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This page provides a list and example sentences for all of the historical versions and all of the modern Languages of the Polidish language family.
−
note: most of the modern dialects' names are based off of their etymological-original classical polidish word, so the names may differ slightly
  
   
  +
note: most of the modern langauges' names are based off of their etymological-original classical polidish word, so the names may differ slightly
−
== Proto-Polijole ==
  
  +
−
qâ lijâ jâlà [kʷɑ liɟɑ ɟɑlɐ̆] was the oldest form of polidish, it was completely isolating.
 
  +
== Proto-Polidish ==
  +
Proto-Polidish, mostly commonly called Tēkʷts [ˈtæːkʷtɿ], but could also be called Kʷʼō līǵōxū ǵāle [kʷʼɑː liːˈɟɑːxuː ˈɟɑːlɛ̞], (often just shortened to Kʼʷōlīǵōle [kʷʼɑːliːˈɟɑːlɛ̞]), was first spoken around ~5820bc and was the oldest form of Polidish, it was very isolating, it had a C(V/F)(P) syllable structure (where P is short for ᵐb, p, t, c, k, kʷ, ʔ and F is a syllabic fricative) It is the ancestor of Classical and Central polidish. It had a preference for a VSO or VOS word order, but because of the marked cases, the word order was allowed to be very free. Except for prepositional verbs, which must go before the object forcing either VOS or SVO.
   
 
=== Phonology ===
  
=== Phonology ===
Line 25: Line 27:
 
|-
  
|-
 
!Plosive
  
!Plosive
−
|ᵐb
 +
|p ᵐb
−
|t tʰ d
 +
|t tʼ d
−
|c cʰ ɟ
 +
|c cʼ ɟ
−
|k kʰ g
 +
|k kʼ g
−
|kʷ kʷʰ gʷ
 +
|kʷ kʼʷ gʷ
 
|ʔ
  
|ʔ
 
|-
  
|-
Line 36: Line 38:
 
|s
  
|s
 
|ç
  
|ç
−
|x
 +
|x~χ
 
|
  
|
 
|
  
|
 
|-
  
|-
  +
!Liquid
−
!Lateral Approximate
  
 
|
  
|
 
|l
  
|l
−
|ʎ
 +
|j
 
|
  
|
  +
|w
−
|ʟʷ
  
 
|
  
|
 
|}
  
|}
Line 53: Line 55:
 
! style="width: 90px; " |
  
! style="width: 90px; " |
 
! style="width: 90px; " |Front
  
! style="width: 90px; " |Front
−
! style="width: 90px; " |Central
  
 
! style="width: 90px; " |Back
  
! style="width: 90px; " |Back
 
|-
  
|-
 
!High
  
!High
−
|i ĭ
 +
|i iː
  +
|u uː
−
|
  
−
|u ŭ
  
 
|-
  
|-
 
!Low
  
!Low
  +
|ɛ̞ æː
−
|a
  
  +
|ʌ̞ ɑː
−
|ɐ ɐ̆
  
−
|ɑ
  
 
|}
  
|}
 
there are no diphthongs
  
there are no diphthongs
   
−
==== Syllabic Consonants ====
 +
==== Syllabic Fricatives ====
 
{| class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
  
{| class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
 
! style="width: 90px; " |
  
! style="width: 90px; " |
−
! style="width: 90px; " |Labial
 +
! style="width: 90px; " | Alveolar
−
! style="width: 90px; " |Alveolar
  
 
! style="width: 90px; " |Velar
  
! style="width: 90px; " |Velar
 
|-
  
|-
 
!Fricative
  
!Fricative
−
|β̩
  
 
|ɿ
  
|ɿ
−
|ɣ̩
 +
| ɣ̩~ʁ̩
 
|}
  
|}
 
=== Romanisation ===
  
=== Romanisation ===
Line 85: Line 82:
 
!Consonants
  
!Consonants
 
!Vowels
  
!Vowels
  +
!Syllabic Fricatives
−
!Syllabics
  
 
|-
  
|-
 
|IPA
  
|IPA
−
|<code>ᵐb gʷ d g x ɟ k l ʎ m n ɲ ŋ c s ç kʷ t ʔ kʷʰ tʰ kʰ cʰ ŋʷ ʟʷ</code>
 +
|<code>m n ɲ ŋ ŋʷ p ᵐb t tʼ d c cʼ ɟ k kʼ g kʷ kʷʼ gʷ ʔ s ç x l j w</code>
−
|<code>ɐ a i ɑ u ĭ ŭ ɐ̆</code>
 +
|<code>i iː u uː ɛ̞ æː ʌ̞ ɑː</code>
−
|β̩ ɿ ɣ̩
 +
|<code>ɿ ɣ̩</code>
 
|-
  
|-
 
|Romanisation
  
|Romanisation
−
|<code>b qg d g x j k l λ m n nj ŋ c s sj q t ' qh th kh ch nq lq</code>
 +
|<code>m n ń ŋ ŋʷ p b t tʼ d ḱ ḱʼ ǵ k kʼ g kʷ kʷʼ gʷ ʼ s x́ x l j w</code>
−
|<code>a á i â u ì ù à</code>
 +
|<code>i ī u ū e ē o ō</code>
  +
|<code>s x</code>
−
|w z y
  
 
|}
  
|}
 
=== Example Sentences ===
  
=== Example Sentences ===
  +
{{interlinear|glossing3=yes
−
Romanisation: lajáchá qha bukâ sábuky gá nɿ tákánà sába ka kɿchâná.
  
  +
|kʷōk loǵēḱḱē sēbūkʼxbū tʼēkʼēnetʼekʷ ns sēboʼbū kʼsḱōnēkʼētʼekʷ|[kʷɑːk lʌ̞ɟæːcˈcæː sæːˈᵐbuːkʼɣ̩ᵐbū tʼæːˈkʼæːnɛ̞tʼɛ̞kʷ nɿ ˈsæːᵐbʌ̞ʔᵐbuː kʼɿcɑːˈnæːkʼæːtʼɛ̞kʷ]|ADV slow ABL-PERF tree-LOC.SG 1SG.MASC.NOM ALL-PERF bird-LOC.DU| I walked from the tree to the 2 birds.}}
   
  +
{{interlinear|glossing3=yes
−
IPA: [lɐɟacʰa kʷʰɐ ᵐbukɑ saᵐbukɣ̩ ga nɿ takanɐ̆ saᵐbɐ kɐ kɿcʰɑna]
  
  +
|sū gisē ns xō tʼītʼōsēb, nīnx sū ginē!|[suː giˈsæː nɿ χɑː tʼiːtʼɑːˈsæːᵐb, ˈniːnʁ̩ suː giˈnæː]| very like 1SG.MASC.NOM DEM.ACC food, COP.PRES.3sg very good.| I love this food, it's great!}}<br />
   
  +
== Məká ==
−
Gloss: slow group behind ABL NOM 1sg.masc tree ALL 2 bird
  
  +
Məká /məˈka/ is a Polidish language which has no relation to Classical or Central Polidish. These people split off from the other polidians before the others gained their magic, so they had no magical capability. This language is unique for being the only Polidish language to have phonemic stress, while the others may have only had allaphonic stress.
   
  +
=== Phonology ===
−
Meaning: I walked from the tree to the 2 birds.
  
   
  +
==== Consonants ====
  +
{| class="wikitable article-table" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="1" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
  +
! style="width: 68px; " |
  +
! style="width: 68px; " |Labial
  +
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar
  +
! style="width: 68px; " |Dorsal
  +
! style="width: 68px; " |Glottal
  +
|-
  +
!Nasal
  +
|m
  +
|n
  +
|ŋ
  +
|
  +
|-
  +
!Plosive
  +
|p b
  +
|t d
  +
|k g
  +
|ʔ
  +
|-
  +
!Fricative
  +
|
  +
|s
  +
|h
  +
|
  +
|-
  +
!Liquid
  +
|w
  +
|l
  +
|j
  +
|
  +
|}
   
  +
==== Vowels ====
  +
{| class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
  +
! style="width: 90px; " |
  +
! style="width: 90px; " | Front
  +
! style="width: 90px; " |Central
  +
! style="width: 90px; " |Back
  +
|-
  +
!High
  +
|i iː
  +
|
  +
|u uː
  +
|-
  +
! Mid
  +
|ɛ ɛː
  +
|ə
  +
|ɔ ɔː
  +
|-
  +
!Low
  +
| colspan="3" |ɐ~a aː
  +
|}
  +
there are no diphthongs
   
  +
=== Romanisation ===
−
Romanisation: sw gìsá gá nɿ xá na nz titâsá, ninyká gá xá sw na gìná.
  
