Conlang
Don't have an account?
Register
Register
Conlang
Conlang Wiki
5,422
pages
in: Dialects, Polijole

Changes: Polijole/Dialects

< Polijole
Back to page
Sign in to edit
No edit summary
Tag: Visual edit
No edit summary
Tag: Visual edit
 
(185 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
  +
This page provides a list and example sentences for all of the historical versions and all of the modern Languages of the Polidish language family.
−
note: most of the modern dialects' names are based off of their etymological-original classical polidish word, so the names may differ slightly
  
   
  +
note: most of the modern langauges' names are based off of their etymological-original classical polidish word, so the names may differ slightly
−
== Proto-Polijole ==
  
  +
−
qo liɟo'y jolà [kʷɑ liɟɑʔɣ̩ ɟɑlă], or often just shortened to qolijolà [kʷɑliɟɑlă] was spoken around 7820bc and was the oldest form of polidish, it was almost completely isolating, it also had a very strict CV word order.
 
  +
== Proto-Polidish ==
  +
Proto-Polidish, mostly commonly called Tēkʷts [ˈtæːkʷtɿ], but could also be called Kʷʼō līǵōxū ǵāle [kʷʼɑː liːˈɟɑːxuː ˈɟɑːlɛ̞], (often just shortened to Kʼʷōlīǵōle [kʷʼɑːliːˈɟɑːlɛ̞]), was first spoken around ~5820bc and was the oldest form of Polidish, it was very isolating, it had a C(V/F)(P) syllable structure (where P is short for ᵐb, p, t, c, k, kʷ, ʔ and F is a syllabic fricative) It is the ancestor of Classical and Central polidish. It had a preference for a VSO or VOS word order, but because of the marked cases, the word order was allowed to be very free. Except for prepositional verbs, which must go before the object forcing either VOS or SVO.
   
 
=== Phonology ===
  
=== Phonology ===
Line 25: Line 27:
 
|-
  
|-
 
!Plosive
  
!Plosive
−
|ᵐb
 +
|p ᵐb
−
|t tʰ d
 +
|t tʼ d
−
|c cʰ ɟ
 +
|c cʼ ɟ
−
|k kʰ g
 +
|k kʼ g
−
|kʷ kʷʰ gʷ
 +
|kʷ kʼʷ gʷ
 
|ʔ
  
|ʔ
 
|-
  
|-
Line 36: Line 38:
 
|s
  
|s
 
|ç
  
|ç
−
|x
 +
|x~χ
 
|
  
|
 
|
  
|
 
|-
  
|-
  +
!Liquid
−
!Approximate
  
 
|
  
|
 
|l
  
|l
Line 56: Line 58:
 
|-
  
|-
 
!High
  
!High
−
|i ĭ
 +
|i iː
−
|u ŭ
 +
|u uː
 
|-
  
|-
 
!Low
  
!Low
  +
|ɛ̞ æː
−
|a ă
  
  +
|ʌ̞ ɑː
−
|ɑ ɑ̆
  
 
|}
  
|}
 
there are no diphthongs
  
there are no diphthongs
   
−
==== Syllabic Consonants ====
 +
==== Syllabic Fricatives ====
 
{| class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
  
{| class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
 
! style="width: 90px; " |
  
! style="width: 90px; " |
Line 73: Line 75:
 
!Fricative
  
!Fricative
 
|ɿ
  
|ɿ
−
| ɣ̩
 +
| ɣ̩~ʁ̩
 
|}
  
|}
 
=== Romanisation ===
  
=== Romanisation ===
Line 80: Line 82:
 
!Consonants
  
!Consonants
 
!Vowels
  
!Vowels
  +
!Syllabic Fricatives
−
!Syllabics
  
 
|-
  
|-
 
|IPA
  
|IPA
−
|<code>ᵐb gʷ g d x ɟ k l j m n ɲ ŋ c s ç kʷ t ʔ kʷʰ tʰ kʰ cʰ w ŋʷ</code>
 +
|<code>m n ɲ ŋ ŋʷ p ᵐb t tʼ d c cʼ ɟ k kʼ g kʷ kʷʼ gʷ ʔ s ç x l j w</code>
−
|<code>ì i ù u à a ò o</code>
 +
|<code>i iː u uː ɛ̞ æː ʌ̞ ɑː</code>
 
|<code>ɿ ɣ̩</code>
  
|<code>ɿ ɣ̩</code>
 
|-
  
|-
 
|Romanisation
  
|Romanisation
−
|<code>b qg g d x ɟ k l j m n nj ŋ c s sj q t ' qh th kh ch w w̃</code>
 +
|<code>m n ń ŋ ŋʷ p b t tʼ d ḱ ḱʼ ǵ k kʼ g kʷ kʷʼ gʷ ʼ s x́ x l j w</code>
−
|<code>ĭ i ŭ u ă a ɑ̆ ɑ</code>
 +
|<code>i ī u ū e ē o ō</code>
−
|<code>ɿ y</code>
 +
|<code>s x</code>
 
|}
  
|}
 
=== Example Sentences ===
  
=== Example Sentences ===
 
{{interlinear|glossing3=yes
  
{{interlinear|glossing3=yes
−
|qhò lòɟaċa tu sabuky ga nɿ takanà tu sabò kɿchonatò'ò|[kʷʰɑ̆ lɑ̆ɟacʰa tu saᵐbukɣ̩ ga nɿ takană tu saᵐbɑ̆ kɿcʰɑnatɑ̆ʔɑ̆]|ADJ slow PERF ABL NOM 1SG.MASC tree PERF ALL bird-LOC-DU| I walked from the tree to the 2 birds.}}
 +
|kʷōk loǵēḱḱē sēbūkʼxbū tʼēkʼēnetʼekʷ ns sēboʼbū kʼsḱōnēkʼētʼekʷ|[kʷɑːk lʌ̞ɟæːcˈcæː sæːˈᵐbuːkʼɣ̩ᵐbū tʼæːˈkʼæːnɛ̞tʼɛ̞kʷ nɿ ˈsæːᵐbʌ̞ʔᵐbuː kʼɿcɑːˈnæːkʼæːtʼɛ̞kʷ]|ADV slow ABL-PERF tree-LOC.SG 1SG.MASC.NOM ALL-PERF bird-LOC.DU| I walked from the tree to the 2 birds.}}
   
 
{{interlinear|glossing3=yes
  
{{interlinear|glossing3=yes
−
|su gìsa ga nɿ xa nò titosa, ninyka ga xa nò su gìna|[su gĭsa ga nɿ xa nɑ̆ titɑsa, ninɣ̩ka ga xa nɑ̆ su gĭna]| very like NOM 1SG DEM ACC food, COP NOM DEM ACC very good.| I like this food a lot, it is very good.}}
 +
|sū gisē ns xō tʼītʼōsēb, nīnx sū ginē!|[suː giˈsæː nɿ χɑː tʼiːtʼɑːˈsæːᵐb, ˈniːnʁ̩ suː giˈnæː]| very like 1SG.MASC.NOM DEM.ACC food, COP.PRES.3sg very good.| I love this food, it's great!}}<br />
   
−
== Classical Polijole ==
 +
== Məká ==
  +
Məká /məˈka/ is a Polidish language which has no relation to Classical or Central Polidish. These people split off from the other polidians before the others gained their magic, so they had no magical capability. This language is unique for being the only Polidish language to have phonemic stress, while the others may have only had allaphonic stress.
−
Classical Polidish, or Polijolè [pˠɒliɟɒlə̆] was spoken at around ~692bc, it had a strict CV word order and was quite polysynthetic
  
