warmer and warmer. The man took off his cap and mopped his brow. At last he became so heated that he pulled off his cloak, and, to escape the blazing sunshine, threw himself down in the welcome shade of a tree by the roadside."
Romanisation[]
| Consonants | Vowels | |
|---|---|---|
| IPA | b g d z x tʰ ɟ k l m mˠ n ŋ s p t͡s t͡ʃ t͡sʰ t͡ʃʰ kʰ pʰ ʃ ʒ t ʔ
|
a ə i ɒ u ĭ ŭ ə̆ ĭu ĭə ĭa ĭɒ
|
| Romanisation | b g d z x th j k l m mw n ŋ s p c ç ch çh kh ph ş şz t '
|
a e i o u ì ù è iu ie ia io
|