  +
{| class="article-table"
  +
!
  +
!Consonants
  +
!Vowels
  +
|-
  +
|IPA
  +
|<code>m n ŋ p t k b d g ʔ s h w l j</code>
  +
|<code>i iː u uː ɛ ɛː ə ɔ ɔː a aː</code>
  +
|-
  +
|Romanisation
  +
|<code>m n ŋ p t k b d g ʼ s h w l j</code>
  +
|<code>i ī u ū e ē ə o ō a ā</code>
  +
|}
   
  +
=== Example Sentences ===
−
IPA: [sβ̩ gĭsa ga nɿ xa nɐ titɑsa, ninɣ̩ka ga xa sβ̩ nɐ gĭna]
  
  +
{{interlinear|glossing3=yes
−  
  +
|pak logék bō sebṓkə tekéni mō sébō ikskanék|[pak lɔˈgɛk bɔː sɛˈbɔːkə tɛˈkɛni mɔː ˈsɛbɔː ikskɐˈnɛk]|ADV slow COP.PST from tree 1sg.NOM to bird| I walked from the tree to the 2 birds.}}
−
Gloss: PL like NOM 1sg DEM ACC food, COP NOM DEM PL ACC good.
  
   
  +
{{interlinear|glossing3=yes
−
Meaning: I like this food a lot, it is very good.
  
  +
|sō gisé mō hā tātaséb, nā́nə sō giné!|[sɔː giˈsɛ mɔː haː taːtɐˈsɛb, ˈnaːnə sɔː giˈnɛ]|very like 1sg.NOM DEM.ACC food, COP.PRES.3SG very good| I love this food, it's great!}}
   
−
== Classical Polijole ==
 +
== Classical Polidish ==
  +
Classical Polidish, or Polijolè [pˠɒliɟɒlə̆] was spoken at around ~692bc, it had a strict CV word order and was quite agglutinatively polysynthetic. It was the ancestor of CIP, Gekhe and Xiophoniol. It had the same word order syntax as Proto-Polidish.
−
Polijolè [pˠɒliɟɒlə̆]
  
   
 
=== Phonology ===
  
=== Phonology ===
Line 126: Line 193:
   
 
=== Example Sentences ===
  
=== Example Sentences ===
  +
{{interlinear|glossing3=yes
−
Romanisation: pholejacha zamukanamùci takanèsaka kaçhonakasa
  
  +
| pholejacha zamukomi takanètè na zamemi kaçhonakatè|[pˠʰɒləɟaˈt͡sʰa zamuˈkɒmi taˈkanə̆tə̆ na ˈzaməmi kat͡ʃʰɒˈnakatə̆]| ADV-slow ABL-∅-AOR tree-LOC 1SG.MASC.NOM ALL-∅-AOR bird.LOC.DU| I walked from the tree to the 2 birds.}}
   
  +
{{interlinear|glossing3=yes
−
IPA: [pˠʰɒləɟat͡sʰa zamukanamŭt͡si takanə̆saka kat͡ʃʰɒnakasa]
  
  +
| gìşaşzuna xa titozanè, nina zugìnanè!
  +
|[gĭˈʃaʒuna xa titɒˈzanə̆, niˈna zugĭˈnanə̆]|love-1SG.MASC DEM food-ACC, COP.PRES.3sg very-good-ACC| I love this food, it's great!}}
   
  +
== Central Polidish ==
−
Gloss: ADV-slow ABL-1sg-masc-PST.PERF tree-ABL bird-du.ALL
  
  +
Central Polidish, also just called Polijolè [pˠɒliɟɒlə̆], was a dialect of Polidish also spoken around ~692bc which was almost identical in grammar to Classical Polidish and is quite polysynthetic (but more fusional), but shows a few phonological, phonotactical and lexical differences. it had a CV(s) syllable structure where a coda -s could appear (in some locations it could only appear word finally). It had front-back vowel harmony. It was the ancestor of Kikhahi, Bozaje, Cakine and Nagaku. It had the same word order syntax as Proto-Polidish.
   
  +
=== Phonology ===
−
Meaning: I walked from the tree to the 2 birds.
  
   
  +
==== Consonants ====
  +
{| class="wikitable article-table" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="1" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
  +
! style="width: 68px; " |
  +
! style="width: 68px; " |Labial
  +
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar
  +
! style="width: 68px; " |Post-alveolar
  +
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal
  +
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar
  +
! style="width: 68px; " |Glottal
  +
|-
  +
!Nasal
  +
|m
  +
| colspan="2" |n
  +
|
  +
|ŋ
  +
|
  +
|-
  +
!Plosive
  +
| pˠ pˠʰ bˠ
  +
ᵐb
  +
| colspan="2" |t tʰ d
  +
|ɟ
  +
|k kʰ g
  +
|
  +
|-
  +
! Fricative
  +
|
  +
|s z
  +
|ʃ ʒ
  +
|
  +
|x
  +
|h
  +
|-
  +
! Affricate
  +
|
  +
|t͡s t͡sʰ
  +
|t͡ʃ t͡ʃʰ
  +
|
  +
|
  +
|
  +
|-
  +
!Lateral app.
  +
|
  +
| colspan="2" |l
  +
|
  +
|
  +
|
  +
|}
  +
==== Vowels ====
  +
{| class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
  +
! style="width: 90px; " |
  +
! style="width: 90px; " | Front
  +
! style="width: 90px; " |Central
  +
! style="width: 90px; " |Back
  +
|-
  +
!High
  +
|i ĭ
  +
|
  +
|u ŭ
  +
|-
  +
! Mid
  +
|
  +
|ə ə̆
  +
|
  +
|-
  +
!Low
  +
|a
  +
|
  +
|ɒ
  +
|}
  +
diphthongs: /ĭu/, /ĭə/, /ĭa/, /ĭɒ/
   
  +
=== Romanisation ===
  +
{| class="article-table"
  +
!
  +
!Consonants
  +
!Vowels
  +
|-
  +
|IPA
  +
|<code>ᵐb bˠ g d z x tʰ ɟ k l m n ŋ s pˠ</code> <code>t͡s t͡ʃ t͡sʰ t͡ʃʰ kʰ pˠʰ ʃ ʒ t h</code>
  +
|<code>a ə i ɒ u ĭ ŭ ə̆ ĭu ĭə ĭa ĭɒ</code>
  +
|-
  +
|Romanisation
  +
|<code>mb b g d z x th j k l m n ŋ s p</code> <code>c ç ch çh kh ph ş şz t h</code>
  +
|<code>a e i o u ì ù è iu ie ia io</code>
  +
|}
   
  +
=== Example Sentences ===
−
Romanisation: sugìsana xa titoşzanè, ni xaga sugìnanè
  
  +
{{interlinear|glossing3=yes
  +
|phelejacha zambukombi takanètè na zambembi ka(s)çhonakotè|[pˠʰələɟaˈt͡sʰa zaᵐbuˈkɒᵐbi taˈkanə̆tə̆ na ˈzaᵐbəᵐbi ka(s)t͡ʃʰɒˈnakɒtə̆]|ADJ-slow ABL-∅-AOR tree-LOC 1SG.MASC.NOM ALL-AOR bird.LOC.DU| I walked from the tree to the 2 birds.}}
   
  +
{{interlinear|glossing3=yes
−
IPA: [sugĭsana xa titɒʒanə̆, ni xaga sugĭnanə̆,]
  
  +
| gìşaşzuna xo titozonè, ninos zugìnonè!| [gĭˈʃaʒuna xɒ titɒˈzɒnə̆, niˈnɒs zugĭˈnɒnə̆]
  +
|love-1SG.MASC>3SG DEM.ACC food-ACC, COP.PRES.3SG very-good-ACC| I love this food, it's great!}}
   
  +
== CIP ==
−
Gloss: pl-like-1sg.masc DEM food.ACC, COP DEM-NOM pl-good-ACC
  
  +
CIP aka "Common Imperial Polidish", or Pəliçəu [pəlit͡ʃəu], is the most commonly spoken form of Polidish in modern times, the version shown here is spoken around 3012ad, same with all of the other dialects below. The language is very fusional with as many as 9 noun declensions. It had a preference towards an SOV word order. It very interestingly developed the phonemic clicks /ʘ ǃ/ from /mˠ/ and particular consonant clusters.
−  
−
Translation: I like this food a lot, it is very good.
  