  +
  +
=== Phonology ===
  +
  +
==== Consonants ====
  +
{| class="wikitable article-table" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="1" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
  +
! style="width: 68px; " |
  +
! style="width: 68px; " |Labial
  +
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar
  +
! style="width: 68px; " |Dorsal
  +
! style="width: 68px; " |Glottal
  +
|-
  +
!Nasal
  +
|m
  +
|n
  +
|ŋ
  +
|
  +
|-
  +
!Plosive
  +
|p b
  +
|t d
  +
|k g
  +
|ʔ
  +
|-
  +
!Fricative
  +
|
  +
|s
  +
|h
  +
|
  +
|-
  +
!Liquid
  +
|w
  +
|l
  +
|j
  +
|
  +
|}
  +
  +
==== Vowels ====
  +
{| class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
  +
! style="width: 90px; " |
  +
! style="width: 90px; " | Front
  +
! style="width: 90px; " |Central
  +
! style="width: 90px; " |Back
  +
|-
  +
!High
  +
|i iː
  +
|
  +
|u uː
  +
|-
  +
! Mid
  +
|ɛ ɛː
  +
|ə
  +
|ɔ ɔː
  +
|-
  +
!Low
  +
| colspan="3" |ɐ~a aː
  +
|}
  +
there are no diphthongs
  +
  +
=== Romanisation ===
  +
{| class="article-table"
  +
!
  +
!Consonants
  +
!Vowels
  +
|-
  +
|IPA
  +
|<code>m n ŋ p t k b d g ʔ s h w l j</code>
  +
|<code>i iː u uː ɛ ɛː ə ɔ ɔː a aː</code>
  +
|-
  +
|Romanisation
  +
|<code>m n ŋ p t k b d g ʼ s h w l j</code>
  +
|<code>i ī u ū e ē ə o ō a ā</code>
  +
|}
  +
  +
=== Example Sentences ===
  +
{{interlinear|glossing3=yes
  +
|pak logék bō sebṓkə tekéni mō sébō ikskanék|[pak lɔˈgɛk bɔː sɛˈbɔːkə tɛˈkɛni mɔː ˈsɛbɔː ikskɐˈnɛk]|ADV slow COP.PST from tree 1sg.NOM to bird| I walked from the tree to the 2 birds.}}
  +
  +
{{interlinear|glossing3=yes
  +
|sō gisé mō hā tātaséb, nā́nə sō giné!|[sɔː giˈsɛ mɔː haː taːtɐˈsɛb, ˈnaːnə sɔː giˈnɛ]|very like 1sg.NOM DEM.ACC food, COP.PRES.3SG very good| I love this food, it's great!}}
  +
  +
== Classical Polidish ==
  +
Classical Polidish, or Polijolè [pˠɒliɟɒlə̆] was spoken at around ~692bc, it had a strict CV word order and was quite agglutinatively polysynthetic. It was the ancestor of CIP, Gekhe and Xiophoniol. It had the same word order syntax as Proto-Polidish.
   
 
=== Phonology ===
  
=== Phonology ===
Line 110: Line 194:
 
=== Example Sentences ===
  
=== Example Sentences ===
 
{{interlinear|glossing3=yes
  
{{interlinear|glossing3=yes
  +
| pholejacha zamukomi takanètè na zamemi kaçhonakatè|[pˠʰɒləɟaˈt͡sʰa zamuˈkɒmi taˈkanə̆tə̆ na ˈzaməmi kat͡ʃʰɒˈnakatə̆]| ADV-slow ABL-∅-AOR tree-LOC 1SG.MASC.NOM ALL-∅-AOR bird.LOC.DU| I walked from the tree to the 2 birds.}}
−
| pholejacha zamukanamùci takanèsaka kaçhona'esa| [pˠʰɒləɟat͡sʰa zamukanamŭt͡si takanə̆saka kat͡ʃʰɒnaʔəsa]
  
−
| ADV-slow ABL-1SG.MASC-PST.PERF tree-ABL bird-DU.ALL
  
−
| I walked from the tree to the 2 birds.}}
  
   
 
{{interlinear|glossing3=yes
  
{{interlinear|glossing3=yes
  +
| gìşaşzuna xa titozanè, nina zugìnanè!
−
| sugìsana xa titoşzanè, ni xaga sugìnanè
  
  +
|[gĭˈʃaʒuna xa titɒˈzanə̆, niˈna zugĭˈnanə̆]|love-1SG.MASC DEM food-ACC, COP.PRES.3sg very-good-ACC| I love this food, it's great!}}
−
| [sugĭsana xa titɒʒanə̆, ni xaga sugĭnanə̆]
  
−
| PL-like-1SG.MASC DEM food-ACC, COP DEM-NOM PL-good-ACC| I like this food a lot, it is very good.}}
  
   
−
== AIP ==
 +
== Central Polidish ==
  +
Central Polidish, also just called Polijolè [pˠɒliɟɒlə̆], was a dialect of Polidish also spoken around ~692bc which was almost identical in grammar to Classical Polidish and is quite polysynthetic (but more fusional), but shows a few phonological, phonotactical and lexical differences. it had a CV(s) syllable structure where a coda -s could appear (in some locations it could only appear word finally). It had front-back vowel harmony. It was the ancestor of Kikhahi, Bozaje, Cakine and Nagaku. It had the same word order syntax as Proto-Polidish.
−
AIP aka "Average Imperial Polidish", or pəliçəu [pəlit͡ʃəu], is the most commonly spoken form of polidish in modern times, the version shown here is spoken around 2400ad, same with all of the other dialects below. The language is very fusional with many noun declensions.
  
   
 
=== Phonology ===
  
=== Phonology ===
Line 129: Line 210:
 
! style="width: 68px; " |Labial
  
! style="width: 68px; " |Labial
 
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar
  
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar
  +
! style="width: 68px; " |Post-alveolar
−
!Post-Alveolar
  
−
!Palatal
 +
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal
 
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar
  
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar
  +
! style="width: 68px; " |Glottal
−
!Uvular
  
−
!Glottal
  
 
|-
  
|-
 
!Nasal
  
!Nasal
Line 141: Line 221:
 
|ŋ
  
|ŋ
 
|
  
|
  +
|-
  +
!Plosive
  +
| pˠ pˠʰ bˠ
  +
ᵐb
  +
| colspan="2" |t tʰ d
  +
|ɟ
  +
|k kʰ g
  +
|
  +
|-
  +
! Fricative
  +
|
  +
|s z
  +
|ʃ ʒ
  +
|
  +
|x
  +
|h
  +
|-
  +
! Affricate
  +
|
  +
|t͡s t͡sʰ
  +
|t͡ʃ t͡ʃʰ
  +
|
  +
|
  +
|
  +
|-
  +
!Lateral app.
  +
|
  +
| colspan="2" |l
  +
|
  +
|
  +
|
  +
|}
  +
==== Vowels ====
  +
{| class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
  +
! style="width: 90px; " |
  +
! style="width: 90px; " | Front
  +
! style="width: 90px; " |Central
  +
! style="width: 90px; " |Back
  +
|-
  +
!High
  +
|i ĭ
  +
|
  +
|u ŭ
  +
|-
  +
! Mid
  +
|
  +
|ə ə̆
  +
|
  +
|-
  +
!Low
  +
|a
  +
|
  +
|ɒ
  +
|}
  +
diphthongs: /ĭu/, /ĭə/, /ĭa/, /ĭɒ/
  +
  +
=== Romanisation ===
  +
{| class="article-table"
  +
!
  +
!Consonants
  +
!Vowels
  +
|-
  +
|IPA
  +
|<code>ᵐb bˠ g d z x tʰ ɟ k l m n ŋ s pˠ</code> <code>t͡s t͡ʃ t͡sʰ t͡ʃʰ kʰ pˠʰ ʃ ʒ t h</code>
  +
|<code>a ə i ɒ u ĭ ŭ ə̆ ĭu ĭə ĭa ĭɒ</code>
  +
|-
  +
|Romanisation
  +
|<code>mb b g d z x th j k l m n ŋ s p</code> <code>c ç ch çh kh ph ş şz t h</code>
  +
|<code>a e i o u ì ù è iu ie ia io</code>
  +
|}
  +
  +
=== Example Sentences ===
  +
{{interlinear|glossing3=yes
  +
|phelejacha zambukombi takanètè na zambembi ka(s)çhonakotè|[pˠʰələɟaˈt͡sʰa zaᵐbuˈkɒᵐbi taˈkanə̆tə̆ na ˈzaᵐbəᵐbi ka(s)t͡ʃʰɒˈnakɒtə̆]|ADJ-slow ABL-∅-AOR tree-LOC 1SG.MASC.NOM ALL-AOR bird.LOC.DU| I walked from the tree to the 2 birds.}}
  +
  +
{{interlinear|glossing3=yes
  +
| gìşaşzuna xo titozonè, ninos zugìnonè!| [gĭˈʃaʒuna xɒ titɒˈzɒnə̆, niˈnɒs zugĭˈnɒnə̆]
  +
|love-1SG.MASC>3SG DEM.ACC food-ACC, COP.PRES.3SG very-good-ACC| I love this food, it's great!}}
  +
  +
== CIP ==
  +
CIP aka "Common Imperial Polidish", or Pəliçəu [pəlit͡ʃəu], is the most commonly spoken form of Polidish in modern times, the version shown here is spoken around 3012ad, same with all of the other dialects below. The language is very fusional with as many as 9 noun declensions. It had a preference towards an SOV word order. It very interestingly developed the phonemic clicks /ʘ ǃ/ from /mˠ/ and particular consonant clusters.
  +
  +
=== Phonology ===
  +
  +
==== Consonants ====
  +
{| class="wikitable article-table" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="1" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
  +
! style="width: 68px; " |
  +
! style="width: 68px; " |Labial
  +
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar
  +
!Post-Alveolar
  +
!Palatal
  +
! style="width: 68px; " |Dorsal
  +
|-
  +
!Nasal
  +
|m m̩
  +
| colspan="2" |n n̩
 
|
  
|
  +
|ŋ ŋ̩
 
|-
  
|-
 
!Plosive
  
!Plosive
Line 148: Line 325:
 
|
  
|
 
|k
  
|k
−
|q
  
−
|
  
 
|-
  
|-
 
!Fricative
  
!Fricative
  +
| rowspan="3" |ɸ~w
−
|f
  
 
|s
  
|s
 
|ʃ
  
|ʃ
 
|(ç)
  
|(ç)
−
|x
  
−
|
  
 
|h
  
|h
 
|-
  
|-
 
!Affricate
  
!Affricate
−
|
  
 
|t͡s
  
|t͡s
 
|t͡ʃ
  
|t͡ʃ
−
|
  
−
|
  
 
|
  
|
 
|
  
|
 
|-
  
|-
 
!Approximate
  
!Approximate
−
|w
  
 
| colspan="2" |l ɫ̩
  
| colspan="2" |l ɫ̩
−
|j
 +
|
 
|ʟ ʟ̩
  
|ʟ ʟ̩
  +
|-
  +
!Click
  +
|ʘ
  +
| colspan="2" |ǃ
 
|
  
|
 
|
  
|
Line 198: Line 371:
 
| colspan="3" |a
  
| colspan="3" |a
 
|}
  
|}
−
Diphthongs: /ia/ /iu/ /ʊi/ /ʊa/ /əɪ/ /əʊ/ /eə/ /eʊ/ /oɪ/ /oə/
 +
Diphthongs: /i̯a/ /i̯e/ /i̯ʊ/ /uɪ/ /ua/ /əɪ/ /əʊ/
   
 
[ç] is an allophone of /h/ before /i/
  
[ç] is an allophone of /h/ before /i/
Line 209: Line 382:
 
|-
  
|-
 
|IPA
  
|IPA
−
|<code>h k q l m n s p</code> <code>t͡s t͡ʃ ʃ t f x w</code>
 +
|<code>h k l ʟ m n s p</code> <code>t͡s t͡ʃ ʃ t f x w ʘ ǃ</code>
 
|<code>a e ə i ɨ o u</code>
  
|<code>a e ə i ɨ o u</code>
 
|-
  
|-
 
|Romanisation
  
|Romanisation
−
|<code>h k q l m n s p</code> <code>c ç ş t</code> <code>f</code> <code>x w</code>
 +
|<code>h k l ł m n s p</code> <code>c ç ş t</code> <code>f</code> <code>x w mw q</code>
 
|<code>a e ə i ı o u</code>
  
|<code>a e ə i ı o u</code>
 
|}
  
|}
Line 219: Line 392:
 
=== Example Sentences ===
  
=== Example Sentences ===
 
{{interlinear|glossing3=yes
  
{{interlinear|glossing3=yes
  +
| təkanət lıçaspl samukani ki kəşənakot samıni| [təˈkanət lɨˈt͡ʃaspɫ̩ samuˈkani ki kəʃəˈnakot saˈmɨni]| tree-LOC slow-GEN ABL-1P.AOR 2 bird-LOC.PL ALL-1P.AOR| I walked from the tree to the 2 birds.}}
−
| təŋnət çi kəşənask lıçac samukani
  
−
| [təŋnət t͡ʃi kəʃənask lɨt͡ʃat͡s samukani]
  
−
| tree-LOC 2 bird-LOC.PL slow ABL.1SG.PST.PFV
  
−
| I walked from the tree to the 2 birds.}}
  
   
 
{{interlinear|glossing3=yes
  
{{interlinear|glossing3=yes
−
| çetəşan hə ho çisam, hə ho çinan
 +
| cetəsan hə çeşaşuna, ha hu çenan!
  +
| [t͡seˈtəsan hə t͡ʃeʃaˈʃuna, ha hu ˈt͡ʃenan]| food.ACC DEM.ACC love-1P, DEM.NOM very good-ACC
−
| [t͡ʃetəʃan hə ho t͡ʃisam, hə ho t͡ʃinan]
  
  +
| I love this food, it's great!}}
−
| food.ACC DEM.NOM PL like.1SG, DEM.NOM PL good-ACC
  
−
| I like this food a lot, it is very good.}}
  
   
 
== Kikhahi ==
  
== Kikhahi ==
  +
Kikhahi, or modernly Ḱihehi [c̠ihɛhi], it is very fusional and has 6 declensions. It had a strong preference for a SVO word order but VSO and SOV was also allowed. The language shows many similarities in phonology, grammar and syntax to Cakine due to being in close proximity to it.
−
Kikhahi, or modernly kixäxijolə [cixeçijolə]
  
   
 
=== Phonology ===
  
=== Phonology ===
Line 242: Line 411:
 
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar
  
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar
 
!Post-Alveolar
  
!Post-Alveolar
−
!Palatal
 +
!Retracted Palatal
 
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar
  
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar
 
! style="width: 68px; " |Glottal
  
! style="width: 68px; " |Glottal
Line 250: Line 419:
 
|
  
|
 
| colspan="2" |n
  
| colspan="2" |n
  +
|ɲ̠
−
|ɲ
  
 
|ŋ
  
|ŋ
 
|
  
|
 
|-
  
|-
 
!Plosive
  
!Plosive
−
|p
 +
|p~b
  +
| rowspan="2" |θ ð
−
|
  
−
| colspan="2" |t
 +
| colspan="2" |t~d
  +
|c̠~ɟ̠
−
|c
  
−
|k
 +
|k~g
 
|
  
|
 
|-
  
|-
 
!Fricative
  
!Fricative
−
|v f
 +
|f v
−
|θ ð
  
 
|s z
  
|s z
 
|ʃ ʒ
  
|ʃ ʒ
−
|ç
 +
|
−
|x ɣ
 +
|x~ɣ
 
|h
  
|h
 
|-
  
|-
Line 280: Line 448:
 
|
  
|
 
|-
  
|-
  +
!Lateral
−
!Approximate
  
 
|
  
|
 
|
  
|
  +
| colspan="2" |l
−
|
  
−
|
  
−
|j
  
−
|
  
−
|
  
−
|-
  
−
!Tap
  
−
|
  
−
|
  
−
|ɾ
  
−
|
  
 
|
  
|
 
|
  
|
Line 312: Line 470:
 
|-
  
|-
 
!Mid
  
!Mid
−
|e ø
 +
|ɛ œ
 
|ə
  
|ə
−
|o
 +
|ɔ
 
|-
  
|-
 
!Low
  
!Low
 
| colspan="3" |a
  
| colspan="3" |a
 
|}
  
|}
−
Diphthongs: /aɪ/ /eɪ/ /oɪ/
 +
Diphthongs: /ɪa/ /ɪe/ /ɪo/
 
{| class="article-table"
  
{| class="article-table"
 
!
  