−  
−
== AIP ==
  
−
AIP or "Average Imperial Polidish", [pəlit͡ʃəl], is the most commonly spoken form of polidish in modern times
  
   
 
=== Phonology ===
  
=== Phonology ===
Line 156: Line 312:
 
!Post-Alveolar
  
!Post-Alveolar
 
!Palatal
  
!Palatal
−
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar
 +
! style="width: 68px; " |Dorsal
−
!Uvular
  
−
!Glottal
  
 
|-
  
|-
 
!Nasal
  
!Nasal
−
|m
 +
|m m̩
−
| colspan="2" |n
 +
| colspan="2" |n n̩
−
|
  
−
|ŋ
  
−
|
  
 
|
  
|
  +
|ŋ ŋ̩
 
|-
  
|-
 
!Plosive
  
!Plosive
Line 173: Line 325:
 
|
  
|
 
|k
  
|k
−
|q
  
−
|
  
 
|-
  
|-
 
!Fricative
  
!Fricative
  +
| rowspan="3" |ɸ~w
−
|f
  
 
|s
  
|s
 
|ʃ
  
|ʃ
−
|ç
 +
|(ç)
−
|x
  
−
|
  
 
|h
  
|h
 
|-
  
|-
 
!Affricate
  
!Affricate
−
|
  
 
|t͡s
  
|t͡s
 
|t͡ʃ
  
|t͡ʃ
−
|
  
−
|
  
 
|
  
|
 
|
  
|
 
|-
  
|-
 
!Approximate
  
!Approximate
−
|w
  
 
| colspan="2" |l ɫ̩
  
| colspan="2" |l ɫ̩
−
|j
 +
|
−
|ʟ̩
 +
|ʟ ʟ̩
  +
|-
  +
!Click
  +
|ʘ
  +
| colspan="2" |ǃ
 
|
  
|
 
|
  
|
Line 211: Line 359:
 
|-
  
|-
 
!High
  
!High
−
|i i̥
 +
|i
 
|ɨ
  
|ɨ
−
|u u̥
 +
|u
 
|-
  
|-
 
!Mid
  
!Mid
−
|
 +
|e
−
|ə ə̥
 +
|ə
−
|
 +
|o
 
|-
  
|-
 
!Low
  
!Low
  +
| colspan="3" |a
−
|
  
−
|a
  
−
|
  
 
|}
  
|}
−
Diphthongs: /ia/ /iu/ /ui/ /ua/ /əi/ /əu/ /i̥ə̥/ /i̥u̥/ /u̥i̥/ /u̥ə̥/
 +
Diphthongs: /i̯a/ /i̯e/ /i̯ʊ/ /uɪ/ /ua/ /əɪ/ /əʊ/
  +
  +
[ç] is an allophone of /h/ before /i/
   
 
=== Romanisation ===
  
=== Romanisation ===
Line 234: Line 382:
 
|-
  
|-
 
|IPA
  
|IPA
−
|<code>h k q l m n s p</code> <code>t͡s t͡ʃ ʃ t f x ç w</code>
 +
|<code>h k l ʟ m n s p</code> <code>t͡s t͡ʃ ʃ t f x w ʘ ǃ</code>
−
|<code>a ɨ i ə u i̥ ə̥ u̥</code>
 +
|<code>a e ə i ɨ o u</code>
 
|-
  
|-
 
|Romanisation
  
|Romanisation
−
|<code>h k q l m n s p</code> <code>c ç ş t</code> <code>f</code> <code>x x w</code>
 +
|<code>h k l ł m n s p</code> <code>c ç ş t</code> <code>f</code> <code>x w mw q</code>
−
|<code>a y i e u ĩ ẽ ũ</code>
 +
|<code>a e ə i ı o u</code>
 
|}
  
|}
   
 
=== Example Sentences ===
  
=== Example Sentences ===
  +
{{interlinear|glossing3=yes
−
Romanisation: tẽŋnit ki kẽşenask lyçac samukani
 
  +
| təkanət lıçaspl samukani ki kəşənakot samıni| [təˈkanət lɨˈt͡ʃaspɫ̩ samuˈkani ki kəʃəˈnakot saˈmɨni]| tree-LOC slow-GEN ABL-1P.AOR 2 bird-LOC.PL ALL-1P.AOR| I walked from the tree to the 2 birds.}}
   
  +
{{interlinear|glossing3=yes
−
IPA: [tə̥ŋnit ki kə̥ʃənask lɨt͡ʃat͡s samukani]
  
  +
| cetəsan hə çeşaşuna, ha hu çenan!
−  
  +
| [t͡seˈtəsan hə t͡ʃeʃaˈʃuna, ha hu ˈt͡ʃenan]| food.ACC DEM.ACC love-1P, DEM.NOM very good-ACC
−
Gloss: tree-LOC 2 bird-LOC.pl slow ABL.1sg.PST.PFV
  
  +
| I love this food, it's great!}}
−  
−
Meaning: I walked from the tree to the 2 birds.
  
−  
−  
−  
−
Romanisation: hẽ çĩteşan hũ çicam, hẽ hũ çinan
  
−  
−
IPA: [hə̥ t͡ʃi̥təʃan hu t͡ʃit͡sam, hə̥ hu̥ t͡ʃinan]
  
−  
−
Gloss: DEM.NOM food.ACC pl like.1sg, DEM.NOM PL good-ACC
  
−  
−
Translation: I like this food a lot, it is very good.
  
   
 
== Kikhahi ==
  
== Kikhahi ==
  +
Kikhahi, or modernly Ḱihehi [c̠ihɛhi], it is very fusional and has 6 declensions. It had a strong preference for a SVO word order but VSO and SOV was also allowed. The language shows many similarities in phonology, grammar and syntax to Cakine due to being in close proximity to it.
−
Kikhahi [kiçeçit͡ʃolə]
  
   
 
=== Phonology ===
  
=== Phonology ===
Line 273: Line 411:
 
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar
  
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar
 
!Post-Alveolar
  
!Post-Alveolar
−
!Palatal
 +
!Retracted Palatal
 
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar
  
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar
 
! style="width: 68px; " |Glottal
  
! style="width: 68px; " |Glottal
Line 281: Line 419:
 
|
  
|
 
| colspan="2" |n
  
| colspan="2" |n
  +
|ɲ̠
−
|
  
 
|ŋ
  
|ŋ
 
|
  
|
 
|-
  
|-
 
!Plosive
  
!Plosive
−
|p
 +
|p~b
  +
| rowspan="2" |θ ð
−
|
  
−
| colspan="2" |t
 +
| colspan="2" |t~d
  +
|c̠~ɟ̠
−
|
  
−
|k
 +
|k~g
 
|
  
|
 
|-
  
|-
 
!Fricative
  
!Fricative
−
|v f
 +
|f v
−
|θ ð
  
 
|s z
  
|s z
 
|ʃ ʒ
  
|ʃ ʒ
−
|ç
 +
|
−
|x ɣ
 +
|x~ɣ
 
|h
  
|h
 
|-
  
|-
Line 311: Line 448:
 
|
  
|
 
|-
  
|-
  +
!Lateral
−
!Approximate
  
−
|w
  
 
|
  
|
 
|
  
|
  +
| colspan="2" |l
−
|
  
−
|j
  
−
|
  
−
|
  
−
|-
  
−
!Tap
  
−
|
  
−
|
  
−
|ɾ
  
−
|
  
 
|
  
|
 
|
  
|
Line 343: Line 470:
 
|-
  
|-
 
!Mid
  
!Mid
−
|e ø
 +
|ɛ œ
 
|ə
  
|ə
−
|o
 +
|ɔ
 
|-
  
|-
 
!Low
  
!Low
 
| colspan="3" |a
  
| colspan="3" |a
 
|}
  
|}
−
Diphthongs: /iø/ ie/ /ui/ /ua/ /ue/ /oi/ /ou/ /oa/ /oe/ /ai/ /ay/ /au/
 +
Diphthongs: /ɪa/ /ɪe/ /ɪo/
  +
{| class="article-table"
  +
!
  +
!Consonants
  +
!Vowels
  +
|-
  +
|IPA
  +
|<code>v ɣ ð z x θ k c̠ l m n ŋ s p</code> <code>t͡s t͡ʃ f ʃ t</code>
  +
|<code>a ɛ ə i ɔ œ u y</code>
  +
|-
  +
|Romanisation
  +
|<code>b g d z x þ k ḱ l m n ŋ s p</code> <code>c ç f ş t</code>
  +
|<code>a e ə i o ö u ü</code>
  +
|}
  +
  +
=== Example Sentences ===
  +
{{interlinear|glossing3=yes
  +
|na plecə zapuköpi takanət zamepi kaçonokət| [na plɛt͡sə zapukœpi takanət zamɛpi kat͡ʃɔnɔkət]
  +
| 1SG.NOM ADJ-slow ABL-AOR tree-LOC.SG ALL-AOR bird.LOC.DU
  +
| I walked from the tree to the 2 birds.}}
   