!
Line 326: Line 484:
 
|-
  
|-
 
|IPA
  
|IPA
−
|<code>b g d z x ɟ k l m n ŋ s p</code> <code>t͡s t͡ʃ ʃ ʒ t</code>
 +
|<code>v ɣ ð z x θ k c̠ l m n ŋ s p</code> <code>t͡s t͡ʃ f ʃ t</code>
−
|<code>a e ə i o ø u y</code>
 +
|<code>a ɛ ə i ɔ œ u y</code>
 
|-
  
|-
 
|Romanisation
  
|Romanisation
−
|<code>b g d z x j k l m n ŋ s p</code> <code>c ç ş şz t</code>
 +
|<code>b g d z x þ k ḱ l m n ŋ s p</code> <code>c ç f ş t</code>
−
|<code>a e/ä ə i o ö u ü</code>
 +
|<code>a e ə i o ö u ü</code>
 
|}
  
|}
   
−
=== Example Sentences ===
 +
=== Example Sentences ===
 
{{interlinear|glossing3=yes
  
{{interlinear|glossing3=yes
  +
|na plecə zapuköpi takanət zamepi kaçonokət| [na plɛt͡sə zapukœpi takanət zamɛpi kat͡ʃɔnɔkət]
−
| me käneþ kaçonok reşasə zapukäpi| [me keɲeθ kat͡ʃonok ɾeʃasə zapukepi]
  
−
| 1SG.NOM tree-PREP bird.DU.PREP slow ABL.PST.PERF
 +
| 1SG.NOM ADJ-slow ABL-AOR tree-LOC.SG ALL-AOR bird.LOC.DU
 
| I walked from the tree to the 2 birds.}}
  
| I walked from the tree to the 2 birds.}}
   
  +
{{interlinear|glossing3=yes
  +
|na şasu hə titoşon, ninos su nɔn!| [na ʃasu hə titɔʃɔn, ninɔs su nɔn]|1SG,NOM love DEM food.ACC, COP.3P.PRES very good.ACC| I love this food, it's great!}}<br />
 
== Bozaje ==
  
== Bozaje ==
  +
Bozaje, or modernly, Pə̀sàşè [pə̀sàʃè], it was both a language isolate and was grammatically fairly isolating. It has 4 tones: High, Mid, Low, and Falling, however, The High and Low tones turn into Rising and Falling tones in diphthongs (so the rising tone is allaphonic). It had a strict VOS word order due to lacking any morphological cases.
−
Bozaje, or modernly, pə̀sàje [pə˨sa˨je], it is fairly isolating
  
   
 
=== Phonology ===
  
=== Phonology ===
Line 349: Line 509:
 
! style="width: 68px; " |
  
! style="width: 68px; " |
 
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial
  
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial
−
!Dental
 +
! style="width: 68px; " |Dental
 
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar
  
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar
−
! style="width: 68px; " | Post-alveolar
 +
! style="width: 68px; " |Post-alveolar
−
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal
 +
! style="width: 68px; " |Dorsal
−
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar
  
−
!Glottal
  
 
|-
  
|-
 
!Nasal
  
!Nasal
 
|m
  
|m
  +
|n̪
−
| colspan="2" |n
  
 
|
  
|
 
|
  
|
 
|ŋ
  
|ŋ
−
|
  
 
|-
  
|-
 
!Plosive
  
!Plosive
 
|p
  
|p
  +
|t̪
−
| colspan="2" |t
  
 
|
  
|
 
|
  
|
 
|k
  
|k
−
|
  
 
|-
  
|-
 
!Fricative
  
!Fricative
Line 377: Line 533:
 
|s
  
|s
 
|ʃ
  
|ʃ
−
|
  
−
|
  
 
|h
  
|h
 
|-
  
|-
Line 386: Line 540:
 
|t͡s
  
|t͡s
 
|t͡ʃ
  
|t͡ʃ
−
|
  
−
|
  
 
|
  
|
 
|-
  
|-
  +
!Lateral
−
!Approximant
  
 
|
  
|
  +
|l̪
−
| colspan="2" |l
  
 
|
  
|
−
|j
  
 
|
  
|
 
|
  
|
Line 406: Line 557:
 
|-
  
|-
 
!High
  
!High
−
|i ĩ
 +
|i ĩː
 
|
  
|
 
|ɯ u
  
|ɯ u
 
|-
  
|-
 
!Mid
  
!Mid
−
|e ẽ
 +
|e ɛ̃ː
−
|ə
 +
|ə/(ɔ̂ː)
−
|ɤ õ
 +
|ɤ ɔ̃ː
 
|-
  
|-
 
!Low
  
!Low
  +
|a/(ɑ̂ː)
−
| colspan="3" |a ã
  
  +
|
  +
|ɑ̃ː
 
|}
  
|}
−
Diphthongs: /ia/ /ie/ /iu/ /ĩã/ /ĩẽ/ /ĩõ/
 +
Diphthongs: /ĭa/ /ĭe/ /ĭo/ /ĭu/ /ĩɑ̃ː/ /ĩɛ̃ː/ /ĩɔ̃ː/
   
 
=== Example Sentences ===
  
=== Example Sentences ===
 
{{interlinear|glossing3=yes
  
{{interlinear|glossing3=yes
−
|lojasa sàmuhàmi þáhą́ nà sàmi háçę́ ho|[lɤjasa sa˨muha˨mi θa˦hã˦ na˨ sa˨mi ha˦t͡ʃẽ˦ hɤ]| slow ABL-PST.PERF tree 1SG ALL-PST.PERF bird two
 +
|loşàcápə̀ sàmuhômu þáhą̀ na sàmomu hâçǫ́ná hó|[l̪ɤʃàt͡sápə̀ sàmuhɔ̂ːmu θáhɑ̃̀ː n̪a sàmɤmu hɑ̂ːt͡ʃɔ̃́ːn̪á hɤ́]| slow-GEN ABL-PST tree 1SG ALL-PST bird two
 
| I walked from the tree to the 2 birds}}
  
| I walked from the tree to the 2 birds}}
  +
  +
{{interlinear|glossing3=yes
  +
|kìşású á tḯtə́sà na, ni sú kį̀ná á|[kìʃású á t̪ɯ́t̪ə́sà n̪a, n̪i sú kĩ̀n̪á á]|love DEM food 1sg, COP.3P.PRES very good DEM| I love this food, it's great!}}
   
 
== Cakine ==
  
== Cakine ==
  +
Cakine, or modernly, Çekiŋ [t͡ʃɛkiŋ], it has a lot of vowel harmony, it has 2 declensions. It had a strong preference for a SVO word order but VSO and SOV was also allowed. The language shows many similarities in phonology, grammar and syntax to Kikhahi due to being in close proximity to it.
−
Cakine, or modernly, Cakinejol [t͡ʃɑkinejol]
  
   
 
=== Phonology ===
  
=== Phonology ===
Line 432: Line 588:
 
==== Consonants ====
  
==== Consonants ====
 
{| class="wikitable article-table" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="1" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
  
{| class="wikitable article-table" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="1" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
−
! style="width: 68px; " |
 +
! rowspan="2" style="width: 68px; " |
−
! style="width: 68px; " |Labial
 +
! rowspan="2" style="width: 68px; " |Labial
−
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar
 +
! colspan="2" style="width: 68px; " |Coronal
−
! style="width: 68px; " |Dorsal
 +
! rowspan="2" style="width: 68px; " |Dorsal
  +
|-
  +
!Regular
  +
!Lateral
 
|-
  
|-
 
!Nasal
  
!Nasal
 
|m
  
|m
 
|n
  
|n
  +
|
 
|ŋ
  
|ŋ
 
|-
  
|-
Line 445: Line 605:
 
|p b
  
|p b
 
|t d
  
|t d
  +
|
 
|k g
  
|k g
 
|-
  
|-
 
!Fricative
  
!Fricative
 
|
  
|
−
|s
 +
|s ʃ
  +
|
 
|h
  
|h
 
|-
  
|-
 
!Affricate
  
!Affricate
 
|
  
|
−
|t͡ʃ d͡ʒ
 +
|t͡ʃ
  +
|t͡ɬ
 
|
  
|
 
|-
  
|-
  +
!Liquid
−
!Approximate
  
 
|w
  
|w
  +
|r
 
|l
  
|l
 
|j
  
|j
−
|-
  
−
!Lateral Fricative
  
−
|
  
−
|ɬ
  
−
|
  
−
|-
  
−
!Lateral affricative
  
−
|
  
−
|t͡ɬ
  
−
|
  
−
|-
  
−
!Trill
  
−
|
  
−
|r
  
−
|
  
 
|}
  
|}
 
==== Vowels ====
  
==== Vowels ====
Line 481: Line 630:
 
! style="width: 90px; " |
  
! style="width: 90px; " |
 
! style="width: 90px; " |Front
  
! style="width: 90px; " |Front
−
! style="width: 90px; " |Central
  
 
! style="width: 90px; " |Back
  
! style="width: 90px; " |Back
 
|-
  
|-
 
!High
  
!High
 
|i y
  
|i y
  +
|ɯ u
−
|ɨ
  
−
|u
  
−
|-
  
−
!Mid
  
−
|e ø
  
−
|
  
−
|o
  
 
|-
  
|-
 
!Low
  
!Low
  +
|ɛ œ
−
|a~æ
  
  +
|ɑ ɔ
−
|
  
−
|ɑ
  
 
|}
  
|}
−
Diphthongs: /ia/ /ie/ /io/ /iu/ /ɑʊ/
+
Diphthongs: /iɑ/ /iɛ/ /iɔ/ /iu/ /ɑi/ /ui/ /ɑu/
   
 
=== Example Sentences ===
  
=== Example Sentences ===
 
{{interlinear|glossing3=yes
  
{{interlinear|glossing3=yes
  +
|na welejaç rabukonap takanı rabınap kaçonakı|[nɑ wɛlɛˈjɑt͡ʃ rɑbuˈkɔnap tɑˈkɑnɯ ˈrɑbɯnɑp kɑt͡ʃɔˈnɑkɯ]|1SG.NOM ADV-slow ABL-1SG-AOR tree-LOC.SG ALL-1SG-AOR bird-LOC.DU
−
|lejaç rabukanam nas takänis kaçoŋaks|[lejɑt͡ʃ rɑbukɑnɑm nɑs tɑkænis kɑt͡ʃoŋɑks]
  
−
| slow go-1SG-PST.PERF 1SG.NOM tree-ABL bird-DU.ALL
  
 
| I walked from the tree to the 2 birds.}}
  
| I walked from the tree to the 2 birds.}}
  +
  +
{{interlinear|glossing3=yes
  +
|giɬaruna ho titoran, ninös su ginen!|[giˈɬɑrunɑ ho titɔˈrɑn, niˈnœs su giˈnɛn]
  +
|love-1SG DEM.ACC food-ACC, COP.PRES.3P very good-ACC| I love this food, it's great!}}
   
 
== Nagaku ==
  
== Nagaku ==
  +
Nagaku, or modernly Dagagu [dagagu]. It mainly preffered SOV but other word orders were allowed. The syllable structure is CV(N)(C)
−
Nagaku, or modernly dagakujulu [ⁿdaᵑgakujulu]
  
   
 
=== Phonology ===
  
=== Phonology ===
Line 518: Line 662:
 
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar
  
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar
 
!Post-Alveolar
  
!Post-Alveolar
−
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar
 +
! style="width: 68px; " |Dorsal
−
!Glottal
  
 
|-
  
|-
 
!Nasal
  
!Nasal
Line 525: Line 668:
 
| colspan="2" |n
  
| colspan="2" |n
 
|ŋ
  
|ŋ
−
|
  
 
|-
  
|-
 
!Plosive
  
!Plosive
  +
|p(ʰ) b
−
|p pʶ pʶʰ
  
−
| colspan="2" |t tʰ
 +
| colspan="2" |t(ʰ) d~ɾ
−
|k kʰ
 +
|k(ʰ) g
−
|
  
−
|-
  
−
!Pre-Nasalised Plosive
  
−
|ᵐb
  
−
| colspan="2" |ⁿd
  
−
|ᵑg
  
−
|
  
 
|-
  
|-
 
!Fricative
  
!Fricative
Line 543: Line 678:
 
|s
  
|s
 
|ʃ
  
|ʃ
−
|
  
 
|h
  
|h
 
|-
  
|-
 
!Affricate
  
!Affricate
 
|
  
|
−
|t͡s t͡sʰ
 +
|t͡s
−
|t͡ʃ t͡ʃʰ
 +
|t͡ʃ d͡ʒ
−
|
  
 
|
  
|
 
|-
  
|-
  +
!Approximate
−
!Tap
  
−
|
  
−
| colspan="2" |ɾ
  
 
|
  
|
  +
| colspan="2" |l
 
|
  
|
 
|}
  
|}
Line 564: Line 696:
 
! style="width: 90px; " |
  
! style="width: 90px; " |
 
! style="width: 90px; " |Front
  
! style="width: 90px; " |Front
−
! style="width: 90px; " |Central
  
 
! style="width: 90px; " |Back
  
! style="width: 90px; " |Back
 
|-
  
|-
 
!High
  
!High
 
|i
  
|i
−
|
  
 
|ɯ u
  
|ɯ u
 
|-
  
|-
 
!Mid
  
!Mid
 
|e
  
|e
−
|ə
  
 
|o
  
|o
 
|-
  
|-
 
!Low
  
!Low
  +
| colspan="2" |a
−
|
  
−
|a
  
−
|
  
 
|}
  
|}
−
diphthongs: /ia/ /iu/ /ɯi/ /ɯa/ /ui/ /ua/ /ai/ /au/
 +
diphthongs: /ɪa/ /ɪe/ /ɪu/
   
 
=== Example Sentences ===
  
=== Example Sentences ===
 
{{interlinear|glossing3=yes
  
{{interlinear|glossing3=yes
  +
|da taganıt pılıçgaça sabuguci kaçunagıt sabıci| [da tʰaganɯt pʰɯlɯd͡ʒat͡ʃa sabugut͡si kʰat͡ʃunagɯt sabɯt͡si]| 1SG.NOM tree-LOC ADJ-slow ABL-AOR bird.LOC.DU ALL-AOR| I walked from the tree to the 2 birds.}}
−
| das rakanıgatu kaçhənakıtu sapukaci ṕhırıjacha
  
−
| [ⁿdas ɾakanɯgatu kat͡ʃʰənakɯtu sapukat͡si pʶʰɯɾɯjat͡sʰa]| 1SG.NOM tree-LOC bird.DU.LOC ABL-PST.PERF ADJ-slow| I walked from the tree to the 2 birds.}}
  
   
 
== Gekhe ==
  
== Gekhe ==
−
Gekhe polidish, or şéçhépa pólijóla [ʃeːt͡ʃʰeːpa poːlijoːla] is the Polijole spoken by the highest elites of the polidians. It is considered the most similar to classical Polidish in grammar of all dialects.
 +
Gekhe polidish, or kēkhēpo pōlijōl [kɛːkʰɛːpɔ pɔːlijɔːl] (literally "Polidish of the highly magical") is the Polijole spoken by the highest elites of the polidians. It is considered the most similar to classical Polidish in grammar of all dialects. It only allowed for verb initial word orders, VSO was the main prefered word order but VOS was also allowed.
   
 
=== Phonology ===
  
=== Phonology ===
Line 616: Line 742:
 
|s
  
|s
 
|ʃ
  
|ʃ
−
|x
 +
|h
 
|-
  
|-
 
!Affricate
  
!Affricate
Line 640: Line 766:
 
|u
  
|u
 
|-
  
|-
−
!Mid
 +
!High-Mid
−
|eː
 +
|e
−
|oː
 +
|
 
|-
  
|-
 
!Low-Mid
  
!Low-Mid
−
|ɛ
 +
|ɛ ɛː
−
|ɔ
 +
|ɔ ɔː
 
|-
  
|-
 
!Low
  
!Low
  +
|a~æ
−
| colspan="2" |a aː
  
  +
|ɑ(ː)
 
|}
  
|}
−
Diphthongs: /ia/ /iɛ/ /iɔ/ /iu/
 +
Diphthongs: /ɪa/ /ɪo/ /ɪu/
   
 
=== Example Sentences ===
  
=== Example Sentences ===
 
{{interlinear|glossing3=yes
  
{{interlinear|glossing3=yes
  +
| pēlejācha sāmukāna sākānat sāmena kāçhonākat| [pɛːlɛjɑːt͡sʰa sɑːmukɑːna sɑːkɑːnæt sɑːmɛna kɑːt͡ʃʰɔnɑːkæt]| ADJ-slow ABL-1SG>3SG.PERF tree-LOC.SG ALL-1SG>3SG.PERF bird.LOC.DU
−
| pélejácha sámukánámu sakanéka káçhónoésa| [peːlɛjaːt͡sʰa saːmukaːnaːmu sakaneːka kaːt͡ʃʰoːnɔ.eːsa]
  
−
| ADJ-slow ABL-1SG-PST tree-ABL bird.DU.ALL
  
 
| I walked from the tree to the 2 birds.}}
  
| I walked from the tree to the 2 birds.}}
   
 
{{interlinear|glossing3=yes
  
{{interlinear|glossing3=yes
  +
| sujeşāşuna ha sitōşōn, nina sujenon
−
| sujesáme xa şitóşone, ni sujenone
  
  +
| [sujeʃɑːʃuna ha sitɔːʃɔːn, nina sujenon]|love-1SG>3SG DEM food.ACC, COP.3SG.PERF very-good.ACC
−
| [sujɛsaːmɛ xa ʃitoːʃɔnɛ, ni sujɛnɔnɛ]
  
−
| PL-like-1SG DEM food.ACC, COP PL-good
 +
| I love this food, it's great!}}
−
| I like this food a lot, it is very good.}}
  
   
 
== Xiophoniol ==
  
== Xiophoniol ==
−
Xi'ophoŋi, or modernly Xöfonöl /çɵfoɲɵl/ is spoken in the Xöfon country of Poligea.
 +
Xiophoniol, or modernly Xöfonöl /çɵfoɲɵl/ is spoken in the Xöfon country of Poligea, the version shown here was spoken until 973ce when the language went extinct. It mainly preffered SVO but other word orders were allowed.
   