  +
{{interlinear|glossing3=yes
  +
|na şasu hə titoşon, ninos su nɔn!| [na ʃasu hə titɔʃɔn, ninɔs su nɔn]|1SG,NOM love DEM food.ACC, COP.3P.PRES very good.ACC| I love this food, it's great!}}<br />
 
== Bozaje ==
  
== Bozaje ==
  +
Bozaje, or modernly, Pə̀sàşè [pə̀sàʃè], it was both a language isolate and was grammatically fairly isolating. It has 4 tones: High, Mid, Low, and Falling, however, The High and Low tones turn into Rising and Falling tones in diphthongs (so the rising tone is allaphonic). It had a strict VOS word order due to lacking any morphological cases.
−
Bozaje [py˩saje wyle]
  
   
 
=== Phonology ===
  
=== Phonology ===
Line 361: Line 509:
 
! style="width: 68px; " |
  
! style="width: 68px; " |
 
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial
  
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial
−
!Dental
 +
! style="width: 68px; " |Dental
 
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar
  
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar
−
! style="width: 68px; " | Post-alveolar
 +
! style="width: 68px; " |Post-alveolar
−
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal
 +
! style="width: 68px; " |Dorsal
−
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar
  
 
|-
  
|-
 
!Nasal
  
!Nasal
 
|m
  
|m
  +
|n̪
−
| colspan="2" |n
  
 
|
  
|
 
|
  
|
Line 376: Line 523:
 
!Plosive
  
!Plosive
 
|p
  
|p
  +
|t̪
−
| colspan="2" |t
  
 
|
  
|
 
|
  
|
Line 385: Line 532:
 
|θ
  
|θ
 
|s
  
|s
−
|
+
|ʃ
−
|
 +
|h
−
|x
  
 
|-
  
|-
 
!Affricate
  
!Affricate
Line 394: Line 540:
 
|t͡s
  
|t͡s
 
|t͡ʃ
  
|t͡ʃ
−
|
  
 
|
  
|
 
|-
  
|-
  +
!Lateral
−
!Approximant
  
−
|w
 +
|
  +
|l̪
−
| colspan="2" |l
  
  +
|
 
|
  
|
−
|j
  
 
|
  
|
 
|}
  
|}
Line 408: Line 553:
 
! style="width: 90px; " |
  
! style="width: 90px; " |
 
! style="width: 90px; " |Front
  
! style="width: 90px; " |Front
  +
! style="width: 90px; " |Central
 
! style="width: 90px; " |Back
  
! style="width: 90px; " |Back
 
|-
  
|-
 
!High
  
!High
−
|i y ĩ
 +
|i ĩː
−
|u
 +
|
  +
|ɯ u
 
|-
  
|-
 
!Mid
  
!Mid
−
|e ẽ
 +
|e ɛ̃ː
  +
|ə/(ɔ̂ː)
−
|ɤ õ
  
  +
|ɤ ɔ̃ː
 
|-
  
|-
 
!Low
  
!Low
  +
|a/(ɑ̂ː)
−
| colspan="2" |a ã
  
  +
|
  +
|ɑ̃ː
 
|}
  
|}
  +
Diphthongs: /ĭa/ /ĭe/ /ĭo/ /ĭu/ /ĩɑ̃ː/ /ĩɛ̃ː/ /ĩɔ̃ː/
−
Diphthongs: /ia/ /ie/ /iy/ /iu/ /ui/ uɤ/ /ua/ /ei/ /ey/ /eu/ /ea/ /ai/ /au/ /ae/ /ie/ /ue/ /ĩã/ /ĩẽ/ /ĩõ/ /ũĩ/ /õẽ/ /õã/ /ẽĩ/ /ẽõ/ /ẽã/ /ãĩ/ /ãõ/ /ãẽ/
  
   
 
=== Example Sentences ===
  
=== Example Sentences ===
  +
{{interlinear|glossing3=yes
−
Romanisation: lejasa sãŋkà ã þaxã sa lejasa sã xaçĩ́ xe
  
  +
|loşàcápə̀ sàmuhômu þáhą̀ na sàmomu hâçǫ́ná hó|[l̪ɤʃàt͡sápə̀ sàmuhɔ̂ːmu θáhɑ̃̀ː n̪a sàmɤmu hɑ̂ːt͡ʃɔ̃́ːn̪á hɤ́]| slow-GEN ABL-PST tree 1SG ALL-PST bird two
  +
| I walked from the tree to the 2 birds}}
   
  +
{{interlinear|glossing3=yes
−
IPA: [lɤjasa sãŋka˨ ã θaxã sa lɤjasa sã xat͡ʃĩ˦ xe]
  
  +
|kìşású á tḯtə́sà na, ni sú kį̀ná á|[kìʃású á t̪ɯ́t̪ə́sà n̪a, n̪i sú kĩ̀n̪á á]|love DEM food 1sg, COP.3P.PRES very good DEM| I love this food, it's great!}}
   
−
Gloss: slow ABL PST.PERF tree 1sg slow ALL bird du
  
−  
−
Meaning: I walked from the tree to the 2 birds
  
 
== Cakine ==
  
== Cakine ==
  +
Cakine, or modernly, Çekiŋ [t͡ʃɛkiŋ], it has a lot of vowel harmony, it has 2 declensions. It had a strong preference for a SVO word order but VSO and SOV was also allowed. The language shows many similarities in phonology, grammar and syntax to Kikhahi due to being in close proximity to it.
−
Cakine [t͡sakinjol]
  
   
 
=== Phonology ===
  
=== Phonology ===
Line 438: Line 588:
 
==== Consonants ====
  
==== Consonants ====
 
{| class="wikitable article-table" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="1" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
  
{| class="wikitable article-table" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="1" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
−
! style="width: 68px; " |
 +
! rowspan="2" style="width: 68px; " |
−
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial
 +
! rowspan="2" style="width: 68px; " |Labial
−
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar
 +
! colspan="2" style="width: 68px; " |Coronal
−
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal
 +
! rowspan="2" style="width: 68px; " |Dorsal
  +
|-
−
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar
  
  +
!Regular
  +
!Lateral
 
|-
  
|-
 
!Nasal
  
!Nasal
 
|m
  
|m
 
|n
  
|n
−
|ɲ
 +
|
 
|ŋ
  
|ŋ
 
|-
  
|-
Line 457: Line 609:
 
|-
  
|-
 
!Fricative
  
!Fricative
−
|f
  
−
|s
  
−
|ç
  
−
|x
  
−
|-
  
−
!Affricate
  
−
|
  
−
|t͡s d͡z
  
 
|
  
|
  +
|s ʃ
 
|
  
|
  +
|h
 
|-
  
|-
  +
!Affricate
−
!Approximate
  
−
|w ʍ
  
−
|ɹ
  
−
|j
  
−
|ɰ̥
  
−
|-
  
−
!Lateral app.
  
−
|
  
−
|l
  
 
|
  
|
  +
|t͡ʃ
  +
|t͡ɬ
 
|
  
|
 
|-
  
|-
  +
!Liquid
−
!Lateral Fricative
  
−
|
 +
|w
−
|ɬ
  
−
|
  
−
|
  
−
|-
  
−
!Lateral affricative
  
−
|
  
−
|t͡ɬ d͡ɮ
  
−
|
  
−
|
  
−
|-
  
−
!Trill
  
−
|
  
 
|r
  
|r
−
|
 +
|l
−
|
 +
|j
 
|}
  
|}
 
==== Vowels ====
  
==== Vowels ====
Line 502: Line 630:
 