 
=== Phonology ===
  
=== Phonology ===
Line 745: Line 870:
 
|}
  
|}
 
=== Example sentences ===
  
=== Example sentences ===
−
<br />
  
 
[[Category:Dialects]]
  
[[Category:Dialects]]
  +
[[Category:Polijole]]

Latest revision as of 07:08, 5 September 2023

This page provides a list and example sentences for all of the historical versions and all of the modern Languages of the Polidish language family.

note: most of the modern langauges' names are based off of their etymological-original classical polidish word, so the names may differ slightly

Proto-Polidish

Proto-Polidish, mostly commonly called Tēkʷts [ˈtæːkʷtɿ], but could also be called Kʷʼō līǵōxū ǵāle [kʷʼɑː liːˈɟɑːxuː ˈɟɑːlɛ̞], (often just shortened to Kʼʷōlīǵōle [kʷʼɑːliːˈɟɑːlɛ̞]), was first spoken around ~5820bc and was the oldest form of Polidish, it was very isolating, it had a C(V/F)(P) syllable structure (where P is short for ᵐb, p, t, c, k, kʷ, ʔ and F is a syllabic fricative) It is the ancestor of Classical and Central polidish. It had a preference for a VSO or VOS word order, but because of the marked cases, the word order was allowed to be very free. Except for prepositional verbs, which must go before the object forcing either VOS or SVO.

Phonology

Consonants

Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Labiovelar Glottal
Nasal m n ɲ ŋ ŋʷ
Plosive p ᵐb t tʼ d c cʼ ɟ k kʼ g kʷ kʼʷ gʷ ʔ
Fricative s ç x~χ
Liquid l j w

Vowels

Front Back
High i iː u uː
Low ɛ̞ æː ʌ̞ ɑː

there are no diphthongs

Syllabic Fricatives

Alveolar Velar
Fricative ɿ ɣ̩~ʁ̩

Romanisation

Consonants Vowels Syllabic Fricatives
IPA m n ɲ ŋ ŋʷ p ᵐb t tʼ d c cʼ ɟ k kʼ g kʷ kʷʼ gʷ ʔ s ç x l j w i iː u uː ɛ̞ æː ʌ̞ ɑː ɿ ɣ̩
Romanisation m n ń ŋ ŋʷ p b t tʼ d ḱ ḱʼ ǵ k kʼ g kʷ kʷʼ gʷ ʼ s x́ x l j w i ī u ū e ē o ō s x

Example Sentences

kʷōk

[kʷɑːk

ADV

loǵēḱḱē

lʌ̞ɟæːcˈcæː

slow

sēbūkʼxbū

sæːˈᵐbuːkʼɣ̩ᵐbū

ABL-PERF

tʼēkʼēnetʼekʷ

tʼæːˈkʼæːnɛ̞tʼɛ̞kʷ

tree-LOC.SG

ns

nɿ

1SG.MASC.NOM

sēboʼbū

ˈsæːᵐbʌ̞ʔᵐbuː

ALL-PERF

kʼsḱōnēkʼētʼekʷ

kʼɿcɑːˈnæːkʼæːtʼɛ̞kʷ]

bird-LOC.DU

kʷōk loǵēḱḱē sēbūkʼxbū tʼēkʼēnetʼekʷ ns sēboʼbū kʼsḱōnēkʼētʼekʷ

[kʷɑːk lʌ̞ɟæːcˈcæː sæːˈᵐbuːkʼɣ̩ᵐbū tʼæːˈkʼæːnɛ̞tʼɛ̞kʷ nɿ ˈsæːᵐbʌ̞ʔᵐbuː kʼɿcɑːˈnæːkʼæːtʼɛ̞kʷ]

ADV slow ABL-PERF tree-LOC.SG 1SG.MASC.NOM ALL-PERF bird-LOC.DU

I walked from the tree to the 2 birds.

sū

[suː

very

gisē

giˈsæː

like

ns

nɿ

1SG.MASC.NOM

xō

χɑː

DEM.ACC

tʼītʼōsēb,

tʼiːtʼɑːˈsæːᵐb,

food,

nīnx

ˈniːnʁ̩

COP.PRES.3sg

sū

suː

very

ginē!

giˈnæː]

good.

sū gisē ns xō tʼītʼōsēb, nīnx sū ginē!

[suː giˈsæː nɿ χɑː tʼiːtʼɑːˈsæːᵐb, ˈniːnʁ̩ suː giˈnæː]

very like 1SG.MASC.NOM DEM.ACC food, COP.PRES.3sg very good.

I love this food, it's great!


Məká

Məká /məˈka/ is a Polidish language which has no relation to Classical or Central Polidish. These people split off from the other polidians before the others gained their magic, so they had no magical capability. This language is unique for being the only Polidish language to have phonemic stress, while the others may have only had allaphonic stress.

Phonology

Consonants

Labial Alveolar Dorsal Glottal
Nasal m n ŋ
Plosive p b t d k g ʔ
Fricative s h
Liquid w l j

Vowels

Front Central Back
High i iː u uː
Mid ɛ ɛː ə ɔ ɔː
Low ɐ~a aː

there are no diphthongs

Romanisation

Consonants Vowels
IPA m n ŋ p t k b d g ʔ s h w l j i iː u uː ɛ ɛː ə ɔ ɔː a aː
Romanisation m n ŋ p t k b d g ʼ s h w l j i ī u ū e ē ə o ō a ā

Example Sentences

pak

[pak

ADV

logék

lɔˈgɛk

slow

bō

bɔː

COP.PST

sebṓkə

sɛˈbɔːkə

from

tekéni

tɛˈkɛni

tree

mō

mɔː

1sg.NOM

sébō

ˈsɛbɔː

to

ikskanék

ikskɐˈnɛk]

bird

pak logék bō sebṓkə tekéni mō sébō ikskanék

[pak lɔˈgɛk bɔː sɛˈbɔːkə tɛˈkɛni mɔː ˈsɛbɔː ikskɐˈnɛk]

ADV slow COP.PST from tree 1sg.NOM to bird

I walked from the tree to the 2 birds.

sō

[sɔː

very

gisé

giˈsɛ

like

mō

mɔː

1sg.NOM

hā

haː

DEM.ACC

tātaséb,

taːtɐˈsɛb,

food,

nā́nə

ˈnaːnə

COP.PRES.3SG

sō

sɔː

very

giné!

giˈnɛ]

good

sō gisé mō hā tātaséb, nā́nə sō giné!

[sɔː giˈsɛ mɔː haː taːtɐˈsɛb, ˈnaːnə sɔː giˈnɛ]

very like 1sg.NOM DEM.ACC food, COP.PRES.3SG very good

I love this food, it's great!

Classical Polidish

Classical Polidish, or Polijolè [pˠɒliɟɒlə̆] was spoken at around ~692bc, it had a strict CV word order and was quite agglutinatively polysynthetic. It was the ancestor of CIP, Gekhe and Xiophoniol. It had the same word order syntax as Proto-Polidish.

Phonology

On the main page

Romanisation

On the main page

Example Sentences

pholejacha

[pˠʰɒləɟaˈt͡sʰa

ADV-slow

zamukomi

zamuˈkɒmi

ABL-∅-AOR

takanètè

taˈkanə̆tə̆

tree-LOC

na

na

1SG.MASC.NOM

zamemi

ˈzaməmi

ALL-∅-AOR

kaçhonakatè

kat͡ʃʰɒˈnakatə̆]

bird.LOC.DU

pholejacha zamukomi takanètè na zamemi kaçhonakatè

[pˠʰɒləɟaˈt͡sʰa zamuˈkɒmi taˈkanə̆tə̆ na ˈzaməmi kat͡ʃʰɒˈnakatə̆]

ADV-slow ABL-∅-AOR tree-LOC 1SG.MASC.NOM ALL-∅-AOR bird.LOC.DU

I walked from the tree to the 2 birds.

gìşaşzuna

[gĭˈʃaʒuna

love-1SG.MASC

xa

xa

DEM

titozanè,

titɒˈzanə̆,

food-ACC,

nina

niˈna

COP.PRES.3sg

zugìnanè!

zugĭˈnanə̆]

very-good-ACC

gìşaşzuna xa titozanè, nina zugìnanè!