! style="width: 90px; " |
  
! style="width: 90px; " |
 
! style="width: 90px; " |Front
  
! style="width: 90px; " |Front
−
! style="width: 90px; " |Central
  
 
! style="width: 90px; " |Back
  
! style="width: 90px; " |Back
 
|-
  
|-
 
!High
  
!High
−
|i
 +
|i y
  +
|ɯ u
−
|
  
−
|u
  
−
|-
  
−
!Mid
  
−
|e
  
−
|ɚ
  
−
|o
  
−
|-
  
−
!Low-Mid
  
−
|
  
−
|
  
−
|ɔ
  
 
|-
  
|-
 
!Low
  
!Low
  +
|ɛ œ
−
|a
  
  +
|ɑ ɔ
−
|
  
−
|ɑ
  
 
|}
  
|}
−
Diphthongs: /io/ /iu/ /ui/ /uo/ /oi/ /ou/ /ai/ /au/ /ao/ /ɚɔ/ /ɚu/ /ɚi/ /ɔi/ /ɔu/ /ɑi/ /ɑʊ/ /ɑɔ/
+
Diphthongs: /iɑ/ /iɛ/ /iɔ/ /iu/ /ɑi/ /ui/ /ɑu/
  +
  +
=== Example Sentences ===
  +
{{interlinear|glossing3=yes
  +
|na welejaç rabukonap takanı rabınap kaçonakı|[nɑ wɛlɛˈjɑt͡ʃ rɑbuˈkɔnap tɑˈkɑnɯ ˈrɑbɯnɑp kɑt͡ʃɔˈnɑkɯ]|1SG.NOM ADV-slow ABL-1SG-AOR tree-LOC.SG ALL-1SG-AOR bird-LOC.DU
  +
| I walked from the tree to the 2 birds.}}
  +
  +
{{interlinear|glossing3=yes
  +
|giɬaruna ho titoran, ninös su ginen!|[giˈɬɑrunɑ ho titɔˈrɑn, niˈnœs su giˈnɛn]
  +
|love-1SG DEM.ACC food-ACC, COP.PRES.3P very good-ACC| I love this food, it's great!}}
   
 
== Nagaku ==
  
== Nagaku ==
  +
Nagaku, or modernly Dagagu [dagagu]. It mainly preffered SOV but other word orders were allowed. The syllable structure is CV(N)(C)
−
Nagaku [ⁿdaᵑgaku t͡ʃulɯ]
  
   
 
=== Phonology ===
  
=== Phonology ===
Line 538: Line 662:
 
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar
  
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar
 
!Post-Alveolar
  
!Post-Alveolar
−
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar
 +
! style="width: 68px; " |Dorsal
−
!Glottal
  
 
|-
  
|-
 
!Nasal
  
!Nasal
Line 545: Line 668:
 
| colspan="2" |n
  
| colspan="2" |n
 
|ŋ
  
|ŋ
−
|
  
 
|-
  
|-
 
!Plosive
  
!Plosive
  +
|p(ʰ) b
−
|p pʶ pʶʰ
  
−
| colspan="2" |t tʰ
 +
| colspan="2" |t(ʰ) d~ɾ
−
|k kʰ
 +
|k(ʰ) g
−
|
  
−
|-
  
−
!Pre-Nasalised Plosive
  
−
|ᵐb
  
−
| colspan="2" |ⁿd
  
−
|ᵑg
  
−
|
  
 
|-
  
|-
 
!Fricative
  
!Fricative
Line 563: Line 678:
 
|s
  
|s
 
|ʃ
  
|ʃ
−
|
  
 
|h
  
|h
 
|-
  
|-
 
!Affricate
  
!Affricate
 
|
  
|
−
|t͡s t͡sʰ
 +
|t͡s
−
|t͡ʃ t͡ʃʰ
 +
|t͡ʃ d͡ʒ
−
|
  
 
|
  
|
 
|-
  
|-
  +
!Approximate
−
!Tap
  
−
|
  
−
| colspan="2" |ɾ
  
 
|
  
|
  +
| colspan="2" |l
 
|
  
|
 
|}
  
|}
Line 588: Line 700:
 
!High
  
!High
 
|i
  
|i
−
|u ɯ
 +
|ɯ u
  +
|-
  +
!Mid
  +
|e
  +
|o
 
|-
  
|-
 
!Low
  
!Low
 
| colspan="2" |a
  
| colspan="2" |a
 
|}
  
|}
−
diphthongs: /ia/ /iu/ /ɯi/ /ɯa/ /ui/ /ua/ /ai/ /au/
 +
diphthongs: /ɪa/ /ɪe/ /ɪu/
  +
  +
=== Example Sentences ===
  +
{{interlinear|glossing3=yes
  +
|da taganıt pılıçgaça sabuguci kaçunagıt sabıci| [da tʰaganɯt pʰɯlɯd͡ʒat͡ʃa sabugut͡si kʰat͡ʃunagɯt sabɯt͡si]| 1SG.NOM tree-LOC ADJ-slow ABL-AOR bird.LOC.DU ALL-AOR| I walked from the tree to the 2 birds.}}
   
 
== Gekhe ==
  
== Gekhe ==
−
Gekhe poldish [ʃeːt͡ʃʰɛ poːlijoːlɛ] is the Polijole spoken by the highest elites of the polidians. It is considered the most similar to classical Polidish in grammar of all dialects.
 +
Gekhe polidish, or kēkhēpo pōlijōl [kɛːkʰɛːpɔ pɔːlijɔːl] (literally "Polidish of the highly magical") is the Polijole spoken by the highest elites of the polidians. It is considered the most similar to classical Polidish in grammar of all dialects. It only allowed for verb initial word orders, VSO was the main prefered word order but VOS was also allowed.
   
 
=== Phonology ===
  
=== Phonology ===
Line 622: Line 742:
 
|s
  
|s
 
|ʃ
  
|ʃ
−
|x
 +
|h
 
|-
  
|-
 
!Affricate
  
!Affricate
Line 630: Line 750:
 
|
  
|
 
|-
  
|-
  +
!Approximate
−
!Approxiamte
  
 
|
  
|
 
| colspan="2" |l
  
| colspan="2" |l
Line 646: Line 766:
 
|u
  
|u
 
|-
  
|-
−
!Mid
 +
!High-Mid
−
|eː
 +
|e
−
|oː
 +
|
 
|-
  
|-
 
!Low-Mid
  
!Low-Mid
−
|ɛ
 +
|ɛ ɛː
−
|ɔ
 +
|ɔ ɔː
 
|-
  
|-
 
!Low
  
!Low
  +
|a~æ
−
| colspan="2" |a aː
  
  +
|ɑ(ː)
 
|}
  
|}
−
Diphthongs: /ia/ /iɛ/ /iɔ/ /iu/
 +
Diphthongs: /ɪa/ /ɪo/ /ɪu/
   
 
=== Example Sentences ===
  
=== Example Sentences ===
  +
{{interlinear|glossing3=yes
−
Romanisation: pholéjácha sámukamɛmu takanéka káçhónoşesa
  
  +
| pēlejācha sāmukāna sākānat sāmena kāçhonākat| [pɛːlɛjɑːt͡sʰa sɑːmukɑːna sɑːkɑːnæt sɑːmɛna kɑːt͡ʃʰɔnɑːkæt]| ADJ-slow ABL-1SG>3SG.PERF tree-LOC.SG ALL-1SG>3SG.PERF bird.LOC.DU
  +
| I walked from the tree to the 2 birds.}}
   
  +
{{interlinear|glossing3=yes
−
IPA: [pʰoleːjaːt͡sʰa saːmukamɛmu takaneːka kaːt͡ʃʰoːnɔʃɛsa]
  
  +
| sujeşāşuna ha sitōşōn, nina sujenon
  +
| [sujeʃɑːʃuna ha sitɔːʃɔːn, nina sujenon]|love-1SG>3SG DEM food.ACC, COP.3SG.PERF very-good.ACC
  +
| I love this food, it's great!}}
   
  +
== Xiophoniol ==
−
Gloss: ADV-slow ABL-1sg.masc-PST tree-ABL bird.du.ALL
  
  +
Xiophoniol, or modernly Xöfonöl /çɵfoɲɵl/ is spoken in the Xöfon country of Poligea, the version shown here was spoken until 973ce when the language went extinct. It mainly preffered SVO but other word orders were allowed.
   
  +
=== Phonology ===
−
Meaning: I walked from the tree to the 2 birds.
  
   
  +
==== Consonants ====
  +
{| class="fandom-table"
  +
!
  +
!Labial
  +
!Dental
  +
!Palatal
  +
!Velar
  +
!Glottal
  +
|-
  +
!Nasal
  +
|m
  +
|n
  +
|ɲ
  +
|ŋ
  +
|
  +
|-
  +
!Stop
  +
|p
  +
|t
  +
|
  +
|k
  +
|
  +
|-
  +
!Affricate
  +
|
  +
|t͡s
  +
|t͡ʃ
  +
|
  +
|
  +
|-
  +
!Fricative
  +
|f
  +
|s θ ð
  +
|ʃ
  +
|x ɣ
  +
|h
  +
|-
  +
!Approximant
  +
|ʋ
  +
|
  +
|j
  +
|
  +
|
  +
|-
  +
!Liquid
  +
|
  +
|l r
  +
|rʲ
  +
|
  +
|
  +
|}
   
  +
==== Vowels ====
−
Romanisation: sujesáme xatitóşone, ni xa sujenone
  
  +
{| class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
−  
  +
! style="width: 90px; " |
−
IPA: [sujɛsaːmɛ xatitoːʃɔnɛ, ni xa sujɛnɔnɛ]
  
  +
! style="width: 90px; " |Front
−  
  +
! style="width: 90px; " |Central
−
Gloss: pl-like-1sg DEM-food.ACC, COP 3sg.NOM pl-good
  
  +
! style="width: 90px; " |Back
−  
  +
|-
−
Translation: I like this food a lot, it is very good.
  
  +
!High
  +
|i
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|ʉ
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|u
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|-
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!Mid
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|e̞
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|ɵ̞
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|ɤ̞ o̞
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|-
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!Low
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|æ
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|ɐ
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|
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=== Example sentences ===
 
[[Category:Dialects]]
  
[[Category:Dialects]]
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[[Category:Polijole]]

Latest revision as of 07:08, 5 September 2023

This page provides a list and example sentences for all of the historical versions and all of the modern Languages of the Polidish language family.

note: most of the modern langauges' names are based off of their etymological-original classical polidish word, so the names may differ slightly

Proto-Polidish

Proto-Polidish, mostly commonly called Tēkʷts [ˈtæːkʷtɿ], but could also be called Kʷʼō līǵōxū ǵāle [kʷʼɑː liːˈɟɑːxuː ˈɟɑːlɛ̞], (often just shortened to Kʼʷōlīǵōle [kʷʼɑːliːˈɟɑːlɛ̞]), was first spoken around ~5820bc and was the oldest form of Polidish, it was very isolating, it had a C(V/F)(P) syllable structure (where P is short for ᵐb, p, t, c, k, kʷ, ʔ and F is a syllabic fricative) It is the ancestor of Classical and Central polidish. It had a preference for a VSO or VOS word order, but because of the marked cases, the word order was allowed to be very free. Except for prepositional verbs, which must go before the object forcing either VOS or SVO.

Phonology

Consonants

Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Labiovelar Glottal
Nasal m n ɲ ŋ ŋʷ
Plosive p ᵐb t tʼ d c cʼ ɟ k kʼ g kʷ kʼʷ gʷ ʔ
Fricative s ç x~χ
Liquid l j w

Vowels

Front Back
High i iː u uː
Low ɛ̞ æː ʌ̞ ɑː

there are no diphthongs

Syllabic Fricatives

Alveolar Velar
Fricative ɿ ɣ̩~ʁ̩

Romanisation

Consonants Vowels Syllabic Fricatives
IPA m n ɲ ŋ ŋʷ p ᵐb t tʼ d c cʼ ɟ k kʼ g kʷ kʷʼ gʷ ʔ s ç x l j w i iː u uː ɛ̞ æː ʌ̞ ɑː ɿ ɣ̩
Romanisation m n ń ŋ ŋʷ p b t tʼ d ḱ ḱʼ ǵ k kʼ g kʷ kʷʼ gʷ ʼ s x́ x l j w i ī u ū e ē o ō s x

Example Sentences

kʷōk

[kʷɑːk

ADV

loǵēḱḱē

lʌ̞ɟæːcˈcæː

slow

sēbūkʼxbū

sæːˈᵐbuːkʼɣ̩ᵐbū

ABL-PERF

tʼēkʼēnetʼekʷ

tʼæːˈkʼæːnɛ̞tʼɛ̞kʷ

tree-LOC.SG

ns

nɿ

1SG.MASC.NOM

sēboʼbū

ˈsæːᵐbʌ̞ʔᵐbuː

ALL-PERF

kʼsḱōnēkʼētʼekʷ

kʼɿcɑːˈnæːkʼæːtʼɛ̞kʷ]

bird-LOC.DU

kʷōk loǵēḱḱē sēbūkʼxbū tʼēkʼēnetʼekʷ ns sēboʼbū kʼsḱōnēkʼētʼekʷ

[kʷɑːk lʌ̞ɟæːcˈcæː sæːˈᵐbuːkʼɣ̩ᵐbū tʼæːˈkʼæːnɛ̞tʼɛ̞kʷ nɿ ˈsæːᵐbʌ̞ʔᵐbuː kʼɿcɑːˈnæːkʼæːtʼɛ̞kʷ]

ADV slow ABL-PERF tree-LOC.SG 1SG.MASC.NOM ALL-PERF bird-LOC.DU

I walked from the tree to the 2 birds.

sū

[suː

very

gisē

giˈsæː

like

ns

nɿ

1SG.MASC.NOM

xō

χɑː

DEM.ACC

tʼītʼōsēb,

tʼiːtʼɑːˈsæːᵐb,

food,

nīnx

ˈniːnʁ̩

COP.PRES.3sg

sū

suː

very

ginē!

giˈnæː]

good.

sū gisē ns xō tʼītʼōsēb, nīnx sū ginē!

[suː giˈsæː nɿ χɑː tʼiːtʼɑːˈsæːᵐb, ˈniːnʁ̩ suː giˈnæː]

very like 1SG.MASC.NOM DEM.ACC food, COP.PRES.3sg very good.

I love this food, it's great!


Məká

Məká /məˈka/ is a Polidish language which has no relation to Classical or Central Polidish. These people split off from the other polidians before the others gained their magic, so they had no magical capability. This language is unique for being the only Polidish language to have phonemic stress, while the others may have only had allaphonic stress.

Phonology

Consonants

Labial Alveolar Dorsal Glottal
Nasal m n ŋ
Plosive p b t d k g ʔ
Fricative s h
Liquid w l j

Vowels

Front Central Back
High i iː u uː
Mid ɛ ɛː ə ɔ ɔː
Low ɐ~a aː

there are no diphthongs

Romanisation

Consonants Vowels
IPA m n ŋ p t k b d g ʔ s h w l j i iː u uː ɛ ɛː ə ɔ ɔː a aː
Romanisation m n ŋ p t k b d g ʼ s h w l j i ī u ū e ē ə o ō a ā

Example Sentences

pak

[pak

ADV

logék

lɔˈgɛk

slow

bō

bɔː

COP.PST

sebṓkə

sɛˈbɔːkə

from

tekéni

tɛˈkɛni

tree

mō

mɔː

1sg.NOM

sébō

ˈsɛbɔː

to

ikskanék

ikskɐˈnɛk]

bird

pak logék bō sebṓkə tekéni mō sébō ikskanék

[pak lɔˈgɛk bɔː sɛˈbɔːkə tɛˈkɛni mɔː ˈsɛbɔː ikskɐˈnɛk]

ADV slow COP.PST from tree 1sg.NOM to bird

I walked from the tree to the 2 birds.

sō

[sɔː

very

gisé

giˈsɛ

like

mō

mɔː

1sg.NOM

hā

haː

DEM.ACC

tātaséb,

taːtɐˈsɛb,

food,

nā́nə

ˈnaːnə

COP.PRES.3SG

sō

sɔː

very

giné!

giˈnɛ]

good

sō gisé mō hā tātaséb, nā́nə sō giné!

[sɔː giˈsɛ mɔː haː taːtɐˈsɛb, ˈnaːnə sɔː giˈnɛ]

very like 1sg.NOM DEM.ACC food, COP.PRES.3SG very good

I love this food, it's great!

Classical Polidish

Classical Polidish, or Polijolè [pˠɒliɟɒlə̆] was spoken at around ~692bc, it had a strict CV word order and was quite agglutinatively polysynthetic. It was the ancestor of CIP, Gekhe and Xiophoniol. It had the same word order syntax as Proto-Polidish.

Phonology

On the main page

Romanisation

On the main page

Example Sentences

pholejacha

[pˠʰɒləɟaˈt͡sʰa

ADV-slow

zamukomi

zamuˈkɒmi

ABL-∅-AOR

takanètè

taˈkanə̆tə̆

tree-LOC

na

na

1SG.MASC.NOM

zamemi

ˈzaməmi

ALL-∅-AOR

kaçhonakatè

kat͡ʃʰɒˈnakatə̆]

bird.LOC.DU

pholejacha zamukomi takanètè na zamemi kaçhonakatè

[pˠʰɒləɟaˈt͡sʰa zamuˈkɒmi taˈkanə̆tə̆ na ˈzaməmi kat͡ʃʰɒˈnakatə̆]

ADV-slow ABL-∅-AOR tree-LOC 1SG.MASC.NOM ALL-∅-AOR bird.LOC.DU

I walked from the tree to the 2 birds.

gìşaşzuna

[gĭˈʃaʒuna

love-1SG.MASC

xa

xa

DEM

titozanè,

titɒˈzanə̆,

food-ACC,

nina

niˈna

COP.PRES.3sg

zugìnanè!

zugĭˈnanə̆]

very-good-ACC

gìşaşzuna xa titozanè, nina zugìnanè!

[gĭˈʃaʒuna xa titɒˈzanə̆, niˈna zugĭˈnanə̆]

love-1SG.MASC DEM food-ACC, COP.PRES.3sg very-good-ACC

I love this food, it's great!

Central Polidish

Central Polidish, also just called Polijolè [pˠɒliɟɒlə̆], was a dialect of Polidish also spoken around ~692bc which was almost identical in grammar to Classical Polidish and is quite polysynthetic (but more fusional), but shows a few phonological, phonotactical and lexical differences. it had a CV(s) syllable structure where a coda -s could appear (in some locations it could only appear word finally). It had front-back vowel harmony. It was the ancestor of Kikhahi, Bozaje, Cakine and Nagaku. It had the same word order syntax as Proto-Polidish.

Phonology

Consonants

Labial Alveolar Post-alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m n ŋ
Plosive pˠ pˠʰ bˠ

ᵐb

t tʰ d ɟ k kʰ g
Fricative s z ʃ ʒ x h
Affricate t͡s t͡sʰ t͡ʃ t͡ʃʰ
Lateral app. l

Vowels

Front Central Back
High i ĭ u ŭ
Mid ə ə̆
Low a ɒ

diphthongs: /ĭu/, /ĭə/, /ĭa/, /ĭɒ/

Romanisation

Consonants Vowels
IPA ᵐb bˠ g d z x tʰ ɟ k l m n ŋ s pˠ t͡s t͡ʃ t͡sʰ t͡ʃʰ kʰ pˠʰ ʃ ʒ t h a ə i ɒ u ĭ ŭ ə̆ ĭu ĭə ĭa ĭɒ
Romanisation mb b g d z x th j k l m n ŋ s p c ç ch çh kh ph ş şz t h a e i o u ì ù è iu ie ia io

Example Sentences

phelejacha

[pˠʰələɟaˈt͡sʰa

ADJ-slow

zambukombi

zaᵐbuˈkɒᵐbi

ABL-∅-AOR

takanètè

taˈkanə̆tə̆

tree-LOC

na

na

1SG.MASC.NOM

zambembi

ˈzaᵐbəᵐbi

ALL-AOR

ka(s)çhonakotè

ka(s)t͡ʃʰɒˈnakɒtə̆]

bird.LOC.DU

phelejacha zambukombi takanètè na zambembi ka(s)çhonakotè

[pˠʰələɟaˈt͡sʰa zaᵐbuˈkɒᵐbi taˈkanə̆tə̆ na ˈzaᵐbəᵐbi ka(s)t͡ʃʰɒˈnakɒtə̆]

ADJ-slow ABL-∅-AOR tree-LOC 1SG.MASC.NOM ALL-AOR bird.LOC.DU

I walked from the tree to the 2 birds.

gìşaşzuna

[gĭˈʃaʒuna

love-1SG.MASC>3SG

xo

xɒ

DEM.ACC

titozonè,

titɒˈzɒnə̆,

food-ACC,

ninos

niˈnɒs

COP.PRES.3SG

zugìnonè!

zugĭˈnɒnə̆]

very-good-ACC

gìşaşzuna xo titozonè, ninos zugìnonè!

[gĭˈʃaʒuna xɒ titɒˈzɒnə̆, niˈnɒs zugĭˈnɒnə̆]

love-1SG.MASC>3SG DEM.ACC food-ACC, COP.PRES.3SG very-good-ACC

I love this food, it's great!

CIP

CIP aka "Common Imperial Polidish", or Pəliçəu [pəlit͡ʃəu], is the most commonly spoken form of Polidish in modern times, the version shown here is spoken around 3012ad, same with all of the other dialects below. The language is very fusional with as many as 9 noun declensions. It had a preference towards an SOV word order. It very interestingly developed the phonemic clicks /ʘ ǃ/ from /mˠ/ and particular consonant clusters.

Phonology

Consonants

Labial Alveolar Post-Alveolar Palatal Dorsal
Nasal m m̩ n n̩ ŋ ŋ̩
Plosive p t k
Fricative ɸ~w s ʃ (ç) h
Affricate t͡s t͡ʃ
Approximate l ɫ̩ ʟ ʟ̩
Click ʘ ǃ

Vowels

Front Central Back
High i ɨ u
Mid e ə o
Low a

Diphthongs: /i̯a/ /i̯e/ /i̯ʊ/ /uɪ/ /ua/ /əɪ/ /əʊ/

[ç] is an allophone of /h/ before /i/

Romanisation

Consonants Vowels
IPA h k l ʟ m n s p t͡s t͡ʃ ʃ t f x w ʘ ǃ a e ə i ɨ o u
Romanisation h k l ł m n s p c ç ş t f x w mw q a e ə i ı o u

Example Sentences

təkanət

[təˈkanət

tree-LOC

lıçaspl

lɨˈt͡ʃaspɫ̩

slow-GEN

samukani

samuˈkani

ABL-1P.AOR

ki

ki

2

kəşənakot

kəʃəˈnakot

bird-LOC.PL

samıni

saˈmɨni]

ALL-1P.AOR

təkanət lıçaspl samukani ki kəşənakot samıni

[təˈkanət lɨˈt͡ʃaspɫ̩ samuˈkani ki kəʃəˈnakot saˈmɨni]

tree-LOC slow-GEN ABL-1P.AOR 2 bird-LOC.PL ALL-1P.AOR

I walked from the tree to the 2 birds.

cetəsan

[t͡seˈtəsan

food.ACC

hə

hə

DEM.ACC

çeşaşuna,

t͡ʃeʃaˈʃuna,

love-1P,

ha

ha

DEM.NOM

hu

hu

very

çenan!

ˈt͡ʃenan]

good-ACC

cetəsan hə çeşaşuna, ha hu çenan!

[t͡seˈtəsan hə t͡ʃeʃaˈʃuna, ha hu ˈt͡ʃenan]

food.ACC DEM.ACC love-1P, DEM.NOM very good-ACC

I love this food, it's great!

Kikhahi

Kikhahi, or modernly Ḱihehi [c̠ihɛhi], it is very fusional and has 6 declensions. It had a strong preference for a SVO word order but VSO and SOV was also allowed. The language shows many similarities in phonology, grammar and syntax to Cakine due to being in close proximity to it.

Phonology

Consonants

Labial Dental Alveolar Post-Alveolar Retracted Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m n ɲ̠ ŋ
Plosive p~b θ ð t~d c̠~ɟ̠ k~g
Fricative f v s z ʃ ʒ x~ɣ h
Affricate t͡s t͡ʃ
Lateral l

Vowels

Front Central Back
High i y u
Mid ɛ œ ə ɔ
Low a

Diphthongs: /ɪa/ /ɪe/ /ɪo/

Consonants Vowels
IPA v ɣ ð z x θ k c̠ l m n ŋ s p t͡s t͡ʃ f ʃ t a ɛ ə i ɔ œ u y
Romanisation b g d z x þ k ḱ l m n ŋ s p c ç f ş t a e ə i o ö u ü

Example Sentences

na

[na

1SG.NOM

plecə

plɛt͡sə

ADJ-slow

zapuköpi

zapukœpi

ABL-AOR

takanət

takanət

tree-LOC.SG

zamepi

zamɛpi

ALL-AOR

kaçonokət

kat͡ʃɔnɔkət]

bird.LOC.DU

na plecə zapuköpi takanət zamepi kaçonokət

[na plɛt͡sə zapukœpi takanət zamɛpi kat͡ʃɔnɔkət]

1SG.NOM ADJ-slow ABL-AOR tree-LOC.SG ALL-AOR bird.LOC.DU

I walked from the tree to the 2 birds.

na

[na

1SG,NOM

şasu

ʃasu

love

hə

hə

DEM

titoşon,

titɔʃɔn,

food.ACC,

ninos

ninɔs

COP.3P.PRES

su

su

very

nɔn!

nɔn]

good.ACC

na şasu hə titoşon, ninos su nɔn!

[na ʃasu hə titɔʃɔn, ninɔs su nɔn]

1SG,NOM love DEM food.ACC, COP.3P.PRES very good.ACC

I love this food, it's great!


Bozaje

Bozaje, or modernly, Pə̀sàşè [pə̀sàʃè], it was both a language isolate and was grammatically fairly isolating. It has 4 tones: High, Mid, Low, and Falling, however, The High and Low tones turn into Rising and Falling tones in diphthongs (so the rising tone is allaphonic). It had a strict VOS word order due to lacking any morphological cases.

Phonology

Consonants

Bilabial Dental Alveolar Post-alveolar Dorsal
Nasal m n̪ ŋ
Plosive p t̪ k
Fricative f θ s ʃ h
Affricate t͡s t͡ʃ
Lateral l̪

Vowels

Front Central Back
High i ĩː ɯ u
Mid e ɛ̃ː ə/(ɔ̂ː) ɤ ɔ̃ː
Low a/(ɑ̂ː) ɑ̃ː

Diphthongs: /ĭa/ /ĭe/ /ĭo/ /ĭu/ /ĩɑ̃ː/ /ĩɛ̃ː/ /ĩɔ̃ː/

Example Sentences

loşàcápə̀

[l̪ɤʃàt͡sápə̀

slow-GEN

sàmuhômu

sàmuhɔ̂ːmu

ABL-PST

þáhą̀

θáhɑ̃̀ː

tree

na

n̪a

1SG

sàmomu

sàmɤmu

ALL-PST

hâçǫ́ná

hɑ̂ːt͡ʃɔ̃́ːn̪á

bird

hó

hɤ́]

two

loşàcápə̀ sàmuhômu þáhą̀ na sàmomu hâçǫ́ná hó

[l̪ɤʃàt͡sápə̀ sàmuhɔ̂ːmu θáhɑ̃̀ː n̪a sàmɤmu hɑ̂ːt͡ʃɔ̃́ːn̪á hɤ́]

slow-GEN ABL-PST tree 1SG ALL-PST bird two

I walked from the tree to the 2 birds

kìşású

[kìʃású

love

á

á

DEM

tḯtə́sà

t̪ɯ́t̪ə́sà

food

na,

n̪a,

1sg,

ni

n̪i

COP.3P.PRES

sú

sú

very

kį̀ná

kĩ̀n̪á

good

á

á]

DEM

kìşású á tḯtə́sà na, ni sú kį̀ná á

[kìʃású á t̪ɯ́t̪ə́sà n̪a, n̪i sú kĩ̀n̪á á]

love DEM food 1sg, COP.3P.PRES very good DEM

I love this food, it's great!

Cakine

Cakine, or modernly, Çekiŋ [t͡ʃɛkiŋ], it has a lot of vowel harmony, it has 2 declensions. It had a strong preference for a SVO word order but VSO and SOV was also allowed. The language shows many similarities in phonology, grammar and syntax to Kikhahi due to being in close proximity to it.

Phonology

Consonants

Labial Coronal Dorsal
Regular Lateral
Nasal m n ŋ
Plosive p b t d k g
Fricative s ʃ h
Affricate t͡ʃ t͡ɬ
Liquid w r l j

Vowels

Front Back
High i y ɯ u
Low ɛ œ ɑ ɔ

Diphthongs: /iɑ/ /iɛ/ /iɔ/ /iu/ /ɑi/ /ui/ /ɑu/

Example Sentences

na

[nɑ

1SG.NOM

welejaç

wɛlɛˈjɑt͡ʃ

ADV-slow

rabukonap

rɑbuˈkɔnap

ABL-1SG-AOR

takanı

tɑˈkɑnɯ

tree-LOC.SG

rabınap

ˈrɑbɯnɑp

ALL-1SG-AOR

kaçonakı

kɑt͡ʃɔˈnɑkɯ]

bird-LOC.DU

na welejaç rabukonap takanı rabınap kaçonakı

[nɑ wɛlɛˈjɑt͡ʃ rɑbuˈkɔnap tɑˈkɑnɯ ˈrɑbɯnɑp kɑt͡ʃɔˈnɑkɯ]

1SG.NOM ADV-slow ABL-1SG-AOR tree-LOC.SG ALL-1SG-AOR bird-LOC.DU

I walked from the tree to the 2 birds.

giɬaruna

[giˈɬɑrunɑ

love-1SG

ho

ho

DEM.ACC

titoran,

titɔˈrɑn,

food-ACC,

ninös

niˈnœs

COP.PRES.3P

su

su

very

ginen!

giˈnɛn]

good-ACC

giɬaruna ho titoran, ninös su ginen!

[giˈɬɑrunɑ ho titɔˈrɑn, niˈnœs su giˈnɛn]

love-1SG DEM.ACC food-ACC, COP.PRES.3P very good-ACC

I love this food, it's great!

Nagaku

Nagaku, or modernly Dagagu [dagagu]. It mainly preffered SOV but other word orders were allowed. The syllable structure is CV(N)(C)

Phonology

Consonants

Labial Alveolar Post-Alveolar Dorsal
Nasal m n ŋ
Plosive p(ʰ) b t(ʰ) d~ɾ k(ʰ) g
Fricative s ʃ h
Affricate t͡s t͡ʃ d͡ʒ
Approximate l

Vowels

Front Back
High i ɯ u
Mid e o
Low a

diphthongs: /ɪa/ /ɪe/ /ɪu/

Example Sentences

da

[da

1SG.NOM

taganıt

tʰaganɯt

tree-LOC

pılıçgaça

pʰɯlɯd͡ʒat͡ʃa

ADJ-slow

sabuguci

sabugut͡si

ABL-AOR

kaçunagıt

kʰat͡ʃunagɯt

bird.LOC.DU

sabıci

sabɯt͡si]

ALL-AOR

da taganıt pılıçgaça sabuguci kaçunagıt sabıci

[da tʰaganɯt pʰɯlɯd͡ʒat͡ʃa sabugut͡si kʰat͡ʃunagɯt sabɯt͡si]

1SG.NOM tree-LOC ADJ-slow ABL-AOR bird.LOC.DU ALL-AOR

I walked from the tree to the 2 birds.

Gekhe

Gekhe polidish, or kēkhēpo pōlijōl [kɛːkʰɛːpɔ pɔːlijɔːl] (literally "Polidish of the highly magical") is the Polijole spoken by the highest elites of the polidians. It is considered the most similar to classical Polidish in grammar of all dialects. It only allowed for verb initial word orders, VSO was the main prefered word order but VOS was also allowed.

Phonology

Consonants

Labial Alveolar Post-Alveolar Dorsal
Nasal m n ŋ
Plosive p pʰ t tʰ k kʰ
Fricative s ʃ h
Affricate t͡s t͡sʰ t͡ʃ t͡ʃʰ
Approximate l j

Vowels

Front Back
High i u
High-Mid e
Low-Mid ɛ ɛː ɔ ɔː
Low a~æ ɑ(ː)

Diphthongs: /ɪa/ /ɪo/ /ɪu/

Example Sentences

pēlejācha

[pɛːlɛjɑːt͡sʰa

ADJ-slow

sāmukāna

sɑːmukɑːna

ABL-1SG>3SG.PERF

sākānat

sɑːkɑːnæt

tree-LOC.SG

sāmena

sɑːmɛna

ALL-1SG>3SG.PERF

kāçhonākat

kɑːt͡ʃʰɔnɑːkæt]

bird.LOC.DU

pēlejācha sāmukāna sākānat sāmena kāçhonākat

[pɛːlɛjɑːt͡sʰa sɑːmukɑːna sɑːkɑːnæt sɑːmɛna kɑːt͡ʃʰɔnɑːkæt]

ADJ-slow ABL-1SG>3SG.PERF tree-LOC.SG ALL-1SG>3SG.PERF bird.LOC.DU

I walked from the tree to the 2 birds.

sujeşāşuna

[sujeʃɑːʃuna

love-1SG>3SG

ha

ha

DEM

sitōşōn,

sitɔːʃɔːn,

food.ACC,

nina

nina

COP.3SG.PERF

sujenon

sujenon]

very-good.ACC

sujeşāşuna ha sitōşōn, nina sujenon

[sujeʃɑːʃuna ha sitɔːʃɔːn, nina sujenon]

love-1SG>3SG DEM food.ACC, COP.3SG.PERF very-good.ACC

I love this food, it's great!

Xiophoniol

Xiophoniol, or modernly Xöfonöl /çɵfoɲɵl/ is spoken in the Xöfon country of Poligea, the version shown here was spoken until 973ce when the language went extinct. It mainly preffered SVO but other word orders were allowed.

Phonology

Consonants

Labial Dental Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m n ɲ ŋ
Stop p t k
Affricate t͡s t͡ʃ
Fricative f s θ ð ʃ x ɣ h
Approximant ʋ j
Liquid l r rʲ

Vowels

Front Central Back
High i ʉ u
Mid e̞ ɵ̞ ɤ̞ o̞
Low æ ɐ

Example sentences

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