[gĭˈʃaʒuna xa titɒˈzanə̆, niˈna zugĭˈnanə̆]

love-1SG.MASC DEM food-ACC, COP.PRES.3sg very-good-ACC

I love this food, it's great!

Central Polidish

Central Polidish, also just called Polijolè [pˠɒliɟɒlə̆], was a dialect of Polidish also spoken around ~692bc which was almost identical in grammar to Classical Polidish and is quite polysynthetic (but more fusional), but shows a few phonological, phonotactical and lexical differences. it had a CV(s) syllable structure where a coda -s could appear (in some locations it could only appear word finally). It had front-back vowel harmony. It was the ancestor of Kikhahi, Bozaje, Cakine and Nagaku. It had the same word order syntax as Proto-Polidish.

Phonology

Consonants

Labial Alveolar Post-alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m n ŋ
Plosive pˠ pˠʰ bˠ

ᵐb

t tʰ d ɟ k kʰ g
Fricative s z ʃ ʒ x h
Affricate t͡s t͡sʰ t͡ʃ t͡ʃʰ
Lateral app. l

Vowels

Front Central Back
High i ĭ u ŭ
Mid ə ə̆
Low a ɒ

diphthongs: /ĭu/, /ĭə/, /ĭa/, /ĭɒ/

Romanisation

Consonants Vowels
IPA ᵐb bˠ g d z x tʰ ɟ k l m n ŋ s pˠ t͡s t͡ʃ t͡sʰ t͡ʃʰ kʰ pˠʰ ʃ ʒ t h a ə i ɒ u ĭ ŭ ə̆ ĭu ĭə ĭa ĭɒ
Romanisation mb b g d z x th j k l m n ŋ s p c ç ch çh kh ph ş şz t h a e i o u ì ù è iu ie ia io

Example Sentences

phelejacha

[pˠʰələɟaˈt͡sʰa

ADJ-slow

zambukombi

zaᵐbuˈkɒᵐbi

ABL-∅-AOR

takanètè

taˈkanə̆tə̆

tree-LOC

na

na

1SG.MASC.NOM

zambembi

ˈzaᵐbəᵐbi

ALL-AOR

ka(s)çhonakotè

ka(s)t͡ʃʰɒˈnakɒtə̆]

bird.LOC.DU

phelejacha zambukombi takanètè na zambembi ka(s)çhonakotè

[pˠʰələɟaˈt͡sʰa zaᵐbuˈkɒᵐbi taˈkanə̆tə̆ na ˈzaᵐbəᵐbi ka(s)t͡ʃʰɒˈnakɒtə̆]

ADJ-slow ABL-∅-AOR tree-LOC 1SG.MASC.NOM ALL-AOR bird.LOC.DU

I walked from the tree to the 2 birds.

gìşaşzuna

[gĭˈʃaʒuna

love-1SG.MASC>3SG

xo

xɒ

DEM.ACC

titozonè,

titɒˈzɒnə̆,

food-ACC,

ninos

niˈnɒs

COP.PRES.3SG

zugìnonè!

zugĭˈnɒnə̆]

very-good-ACC

gìşaşzuna xo titozonè, ninos zugìnonè!

[gĭˈʃaʒuna xɒ titɒˈzɒnə̆, niˈnɒs zugĭˈnɒnə̆]

love-1SG.MASC>3SG DEM.ACC food-ACC, COP.PRES.3SG very-good-ACC

I love this food, it's great!

CIP

CIP aka "Common Imperial Polidish", or Pəliçəu [pəlit͡ʃəu], is the most commonly spoken form of Polidish in modern times, the version shown here is spoken around 3012ad, same with all of the other dialects below. The language is very fusional with as many as 9 noun declensions. It had a preference towards an SOV word order. It very interestingly developed the phonemic clicks /ʘ ǃ/ from /mˠ/ and particular consonant clusters.

Phonology

Consonants

Labial Alveolar Post-Alveolar Palatal Dorsal
Nasal m m̩ n n̩ ŋ ŋ̩
Plosive p t k
Fricative ɸ~w s ʃ (ç) h
Affricate t͡s t͡ʃ
Approximate l ɫ̩ ʟ ʟ̩
Click ʘ ǃ

Vowels

Front Central Back
High i ɨ u
Mid e ə o
Low a

Diphthongs: /i̯a/ /i̯e/ /i̯ʊ/ /uɪ/ /ua/ /əɪ/ /əʊ/

[ç] is an allophone of /h/ before /i/

Romanisation

Consonants Vowels
IPA h k l ʟ m n s p t͡s t͡ʃ ʃ t f x w ʘ ǃ a e ə i ɨ o u
Romanisation h k l ł m n s p c ç ş t f x w mw q a e ə i ı o u

Example Sentences

təkanət

[təˈkanət

tree-LOC

lıçaspl

lɨˈt͡ʃaspɫ̩

slow-GEN

samukani

samuˈkani

ABL-1P.AOR

ki

ki

2

kəşənakot

kəʃəˈnakot

bird-LOC.PL

samıni

saˈmɨni]

ALL-1P.AOR

təkanət lıçaspl samukani ki kəşənakot samıni

[təˈkanət lɨˈt͡ʃaspɫ̩ samuˈkani ki kəʃəˈnakot saˈmɨni]

tree-LOC slow-GEN ABL-1P.AOR 2 bird-LOC.PL ALL-1P.AOR

I walked from the tree to the 2 birds.

cetəsan

[t͡seˈtəsan

food.ACC

hə

hə

DEM.ACC

çeşaşuna,

t͡ʃeʃaˈʃuna,

love-1P,

ha

ha

DEM.NOM

hu

hu

very

çenan!

ˈt͡ʃenan]

good-ACC

cetəsan hə çeşaşuna, ha hu çenan!

[t͡seˈtəsan hə t͡ʃeʃaˈʃuna, ha hu ˈt͡ʃenan]

food.ACC DEM.ACC love-1P, DEM.NOM very good-ACC

I love this food, it's great!

Kikhahi

Kikhahi, or modernly Ḱihehi [c̠ihɛhi], it is very fusional and has 6 declensions. It had a strong preference for a SVO word order but VSO and SOV was also allowed. The language shows many similarities in phonology, grammar and syntax to Cakine due to being in close proximity to it.

Phonology

Consonants

Labial Dental Alveolar Post-Alveolar Retracted Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m n ɲ̠ ŋ
Plosive p~b θ ð t~d c̠~ɟ̠ k~g
Fricative f v s z ʃ ʒ x~ɣ h
Affricate t͡s t͡ʃ
Lateral l

Vowels

Front Central Back
High i y u
Mid ɛ œ ə ɔ
Low a

Diphthongs: /ɪa/ /ɪe/ /ɪo/

Consonants Vowels
IPA v ɣ ð z x θ k c̠ l m n ŋ s p t͡s t͡ʃ f ʃ t a ɛ ə i ɔ œ u y
Romanisation b g d z x þ k ḱ l m n ŋ s p c ç f ş t a e ə i o ö u ü

Example Sentences

na

[na

1SG.NOM

plecə

plɛt͡sə

ADJ-slow

zapuköpi

zapukœpi

ABL-AOR

takanət

takanət

tree-LOC.SG

zamepi

zamɛpi

ALL-AOR

kaçonokət

kat͡ʃɔnɔkət]

bird.LOC.DU

na plecə zapuköpi takanət zamepi kaçonokət

[na plɛt͡sə zapukœpi takanət zamɛpi kat͡ʃɔnɔkət]

1SG.NOM ADJ-slow ABL-AOR tree-LOC.SG ALL-AOR bird.LOC.DU

I walked from the tree to the 2 birds.

na

[na

1SG,NOM

şasu

ʃasu

love

hə

hə

DEM

titoşon,

titɔʃɔn,

food.ACC,

ninos

ninɔs

COP.3P.PRES

su

su

very

nɔn!

nɔn]

good.ACC

na şasu hə titoşon, ninos su nɔn!

[na ʃasu hə titɔʃɔn, ninɔs su nɔn]

1SG,NOM love DEM food.ACC, COP.3P.PRES very good.ACC

I love this food, it's great!


Bozaje

Bozaje, or modernly, Pə̀sàşè [pə̀sàʃè], it was both a language isolate and was grammatically fairly isolating. It has 4 tones: High, Mid, Low, and Falling, however, The High and Low tones turn into Rising and Falling tones in diphthongs (so the rising tone is allaphonic). It had a strict VOS word order due to lacking any morphological cases.

Phonology

Consonants

Bilabial Dental Alveolar Post-alveolar Dorsal
Nasal m n̪ ŋ
Plosive p t̪ k
Fricative f θ s ʃ h
Affricate t͡s t͡ʃ
Lateral l̪

Vowels

Front Central Back
High i ĩː ɯ u
Mid e ɛ̃ː ə/(ɔ̂ː) ɤ ɔ̃ː
Low a/(ɑ̂ː) ɑ̃ː

Diphthongs: /ĭa/ /ĭe/ /ĭo/ /ĭu/ /ĩɑ̃ː/ /ĩɛ̃ː/ /ĩɔ̃ː/

Example Sentences

loşàcápə̀

[l̪ɤʃàt͡sápə̀

slow-GEN

sàmuhômu

sàmuhɔ̂ːmu

ABL-PST

þáhą̀

θáhɑ̃̀ː

tree

na

n̪a

1SG

sàmomu

sàmɤmu

ALL-PST

hâçǫ́ná

hɑ̂ːt͡ʃɔ̃́ːn̪á

bird

hó

hɤ́]

two

loşàcápə̀ sàmuhômu þáhą̀ na sàmomu hâçǫ́ná hó

[l̪ɤʃàt͡sápə̀ sàmuhɔ̂ːmu θáhɑ̃̀ː n̪a sàmɤmu hɑ̂ːt͡ʃɔ̃́ːn̪á hɤ́]

slow-GEN ABL-PST tree 1SG ALL-PST bird two

I walked from the tree to the 2 birds

kìşású

[kìʃású

love

á

á

DEM

tḯtə́sà

t̪ɯ́t̪ə́sà

food

na,

n̪a,

1sg,

ni

n̪i

COP.3P.PRES

sú

sú

very

kį̀ná

kĩ̀n̪á

good

á

á]

DEM

kìşású á tḯtə́sà na, ni sú kį̀ná á

[kìʃású á t̪ɯ́t̪ə́sà n̪a, n̪i sú kĩ̀n̪á á]

love DEM food 1sg, COP.3P.PRES very good DEM

I love this food, it's great!

Cakine

Cakine, or modernly, Çekiŋ [t͡ʃɛkiŋ], it has a lot of vowel harmony, it has 2 declensions. It had a strong preference for a SVO word order but VSO and SOV was also allowed. The language shows many similarities in phonology, grammar and syntax to Kikhahi due to being in close proximity to it.

Phonology

Consonants

Labial Coronal Dorsal
Regular Lateral
Nasal m n ŋ
Plosive p b t d k g
Fricative s ʃ h
Affricate t͡ʃ t͡ɬ
Liquid w r l j

Vowels

Front Back
High i y ɯ u
Low ɛ œ ɑ ɔ

Diphthongs: /iɑ/ /iɛ/ /iɔ/ /iu/ /ɑi/ /ui/ /ɑu/

Example Sentences

na

[nɑ

1SG.NOM

welejaç

wɛlɛˈjɑt͡ʃ

ADV-slow

rabukonap

rɑbuˈkɔnap

ABL-1SG-AOR

takanı

tɑˈkɑnɯ

tree-LOC.SG

rabınap

ˈrɑbɯnɑp

ALL-1SG-AOR

kaçonakı

kɑt͡ʃɔˈnɑkɯ]

bird-LOC.DU

na welejaç rabukonap takanı rabınap kaçonakı

[nɑ wɛlɛˈjɑt͡ʃ rɑbuˈkɔnap tɑˈkɑnɯ ˈrɑbɯnɑp kɑt͡ʃɔˈnɑkɯ]

1SG.NOM ADV-slow ABL-1SG-AOR tree-LOC.SG ALL-1SG-AOR bird-LOC.DU

I walked from the tree to the 2 birds.

giɬaruna

[giˈɬɑrunɑ

love-1SG

ho

ho

DEM.ACC

titoran,

titɔˈrɑn,

food-ACC,

ninös

niˈnœs

COP.PRES.3P

su

su

very

ginen!

giˈnɛn]

good-ACC

giɬaruna ho titoran, ninös su ginen!

[giˈɬɑrunɑ ho titɔˈrɑn, niˈnœs su giˈnɛn]

love-1SG DEM.ACC food-ACC, COP.PRES.3P very good-ACC

I love this food, it's great!

Nagaku

Nagaku, or modernly Dagagu [dagagu]. It mainly preffered SOV but other word orders were allowed. The syllable structure is CV(N)(C)

Phonology

Consonants

Labial Alveolar Post-Alveolar Dorsal
Nasal m n ŋ
Plosive p(ʰ) b t(ʰ) d~ɾ k(ʰ) g
Fricative s ʃ h
Affricate t͡s t͡ʃ d͡ʒ
Approximate l

Vowels

Front Back
High i ɯ u
Mid e o
Low a

diphthongs: /ɪa/ /ɪe/ /ɪu/

Example Sentences

da

[da

1SG.NOM

taganıt

tʰaganɯt

tree-LOC

pılıçgaça

pʰɯlɯd͡ʒat͡ʃa

ADJ-slow

sabuguci

sabugut͡si

ABL-AOR

kaçunagıt

kʰat͡ʃunagɯt

bird.LOC.DU

sabıci

sabɯt͡si]

ALL-AOR

da taganıt pılıçgaça sabuguci kaçunagıt sabıci

[da tʰaganɯt pʰɯlɯd͡ʒat͡ʃa sabugut͡si kʰat͡ʃunagɯt sabɯt͡si]

1SG.NOM tree-LOC ADJ-slow ABL-AOR bird.LOC.DU ALL-AOR

I walked from the tree to the 2 birds.

Gekhe

Gekhe polidish, or kēkhēpo pōlijōl [kɛːkʰɛːpɔ pɔːlijɔːl] (literally "Polidish of the highly magical") is the Polijole spoken by the highest elites of the polidians. It is considered the most similar to classical Polidish in grammar of all dialects. It only allowed for verb initial word orders, VSO was the main prefered word order but VOS was also allowed.

Phonology

Consonants

Labial Alveolar Post-Alveolar Dorsal
Nasal m n ŋ
Plosive p pʰ t tʰ k kʰ
Fricative s ʃ h
Affricate t͡s t͡sʰ t͡ʃ t͡ʃʰ
Approximate l j

Vowels

Front Back
High i u
High-Mid e
Low-Mid ɛ ɛː ɔ ɔː
Low a~æ ɑ(ː)

Diphthongs: /ɪa/ /ɪo/ /ɪu/

Example Sentences

pēlejācha

[pɛːlɛjɑːt͡sʰa

ADJ-slow

sāmukāna

sɑːmukɑːna

ABL-1SG>3SG.PERF

sākānat

sɑːkɑːnæt

tree-LOC.SG

sāmena

sɑːmɛna

ALL-1SG>3SG.PERF

kāçhonākat

kɑːt͡ʃʰɔnɑːkæt]

bird.LOC.DU

pēlejācha sāmukāna sākānat sāmena kāçhonākat

[pɛːlɛjɑːt͡sʰa sɑːmukɑːna sɑːkɑːnæt sɑːmɛna kɑːt͡ʃʰɔnɑːkæt]

ADJ-slow ABL-1SG>3SG.PERF tree-LOC.SG ALL-1SG>3SG.PERF bird.LOC.DU

I walked from the tree to the 2 birds.

sujeşāşuna

[sujeʃɑːʃuna

love-1SG>3SG

ha

ha

DEM

sitōşōn,

sitɔːʃɔːn,

food.ACC,

nina

nina

COP.3SG.PERF

sujenon

sujenon]

very-good.ACC

sujeşāşuna ha sitōşōn, nina sujenon

[sujeʃɑːʃuna ha sitɔːʃɔːn, nina sujenon]

love-1SG>3SG DEM food.ACC, COP.3SG.PERF very-good.ACC

I love this food, it's great!

Xiophoniol

Xiophoniol, or modernly Xöfonöl /çɵfoɲɵl/ is spoken in the Xöfon country of Poligea, the version shown here was spoken until 973ce when the language went extinct. It mainly preffered SVO but other word orders were allowed.

Phonology

Consonants

Labial Dental Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m n ɲ ŋ
Stop p t k
Affricate t͡s t͡ʃ
Fricative f s θ ð ʃ x ɣ h
Approximant ʋ j
Liquid l r rʲ

Vowels

Front Central Back
High i ʉ u
Mid e̞ ɵ̞ ɤ̞ o̞
Low æ ɐ

Example sentences

Community content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted.