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{{DISPLAYTITLE: <span style=>'''Polijolè'''</span>}}
  
{{DISPLAYTITLE: <span style=>'''Polijolè'''</span>}}
 
{{Template:LangBox
  
{{Template:LangBox
−
|Type =Agglutinative
+
|Type =Agglutinatively Polysynthetic
 
|Alignment =Nominative-Accusative
 
|Alignment =Nominative-Accusative
−
|Head =Final
+
|Head =Initial
 
|Tonal =No
 
|Tonal =No
−
|Declined =no
+
|Declined =yes
 
|Conjugated =yes
 
|Conjugated =yes
 
|Genders =No
 
|Genders =No
 
|Case =yes
 
|Case =yes
−
|NNumber =
 +
|NNumber =yes
 
|Definiteness =
 
|Definiteness =
−
|Gender =yes
+
|Gender =no
−
|Voice =yes
 +
|Voice =no
 
|Mood =
 
|Mood =
 
|Person = yes
  
|Person = yes
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|Tense =yes
 
|Tense =yes
 
|Aspect =yes
 
|Aspect =yes
−
|NounCases =
+
|NounCases =100
 
|NounDefinite =
 
|NounDefinite =
−
|NounNumber =
 +
|NounNumber =100
 
|NounGender =
  
|NounGender =
−
|VerbNumber =
 +
|VerbNumber =100
−
|VerbAspect =
 +
|VerbAspect =100
−
|VerbTense =
 +
|VerbTense =100
 
|VerbMood =
  
|VerbMood =
−
|VerbPerson =
 +
|VerbPerson =100
 
|VerbVoice =
  
|VerbVoice =
−
|AdjCase =
 +
|AdjCase =100
−
|AdjNumber =
+
|AdjNumber =100
 
|AdjDefinite =
 
|AdjDefinite =
 
|AdjGender =
 
|AdjGender =
−
|AdjComparative =
+
|AdjComparative =100
 
|AdjSuperlative =
  
|AdjSuperlative =
 
|Supine =
 
|Supine =
 
|Gerund =
  
|Gerund =
 
|Participle =
  
|Participle =
−
|Infinitive =
+
|Infinitive =100
 
|Modality =
  
|Modality =
−
|Phonology =
+
|Phonology =100
 
|Words =
 
|Words =
 
|Creator =Glitchy999 }}
  
|Creator =Glitchy999 }}
  +
Polijolè [pˠɒliˈɟɒlə̆] (Polidish /ˈpolɪdɪʃ/ in English) is the language spoken by the Polidians, a race of humans with magical powers, they existed on earth for around ~5800bc to 692bc, but now live on another planet called Poligathè [pˠɒliˈgatʰə̆] (Poligea /poˈlɪʒia/ in English), and have erased all evidence of their Earth presence.<br />
−
[[File:Polijole Logo.png|left|thumb|158x158px]]
  
−
Polijolè [pˠɒliɟɒlə̆] (Polidish /ˈpolɪdɪʃ/ in English) is the language spoken by the Polidians, a race of humans with magical powers, they existed on earth for around ~7820bc to 692bc, but now live on another planet called Poligathè [pˠɒligatʰə̆] (Poligea /poˈlɪʒia/ in English), and have erased all evidence of their Earth presence.<br />
  
   
 
==Classification and Dialects==
  
==Classification and Dialects==
   
−
The version of Polijole shown in this article was the average version of the variant spoken at around ~692bc, otherwise known as "Classic Polidish" but the language has changed and has altered into 6 different modern dialects. A list of all '''historical versions''' and the '''modern dialects''' can be found [[Polijole/Dialects|here]].
 +
The version of Polijole shown in this article was the average version of the variant spoken at around ~692bc, otherwise known as "Classic Polidish" but the language has changed and has altered into 6 different modern dialects. A list of all '''historical versions''' and the '''modern dialects/languages''' can be found [[Polijole/Dialects|here]].
   
 
== Classical Polidish ==
  
== Classical Polidish ==
Line 73: Line 72:
 
|pˠ pˠʰ bˠ
  
|pˠ pˠʰ bˠ
 
| colspan="2" |t tʰ d
  
| colspan="2" |t tʰ d
−
|ɟ~c
 +
|ɟ
 
|k kʰ g
  
|k kʰ g
 
|ʔ
  
|ʔ
Line 128: Line 127:
 
Very strict CV syllable structure.
  
Very strict CV syllable structure.
   
−
the diphthongs /ĭu/, /ĭə/, /ĭa/ and /ĭɒ/ can only occur before /n/, /l/, /s/, /z/ /ʃ/, and /ʒ/.
 +
the diphthongs /ĭu/, /ĭə/, /ĭa/ and /ĭɒ/ can only occur before alveolar or post-alveolar sounds excluding plosives and affricates
  +
  +
Velarised labials cannot appear before /i/ and /ĭ/
 
===Writing System===
  
===Writing System===
−
[[File:Polidotu Syllabary.png|thumb|491x491px|"Polidothu", The classic right-to-left syllabary writing system derived from the Phoenician alphabet, the older writing system is unknown. The symbols for /ʃ/ also fills the role of /ʒ/ and the symbol for /tʰ/ fills the role of /t͡sʰ/ and /t͡ʃʰ/. Short vowels are written using a dot at the top.
 +
[[File:Polidothu.png|thumb|506x506px|The Polidish Abugida, called "Polidothu", it is descended from the Phoenician abjad. The diacritics for /a/, /ə/ and /ɒ/ or short forms of vowels did not originally exist, meaning it was originally an impure abjad, but became an abugida.|alt=]]
−
|alt=|left]]
  
   
   
Line 137: Line 137:
   
   
−
<br /><br />
  
 
<br />
  
<br />
  +
==== Nuances ====
  +
The short versions of /ə/, /i/ and /u/ are written with a dot ontop.
  +
  +
The symbol for /ʃ/ fills the role of /ʒ/.
  +
  +
The symbol for /tʰ/ fills the role of /t͡sʰ/ and /t͡ʃʰ/.
  +
 
===Grammar===
  
===Grammar===
   
−
====Nouns====
 +
==== Nouns ====
 
{| class="fandom-table"
  
{| class="fandom-table"
 
|
  
|
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|-
  
|-
 
|Nominative
  
|Nominative
  +
|<nowiki>-(ga)</nowiki>
−
| -ga*
  
  +
|<nowiki>-[C]a</nowiki>
−
| -kè
  
  +
|<nowiki>-[C]u</nowiki>
−
| -sù
  
 
|-
  
|-
 
|Accusative
  
|Accusative
−
| -nè
 +
| -nè
  +
|<nowiki>-[C]anè</nowiki>
−
| -kènè
  
  +
|<nowiki>-[C]unè</nowiki>
−
| -şzùnè
  
 
|-
  
|-
 
|Dative
  
|Dative
 
|<nowiki>-ŋa</nowiki>
  
|<nowiki>-ŋa</nowiki>
  +
|<nowiki>-[C]aŋa</nowiki>
−
| -kèŋa
  
  +
|<nowiki>-[C]uŋa</nowiki>
−
| -zùŋa
  
 
|-
  
|-
 
|Vocative
  
|Vocative
  +
|<nowiki>-∅</nowiki>
−
| -‘i
  
  +
|<nowiki>-[C]a</nowiki>
−
| colspan="2" |-‘a
  
  +
|<nowiki>-[C]a</nowiki>
 
|-
  
|-
 
|Locative
  
|Locative
  +
| -tè(p)
−
|<nowiki>-te</nowiki>
  
−
| -kète
 +
| -[C]atè(p)
−
| -şùte
 +
| -[C]utè(p)
 
|-
  
|-
 
|Genitive
  
|Genitive
−
| -ba/-bo
 +
| -bo(k)
  +
|<nowiki>-xa</nowiki>
−
| -kèba
  
  +
|<nowiki>-xu</nowiki>
−
| -zùba
  
−
|-
  
−
|Allative
  
−
|<nowiki>-sa</nowiki>
  
−
| -kèsa
  
−
| -şùsa
  
−
|-
  
−
|Ablative
  
−
|<nowiki>-saka</nowiki>
  
−
|<nowiki>-ka</nowiki>
  
−
| -suka
  
−
|-
  
−
|Inessive
  
−
| -bì
  
−
| -kèbì
  
−
| -zùbì
  
 
|-
  
|-
 
|Reflexive
  
|Reflexive
−
| colspan="3" |-(Previous consonant)
 +
| colspan="3" |-(Previous Syllable)
  +
|}
−
|}*-ga is often considered not neccesary in some dialects
  
  +
-ga is often considered not neccesary
  +
  +
The plural and dual declensions have 5 different forms where 1 tenuis consonant is inserted in the place of [C]: p, t, c/ç, k, or ʼ
  +
  +
Suffixes starting with ʼ that continue after certain declensions may replace the ʼ with p, t, c/ç, or k
 
====Verbs====
  
====Verbs====
−
<u>Tenses/Perfective</u>
 +
<u>Tenses/Perfectness</u>
 
{| class="fandom-table"
  
{| class="fandom-table"
 
|
  
|
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|Future tense
  
|Future tense
 
|-
  
|-
  +
|Perfect
−
|Simple
  
  +
| -∅
−
|<nowiki>-∅ (Near Present)</nowiki>
  
  +
| -mi
−  
  +
| rowspan="2" | -tu
−
-the (Exact Present)
  
−
| -mu
  
−
| -tu
  
 
|-
  
|-
 
|Imperfect
  
|Imperfect
−
| -cu
 +
| -cì
−
| -mù(cu)
 +
| -mu
−
| -tù(cu)
  
−
|-
  
−
|Perfect
  
−
| -ci
  
−
| -mùci
  
−
| -tùci
  
 
|-
  
|-
 
|Infinitive
  
|Infinitive
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|}
  
|}
   
−
==== Poly-Personal Agreement ====
 +
===== Poly-Personal Agreement =====
 
{| class="fandom-table"
  
{| class="fandom-table"
−
| colspan="2" rowspan="3" |
 +
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
−
| colspan="4" |<big>1P</big>
 +
| colspan="2" |Singular
−
| colspan="4" |<big>2P</big>
 +
| rowspan="2" |Dual
−
| colspan="3" |<big>3P</big>
 +
| rowspan="2" |Plural
 
|-
  
|-
  +
|Masculine
−
| colspan="2" |<big>SINGULAR</big>
  
  +
|Feminine
−
| rowspan="2" |<big>DUAL</big>
  
−
| rowspan="2" |<big>PLURAL</big>
  
−
| colspan="2" |<big>SINGULAR</big>
  
−
| rowspan="2" |<big>DUAL</big>
  
−
| rowspan="2" |<big>PLURAL</big>
  
−
| rowspan="2" |<big>SINGULAR</big>
  
−
| rowspan="2" |<big>DUAL</big>
  
−
| rowspan="2" |<big>PLURAL</big>
  
 
|-
  
|-
  +
| rowspan="3" |Subject
−
|<big>MASCULINE</big>
  
  +
|1st Person
−
|<big>FEMININE</big>
  
  +
| -na
−
|<big>MASCULINE</big>
  
−
|<big>FEMININE</big>
 +
|<nowiki>-me</nowiki>
  +
|<nowiki>-ta</nowiki>
  +
|<nowiki>-gu</nowiki>
 
|-
  
|-
  +
|2nd Person
−
| rowspan="2" |<big>1P</big>
  
  +
| -nia
−
|<big>SG</big>
  
−
|<small>-nana</small>
 +
|<nowiki>-mi</nowiki>
−
|<small>-memè</small>
 +
|<nowiki>-çeta</nowiki>
−
|<small>-tana</small>
 +
|<nowiki>-ge</nowiki>
−
|<small>'o-...-nagù</small>
  
−
| colspan="2" |<small>'o-...-nania</small>
  
−
|<small>-çena</small>
  
−
|<small>-nagè</small>
  
−
|<small>'o-...-na</small>
  
−
|<small>-kèna</small>
  
−
|<small>'o-...-nasù</small>
  
 
|-
  
|-
  +
|3rd Person
−
|<big>PL</big>
  
  +
| colspan="3" |-∅
−
|<small>-nagù</small>
  
−
|<small>-megù</small>
 +
|<nowiki>-xu</nowiki>
−
|<small>-tagù</small>
  
−
|<small>-gugù</small>
  
−
| colspan="2" |<small>'o-...-gunia</small>
  
−
|<small>-cegù</small>
  
−
|<small>-gugè</small>
  
−
|<small>'o-...-gu</small>
  
−
|<small>-kègu</small>
  
−
|<small>'o...-gusù</small>
  
 
|-
  
|-
−
| rowspan="2" |<big>2P</big>
 +
| rowspan="3" |Object
  +
|1st Person
−
|<big>SG</big>
  
  +
| colspan="2" |-kho
−
|<small>-nania</small>
  
  +
| colspan="2" |-ʼatì
−
|<small>-menia</small>
  
−
|<small>-tania</small>
  
−
|<small>-gunia</small>
  
−
|<small>-niania</small>
  
−
|<small>-mimì</small>
  
−
|<small>-çenia</small>
  
−
|<small>-niagè</small>
  
−
|<small>'o-...-nia</small>
  
−
|<small>-kènia</small>
  
−
|<small>'o...-niasù</small>
  
 
|-
  
|-
  +
|2nd Person
−
|<big>PL</big>
  
  +
| -mwo
−
|<small>-nagè</small>
  
−
|<small>-megè</small>
 +
|<nowiki>-ma</nowiki>
  +
| colspan="2" |-ʼotì
−
|<small>-tagè</small>
  
−
|<small>-gugè</small>
  
−
|<small>-niagè</small>
  
−
|<small>-migè</small>
  
−
|<small>-çecè</small>
  
−
|<small>-gegè</small>
  
−
|<small>'o-...-ge</small>
  
−
|<small>-kège</small>
  
−
|<small>'o...-gesù</small>
  
 
|-
  
|-
  +
|3rd Person
−
| rowspan="2" |<big>3P</big>
  
  +
| colspan="3" |-∅
−
|<big>SG</big>
  
−
|<small>-na</small>
 +
|<nowiki>-ziu</nowiki>
−
|<small>-me</small>
  
−
|<small>-ta</small>
  
−
|<small>-gu</small>
  
−
|<small>-nia</small>
  
−
|<small>-mi</small>
  
−
|<small>-çeta</small>
  
−
|<small>-ge</small>
  
−
|<small>-∅</small>
  
−
|<small>-kèxa</small>
  
−
|<small>'o-...-xasù</small>
  
 
|-
  
|-
  +
| rowspan="3" |Indirect Object
−
|<big>PL</big>
  
  +
|1st Person
−
|<small>-nasù</small>
  
  +
| colspan="2" |-no
−
|<small>-mesù</small>
  
  +
| colspan="2" |-ʼatè
−
|<small>-tasù</small>
  
  +
|-
−
|<small>-gusù</small>
  
  +
|2nd Person
−
|<small>-niasù</small>
  
  +
| colspan="2" |-nio
−
|<small>-misù</small>
  
  +
| colspan="2" |-ʼotè
−
|<small>-çesù</small>
  
  +
|-
−
|<small>-gesù</small>
  
  +
|3rd Person
−
|<small>-xasù</small>
  
  +
| colspan="3" |-xa
−
|<small>-kèsù</small>
  
−
|<small>-susù</small>
 +
|<nowiki>-siu</nowiki>
  +
|-
  +
| rowspan="3" |Reflexive
  +
|1st Person
  +
|<nowiki>-nana</nowiki>
  +
| -meme
  +
|<nowiki>-tata</nowiki>
  +
| -gugu
  +
|-
  +
|2nd Person
  +
|<nowiki>-niania</nowiki>
  +
| -mimi
  +
| -çece
  +
| -gege
  +
|-
  +
|3rd Person
  +
| colspan="4" |-xaxa
 
|}
  
|}
   
−
==== Converbs ====
 +
===== Converbs =====
−
-te = CONV
 +
-tecì = CONV "while"
−  
−
-tecì = ABL.CONV
  
−  
−
-kono = PURP.CONV
  
−  
−
-pu = COND.CONV
  
   
  +
-te = ABL.CONV "after"
−
==== Evidentiality ====
  
−
'e- = INFR
  
   
  +
-so = PURP.CONV "because of"
−
cho-/çho- = VIS.INFR
  
   
−
ba- = HEAR.INFR
 +
-pu = COND.CONV "if"
   
  +
==== Copula ====
−
jo- = QUOT
  
−  
−
==== Pronouns ====
  
 
{| class="fandom-table"
  
{| class="fandom-table"
 
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
  
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
−
| colspan="2" |Singular
 +
| colspan="3" |Singular
 
| colspan="3" |Dual
  
| colspan="3" |Dual
−
|Plural
 +
| colspan="3" |Plural
  +
|-
  +
|1st Person
  +
|2nd Person
  +
|3rd Person
  +
|1st Person
  +
|2nd Person
  +
|3rd Person
  +
|1st Person
  +
|2nd Person
  +
|3rd Person
  +
|-
  +
| rowspan="2" |Perfect
  +
|Present
  +
|ni
  +
|ninami
  +
|nina
  +
|nikha
  +
|nimi
  +
|no
  +
|nukhè
  +
|numì
  +
|nu
  +
|-
  +
|Past
  +
| colspan="3" |mi
  +
| colspan="3" |miʼè
  +
| colspan="3" |miʼu
  +
|-
  +
| rowspan="2" |Imperfect
  +
|Present
  +
| colspan="3" |phù
  +
| colspan="3" |phùtè
  +
| colspan="3" |phùtu
  +
|-
  +
|Past
  +
| colspan="3" |mu
  +
| colspan="3" |muʼè
  +
| colspan="3" |muʼu
  +
|-
  +
| colspan="2" |Future
  +
| colspan="3" |tu
  +
| colspan="3" |tuʼè
  +
| colspan="3" |tuʼu
  +
|-
  +
| colspan="2" |Infinitive
  +
| colspan="9" |nieni
  +
|}
  +
==== Pronouns ====
  +
{| class="fandom-table"
  +
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
  +
| colspan="3" |Singular
  +
| rowspan="2" |Dual
  +
| rowspan="2" |Plural
 
|-
  
|-
 
|Masculine
  
|Masculine
−
|Feminine
 +
| colspan="2" |Feminine
−
|Masculine
  
−
|Neuter
  
−
|Feminine
  
−
|Neuter
  
 
|-
  
|-
 
| rowspan="3" |NOM
  
| rowspan="3" |NOM
−
|1st Person Exc.
 +
|1st Person
  +
|Na
−
| rowspan="2" |Na/(Nasa)
  
−
| rowspan="2" |Me/(Mesa)
 +
| colspan="2" |Me
  +
|Ta
−
|Na+DUAL
  
−
|Mena
  
−
|Me+DUAL
  
 
|Gu
  
|Gu
 
|-
  
|-
−
|1st Person Inc.
 +
|2nd Person
−
|Ta
 +
|Nia
  +
| colspan="2" |Mi
−
|Mapho
  
  +
| colspan="2" |Ge
−
|Tama
  
−
|Go
 +
|-
  +
|3rd Person
  +
| colspan="4" |Xa
  +
|Xu
  +
|-
  +
| rowspan="3" |OBL
  +
|1st Person
  +
| colspan="2" |No
  +
|Mu
  +
| colspan="2" |ʼAtè
 
|-
  
|-
 
|2nd Person
  
|2nd Person
  +
| colspan="2" |Nio
−
|Nia/(Niasa)
  
  +
|Ma
−
|Mi/(Misa)
  
  +
| colspan="2" |ʼOtè
−
|Nia+DUAL
  
−
|Neta
  
−
|Mi+DUAL
  
−
|Ge
  
 
|-
  
|-
  +
|3rd Person
−
| rowspan="3" |ACC/
  
  +
| colspan="4" |Xo
  +
|Siu
  +
|-
  +
| colspan="2" |INTER
  +
| colspan="5" |Ŋo
  +
|}
   
  +
==== Adjuncts ====
−
DAT
  
  +
{| class="fandom-table"
−
|1st Person Exc.
  
−
| rowspan="2" |No/(Naso)
  
−
| rowspan="2" |Mo/(Meso)
  
−
|No+DUAL
  
−
|Meno
  
−
|Mo+DUAL
  
−
|Gu'o
  
 
|-
  
|-
  +
|
−
|1st Person Inc.
  
  +
|Nominative
−
|To
  
  +
|Oblique
−
|Mopho
  
−
|Ta'o
  
−
|Go'o
  
 
|-
  
|-
  +
|Adjective
−
|2nd Person
  
  +
| -bo
−
|Nio/(Niaso)
  
  +
|phe-
−
|Mi’o/(Miso)
  
  +
|-
−
|Nio+DUAL
  
  +
|Adverb
−
|Neto
  
  +
| colspan="2" |pho-
−
|Mi’o+DUAL
  
  +
|-
−
|Ga’o
  
  +
|Stative
  +
| colspan="2" | -nè
 
|}
  
|}
  +
===Syntax===
−
The Pronouns in brackets are those of an alternate dialect.
  
  +
It has a predominantly VSO/VOS word order and is head initial, however adjectives go before nouns
   
  +
VOS is more commonly used for prepositons (prepositions are verbs), alongside this, prepositional verbs do not recieve personal agreement for subject
−
==== Adjectives ====
  
−
phe- = Adjective
  
   
  +
e.g zamemi niobo şetanè na [ˈzaməmi ˈnĭɒbɒ ʃəˈtanə̆ na] ALL-∅-AOR house-ACC 1sg.MASC.NOM "I went to your house"
−
pho- = Adverb
  
−  
−
add the accusative case if it is in stative form
  
−  
−
===Syntax===
  
−
it has a VSO word order and is head final
  
   
 
==== Nouns ====
  
==== Nouns ====
−
(NEG)-(very)-NOUN-(affix)-case
 +
NOUN-(affix)-case
   
 
=== Verbs ===
  
=== Verbs ===
−
(evidential)-VERB-agreement-tense-(affix)-(converb)
 +
VERB-agreement-tense-(affix)-(converb)
   
 
=== Adjectives ===
  
=== Adjectives ===
−
(adj/adv)-(affix)-ADJECTIVE-(acc)
 +
(adj)-(affix)-ADJECTIVE-(acc/gen)
   
 
===Lexicon===
  
===Lexicon===
   
 
[[Polijole/Lexicon|here]]
  
[[Polijole/Lexicon|here]]
−
===Example text===
 +
===Example text - The North Wind and the Sun===
 
<u>Romanisation:</u>
  
<u>Romanisation:</u>
   
  +
'Èlabumi lapatophobo mimwega niu gonaga ŋonionina zugenè xokèbo. Phoxi'o niu phomime dulamìmutecì, zamemu chùŋitè zamaŋenio'aga phopuçota'ane kalèmi xa pulolonè.
−
zugìsana xa titoşzanè, ni zugìnanè
  
  +
  +
Lilemi gonaga "lamìta", "ŋonina niozugenè gùmitatatu zamaŋeniobokaga pulolonè".
  +
  +
Phodema lilemi lapatophobo mimwega "lamìnanio", pholathe lumemi pheşzuniamo mimwenè, xujoni zamaŋeniotèpaga.
  +
  +
Pilogèmu phojukana mimwega pulolobo zamaŋeniobokaga khemanè. Niu phothigi puçotami xaxa, niu phoniozuge xujonimi mimwega, phoniothigi puçotami xaxa. Phodema kuthomèmi mimwega pulolonè, niu mi phetidi xobo tutapega du'ochakobo.
  +
  +
Photuke mìkomu gonaga. mi xabo mìkosù ŋelakinè, niu kalèmu phegìna xi'onè, dupuçotami zamaŋenio'aga xabo pulolonè niu paŋami phomèta şzaliudamu xabo daşzinişzùnè. Mu gonabo mìkosù nioxi'onè niu nioxi'onè. Gùmitami lijoga xabo jena niu şacumi xabo philanè. Phocimani muso ziagu xi'onè gùmita xobo pulolonè, niu, kisotamu nieşzadèna phosuxi'o gonabo mìkonè, cìmìmu xaxa phetonia takanèbo xalutè khulìchùŋitè.
   
 
<u>IPA:</u>
  
<u>IPA:</u>
   
  +
[ʔə̆laˈbˠumi lapˠaˈtɒpˠʰɒbˠɒ ˈmimˠəga nĭu gɒˈnaga ŋɒnĭɒniˈna zuˈgənə̆ ˈxɒkəbˠɒ | pˠʰɒxiˈʔɒ nĭu pˠʰɒˈmimə duˈlamĭmutət͡sĭ | ˈzaməmu t͡sʰŭˈŋitə̆ zamaŋəˈnĭɒʔaga pˠʰɒpˠut͡ʃɒˈtaʔanə ˈkalə̆mi xa pˠulɒˈlɒnə̆]
−
/zugĭsana xa titɒʒanə̆, ni zugĭnanə̆/
  
  +
  +
[ˈliləmi gɒˈnaga ˈlamĭta | ŋɒˈnina nĭɒˈzugənə̆ gŭmiˈtatatu zamaŋəˈnĭɒbˠɒkaga pˠulɒˈlɒnə̆]
  +
  +
[pˠʰɒdəˈma ˈliləmi lapˠaˈtɒpˠʰɒbˠɒ ˈmiməga ˈlamĭnanĭɒ | pˠʰɒˈlatʰə ˈluməmi pˠʰəʒunĭaˈmɒ ˈmimˠənə̆ xuɟɒˈni zamaŋəˈnĭɒtə̆pˠaga]
  +
  +
[piˈlɒgə̆mu pˠʰɒɟukaˈna ˈmimˠəga pˠulɒˈlɒbˠɒ zamaŋəˈnĭɒbˠɒkaga kʰəˈmanə̆ | nĭu pˠʰɒtʰiˈgi pˠut͡ʃɒˈtami xaˈxa | nĭu pˠʰɒnĭɒˈzugə xuɟɒˈnimi ˈmimˠəga | pˠʰɒnĭɒtʰiˈgi pˠut͡ʃɒˈtami xaˈxa | pˠʰɒdəˈma kuˈtʰɒmə̆mi ˈmimˠəga pˠulɒˈlɒnə̆ | nĭu mi pˠʰətiˈdi ˈxɒbˠɒ tuˈtapˠəga duʔɒt͡sʰaˈkɒbˠɒ]
  +
  +
[pˠʰɒˈtukə mĭˈkɒmu gɒˈnaga | mi ˈxabˠɒ mĭˈkɒsŭ ŋəlaˈkinə̆ | nĭu ˈkalə̆mu pˠʰəgĭˈna xiˈʔɒnə̆ | dupˠut͡ʃɒˈtami zamaŋəˈnĭɒʔaga ˈxabˠɒ pˠulɒˈlɒnə̆ nĭu pˠaˈŋami pˠʰɒmə̆ˈta ʒalĭuˈdamu ˈxabˠɒ daʒiˈniʒŭnə̆ | mu gɒˈnabˠɒ mĭˈkɒsŭ nĭɒxiˈʔɒnə̆ nĭu nĭɒxiˈʔɒnə̆ | gŭmiˈtami liˈɟɒga ˈxabˠɒ ɟəˈna nĭu ʃaˈt͡sumi ˈxabˠɒ pʰiˈlanə̆ | pˠʰɒt͡siˈmani musɒ zĭagu xiʔɒnə̆ gŭmiˈta ˈxɒbˠɒ pˠulɒˈlɒnə̆ | nĭu | kisɒˈtamusɒ nĭəˈʒadə̆na pˠʰɒsuxiˈʔɒ gɒˈnabˠɒ mĭˈkɒnə̆ | ˈt͡sĭmĭmi xaˈxa pˠʰəˈtɒnĭa taˈkanə̆bˠɒ xaˈlutə̆ kʰulĭt͡sʰŭˈŋitə̆]
   
 
<u>Gloss:</u>
  
<u>Gloss:</u>
   
  +
argue-∅-AOR north-GEN wind-NOM and sun-NOM who-more-COP.PRES.3sg strong-ACC DEM.GEN.du. ADV-heat and ADV-wind NEG-agree-∅-PST.IMPERF-CONV, ALL-∅-PST.IMPERF path-LOC travel-AG.NOM ADV-wrap-PAT INE-∅-AOR DEM.NOM cloak-ACC.
−
PL-like-1sg.masc DEM food.ACC, COP-∅ PL-good-ACC
  
  +
  +
say-∅-AOR sun-NOM "agree-1du>3sg", "who-COP.3sg more-strong-ACC take.off-1du>3sg-FUT travel-GEN-AG cloak-ACC".
  +
  +
ADV-angry say-∅-AOR north-GEN wind-NOM "agree-1sg.MASC>3sg-2sg.DAT", ADV-PRES create-∅-AOR ADJ-very-cold wind-ACC, push travel-LOC-AG.
  +
  +
whip-∅-AOR ADV-one.ORD wind-NOM cloak-GEN travel-GEN-AG end-ACC. and ADJ-close wrap-∅-AOR DEM.RELF, and ADV-more-strong push-∅-AOR wind-NOM, ADJ-more-close wrap-∅-AOR DEM.RELF. ADV-angry tear-∅-AOR wind-NOM cloak-ACC, and COP.AOR ADJ-all DEM-GEN labour-NOM NEG-reason-GEN.
  +
  +
ADV-after shine-∅-PST.IMPERF sun-NOM. COP.AOR DEM.GEN ray-PL weak-ACC, and INE-∅-PST.IMPERF ADJ-good heat-ACC, NEG-wrap-∅-AOR traveler-AG.NOM DEM.GEN cloak-ACC and allow-∅-AOR ADV-loose hang-3sg>3pl-AOR DEM.GEN shoulder-ACC.PL. COP.PST.IMPERF sun-GEN ray-PL more-hot-ACC and more-hot-ACC. take.off-∅-AOR person-NOM DEM.GEN hat-ACC and wipe-∅-AOR DEM.GEN brow-ACC. ADV-final COP.PST.IMPERF-PURP.CONV too hot-ACC take.off DEM.GEN coat-ACC, and, want-∅-PST.IMPERF-PURP.CONV INF-escape ADV-pl-hot sun-GEN light-ACC, throw-∅-AOR DEM.RELF ADJ-welcome tree-GEN shadow-LOC side-path-LOC.
   
 
<u>Translation:</u>
  
<u>Translation:</u>
   
  +
The North Wind and the Sun had a quarrel about which of them was the stronger. While they were disputing with much heat and bluster, a Traveler passed along the road wrapped in a cloak.
−
I like this food a lot, it is very good.
  
   
  +
"Let us agree," said the Sun, "that he is the stronger who can strip that Traveler of his cloak".
−
<u>Orthography:</u>
  
−
[[File:Sugisa na xa titoşzane, ni xaga sugina.png|thumb|401x401px|alt=]]
  
−
<br /><br />
  
   
  +
"Very well," growled the North Wind, and at once sent a cold, howling blast against the Traveler.
−
<br />
  
  +
−
== Romanisation ==
  
  +
With the first gust of wind the ends of the cloak whipped about the Traveler's body. But he immediately wrapped it closely around him, and the harder the Wind blew, the tighter he held it to him. The North Wind tore angrily at the cloak, but all his efforts were in vain.
  +
  +
Then the Sun began to shine. At first his beams were gentle, and in the pleasant warmth after the bitter cold of the North Wind, the Traveler unfastened his cloak and let it hang loosely from his shoulders. The Sun's rays grew warmer and warmer. The man took off his cap and mopped his brow. At last he became so heated that he pulled off his cloak, and, to escape the blazing sunshine, threw himself down in the welcome shade of a tree by the roadside."
  +
=== Romanisation ===
   
 
{| class="article-table"
  
{| class="article-table"
Line 460: Line 483:
 
|-
  
|-
 
|IPA
  
|IPA
−
|<code>b d g z x tʰ ɟ k l m n ŋ s p</code> <code>t͡s t͡ʃ t͡sʰ t͡ʃʰ kʰ pʰ ʃ ʒ t ʔ</code>
 +
|<code>b g d z x tʰ ɟ k l m mˠ n ŋ s p</code> <code>t͡s t͡ʃ t͡sʰ t͡ʃʰ kʰ pʰ ʃ ʒ t ʔ</code>
 
|<code>a ə i ɒ u ĭ ŭ ə̆ ĭu ĭə ĭa ĭɒ</code>
  
|<code>a ə i ɒ u ĭ ŭ ə̆ ĭu ĭə ĭa ĭɒ</code>
 
|-
  
|-
 
|Romanisation
  
|Romanisation
−
|<code>b d g z x th j k l m n ŋ s p</code> <code>c ç ch çh kh ph ş şz t '</code>
 +
|<code>b g d z x th j k l m mw n ŋ s p</code> <code>c ç ch çh kh ph ş şz t '</code>
 
|<code>a e i o u ì ù è iu ie ia io</code>
  
|<code>a e i o u ì ù è iu ie ia io</code>
 
|}
  
|}
  +
−
<br />
  
  +
=== Other ===
  +
[[Polijole/Irregularities|irregularities]]
  +
[[Category:Polijole]]

Latest revision as of 03:48, 9 March 2024

Polijole
Type Agglutinatively Polysynthetic
Alignment Nominative-Accusative
Head direction Initial
Tonal No
Declensions Yes
Conjugations Yes
Genders No
Nouns decline according to...
Case Number
Definiteness Gender
Verbs conjugate according to...
Voice Mood
Person Number
Tense Aspect
Meta-information
Progress 48%
Statistics
Nouns 50%
Verbs 67%
Adjectives 50%
Syntax 33%
Words of 1500
Creator Glitchy999

Polijolè [pˠɒliˈɟɒlə̆] (Polidish /ˈpolɪdɪʃ/ in English) is the language spoken by the Polidians, a race of humans with magical powers, they existed on earth for around ~5800bc to 692bc, but now live on another planet called Poligathè [pˠɒliˈgatʰə̆] (Poligea /poˈlɪʒia/ in English), and have erased all evidence of their Earth presence.

Classification and Dialects

The version of Polijole shown in this article was the average version of the variant spoken at around ~692bc, otherwise known as "Classic Polidish" but the language has changed and has altered into 6 different modern dialects. A list of all historical versions and the modern dialects/languages can be found here.

Classical Polidish

Phonology

Consonants

Labial Alveolar Post-alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m mˠ n ŋ
Plosive pˠ pˠʰ bˠ t tʰ d ɟ k kʰ g ʔ
Fricative s z ʃ ʒ x
Affricate t͡s t͡sʰ t͡ʃ t͡ʃʰ
Lateral app. l

Vowels

Front Central Back
High i ĭ u ŭ
Mid ə ə̆
Low a ɒ

diphthongs: /ĭu/, /ĭə/, /ĭa/, /ĭɒ/

Phonotactics

Very strict CV syllable structure.

the diphthongs /ĭu/, /ĭə/, /ĭa/ and /ĭɒ/ can only occur before alveolar or post-alveolar sounds excluding plosives and affricates

Velarised labials cannot appear before /i/ and /ĭ/

Writing System

Polidothu

The Polidish Abugida, called "Polidothu", it is descended from the Phoenician abjad. The diacritics for /a/, /ə/ and /ɒ/ or short forms of vowels did not originally exist, meaning it was originally an impure abjad, but became an abugida.




Nuances

The short versions of /ə/, /i/ and /u/ are written with a dot ontop.

The symbol for /ʃ/ fills the role of /ʒ/.

The symbol for /tʰ/ fills the role of /t͡sʰ/ and /t͡ʃʰ/.

Grammar

Nouns

Singular Dual Plural
Nominative -(ga) -[C]a -[C]u
Accusative -nè -[C]anè -[C]unè
Dative -ŋa -[C]aŋa -[C]uŋa
Vocative -∅ -[C]a -[C]a
Locative -tè(p) -[C]atè(p) -[C]utè(p)
Genitive -bo(k) -xa -xu
Reflexive -(Previous Syllable)

-ga is often considered not neccesary

The plural and dual declensions have 5 different forms where 1 tenuis consonant is inserted in the place of [C]: p, t, c/ç, k, or ʼ

Suffixes starting with ʼ that continue after certain declensions may replace the ʼ with p, t, c/ç, or k

Verbs

Tenses/Perfectness

Present tense Past tense Future tense
Perfect -∅ -mi -tu
Imperfect -cì -mu
Infinitive nie-
Poly-Personal Agreement
Singular Dual Plural
Masculine Feminine
Subject 1st Person -na -me -ta -gu
2nd Person -nia -mi -çeta -ge
3rd Person -∅ -xu
Object 1st Person -kho -ʼatì
2nd Person -mwo -ma -ʼotì
3rd Person -∅ -ziu
Indirect Object 1st Person -no -ʼatè
2nd Person -nio -ʼotè
3rd Person -xa -siu
Reflexive 1st Person -nana -meme -tata -gugu
2nd Person -niania -mimi -çece -gege
3rd Person -xaxa
Converbs

-tecì = CONV "while"

-te = ABL.CONV "after"

-so = PURP.CONV "because of"

-pu = COND.CONV "if"

Copula

Singular Dual Plural
1st Person 2nd Person 3rd Person 1st Person 2nd Person 3rd Person 1st Person 2nd Person 3rd Person
Perfect Present ni ninami nina nikha nimi no nukhè numì nu
Past mi miʼè miʼu
Imperfect Present phù phùtè phùtu
Past mu muʼè muʼu
Future tu tuʼè tuʼu
Infinitive nieni

Pronouns

Singular Dual Plural
Masculine Feminine
NOM 1st Person Na Me Ta Gu
2nd Person Nia Mi Ge
3rd Person Xa Xu
OBL 1st Person No Mu ʼAtè
2nd Person Nio Ma ʼOtè
3rd Person Xo Siu
INTER Ŋo

Adjuncts

Nominative Oblique
Adjective -bo phe-
Adverb pho-
Stative -nè

Syntax

It has a predominantly VSO/VOS word order and is head initial, however adjectives go before nouns

VOS is more commonly used for prepositons (prepositions are verbs), alongside this, prepositional verbs do not recieve personal agreement for subject

e.g zamemi niobo şetanè na [ˈzaməmi ˈnĭɒbɒ ʃəˈtanə̆ na] ALL-∅-AOR house-ACC 1sg.MASC.NOM "I went to your house"

Nouns

NOUN-(affix)-case

Verbs

VERB-agreement-tense-(affix)-(converb)

Adjectives

(adj)-(affix)-ADJECTIVE-(acc/gen)

Lexicon

here

Example text - The North Wind and the Sun

Romanisation:

'Èlabumi lapatophobo mimwega niu gonaga ŋonionina zugenè xokèbo. Phoxi'o niu phomime dulamìmutecì, zamemu chùŋitè zamaŋenio'aga phopuçota'ane kalèmi xa pulolonè.

Lilemi gonaga "lamìta", "ŋonina niozugenè gùmitatatu zamaŋeniobokaga pulolonè".

Phodema lilemi lapatophobo mimwega "lamìnanio", pholathe lumemi pheşzuniamo mimwenè, xujoni zamaŋeniotèpaga.

Pilogèmu phojukana mimwega pulolobo zamaŋeniobokaga khemanè. Niu phothigi puçotami xaxa, niu phoniozuge xujonimi mimwega, phoniothigi puçotami xaxa. Phodema kuthomèmi mimwega pulolonè, niu mi phetidi xobo tutapega du'ochakobo.

Photuke mìkomu gonaga. mi xabo mìkosù ŋelakinè, niu kalèmu phegìna xi'onè, dupuçotami zamaŋenio'aga xabo pulolonè niu paŋami phomèta şzaliudamu xabo daşzinişzùnè. Mu gonabo mìkosù nioxi'onè niu nioxi'onè. Gùmitami lijoga xabo jena niu şacumi xabo philanè. Phocimani muso ziagu xi'onè gùmita xobo pulolonè, niu, kisotamu nieşzadèna phosuxi'o gonabo mìkonè, cìmìmu xaxa phetonia takanèbo xalutè khulìchùŋitè.

IPA:

[ʔə̆laˈbˠumi lapˠaˈtɒpˠʰɒbˠɒ ˈmimˠəga nĭu gɒˈnaga ŋɒnĭɒniˈna zuˈgənə̆ ˈxɒkəbˠɒ | pˠʰɒxiˈʔɒ nĭu pˠʰɒˈmimə duˈlamĭmutət͡sĭ | ˈzaməmu t͡sʰŭˈŋitə̆ zamaŋəˈnĭɒʔaga pˠʰɒpˠut͡ʃɒˈtaʔanə ˈkalə̆mi xa pˠulɒˈlɒnə̆]

[ˈliləmi gɒˈnaga ˈlamĭta | ŋɒˈnina nĭɒˈzugənə̆ gŭmiˈtatatu zamaŋəˈnĭɒbˠɒkaga pˠulɒˈlɒnə̆]

[pˠʰɒdəˈma ˈliləmi lapˠaˈtɒpˠʰɒbˠɒ ˈmiməga ˈlamĭnanĭɒ | pˠʰɒˈlatʰə ˈluməmi pˠʰəʒunĭaˈmɒ ˈmimˠənə̆ xuɟɒˈni zamaŋəˈnĭɒtə̆pˠaga]

[piˈlɒgə̆mu pˠʰɒɟukaˈna ˈmimˠəga pˠulɒˈlɒbˠɒ zamaŋəˈnĭɒbˠɒkaga kʰəˈmanə̆ | nĭu pˠʰɒtʰiˈgi pˠut͡ʃɒˈtami xaˈxa | nĭu pˠʰɒnĭɒˈzugə xuɟɒˈnimi ˈmimˠəga | pˠʰɒnĭɒtʰiˈgi pˠut͡ʃɒˈtami xaˈxa | pˠʰɒdəˈma kuˈtʰɒmə̆mi ˈmimˠəga pˠulɒˈlɒnə̆ | nĭu mi pˠʰətiˈdi ˈxɒbˠɒ tuˈtapˠəga duʔɒt͡sʰaˈkɒbˠɒ]

[pˠʰɒˈtukə mĭˈkɒmu gɒˈnaga | mi ˈxabˠɒ mĭˈkɒsŭ ŋəlaˈkinə̆ | nĭu ˈkalə̆mu pˠʰəgĭˈna xiˈʔɒnə̆ | dupˠut͡ʃɒˈtami zamaŋəˈnĭɒʔaga ˈxabˠɒ pˠulɒˈlɒnə̆ nĭu pˠaˈŋami pˠʰɒmə̆ˈta ʒalĭuˈdamu ˈxabˠɒ daʒiˈniʒŭnə̆ | mu gɒˈnabˠɒ mĭˈkɒsŭ nĭɒxiˈʔɒnə̆ nĭu nĭɒxiˈʔɒnə̆ | gŭmiˈtami liˈɟɒga ˈxabˠɒ ɟəˈna nĭu ʃaˈt͡sumi ˈxabˠɒ pʰiˈlanə̆ | pˠʰɒt͡siˈmani musɒ zĭagu xiʔɒnə̆ gŭmiˈta ˈxɒbˠɒ pˠulɒˈlɒnə̆ | nĭu | kisɒˈtamusɒ nĭəˈʒadə̆na pˠʰɒsuxiˈʔɒ gɒˈnabˠɒ mĭˈkɒnə̆ | ˈt͡sĭmĭmi xaˈxa pˠʰəˈtɒnĭa taˈkanə̆bˠɒ xaˈlutə̆ kʰulĭt͡sʰŭˈŋitə̆]

Gloss:

argue-∅-AOR north-GEN wind-NOM and sun-NOM who-more-COP.PRES.3sg strong-ACC DEM.GEN.du. ADV-heat and ADV-wind NEG-agree-∅-PST.IMPERF-CONV, ALL-∅-PST.IMPERF path-LOC travel-AG.NOM ADV-wrap-PAT INE-∅-AOR DEM.NOM cloak-ACC.

say-∅-AOR sun-NOM "agree-1du>3sg", "who-COP.3sg more-strong-ACC take.off-1du>3sg-FUT travel-GEN-AG cloak-ACC".

ADV-angry say-∅-AOR north-GEN wind-NOM "agree-1sg.MASC>3sg-2sg.DAT", ADV-PRES create-∅-AOR ADJ-very-cold wind-ACC, push travel-LOC-AG.

whip-∅-AOR ADV-one.ORD wind-NOM cloak-GEN travel-GEN-AG end-ACC. and ADJ-close wrap-∅-AOR DEM.RELF, and ADV-more-strong push-∅-AOR wind-NOM, ADJ-more-close wrap-∅-AOR DEM.RELF. ADV-angry tear-∅-AOR wind-NOM cloak-ACC, and COP.AOR ADJ-all DEM-GEN labour-NOM NEG-reason-GEN.

ADV-after shine-∅-PST.IMPERF sun-NOM. COP.AOR DEM.GEN ray-PL weak-ACC, and INE-∅-PST.IMPERF ADJ-good heat-ACC, NEG-wrap-∅-AOR traveler-AG.NOM DEM.GEN cloak-ACC and allow-∅-AOR ADV-loose hang-3sg>3pl-AOR DEM.GEN shoulder-ACC.PL. COP.PST.IMPERF sun-GEN ray-PL more-hot-ACC and more-hot-ACC. take.off-∅-AOR person-NOM DEM.GEN hat-ACC and wipe-∅-AOR DEM.GEN brow-ACC. ADV-final COP.PST.IMPERF-PURP.CONV too hot-ACC take.off DEM.GEN coat-ACC, and, want-∅-PST.IMPERF-PURP.CONV INF-escape ADV-pl-hot sun-GEN light-ACC, throw-∅-AOR DEM.RELF ADJ-welcome tree-GEN shadow-LOC side-path-LOC.

Translation:

The North Wind and the Sun had a quarrel about which of them was the stronger. While they were disputing with much heat and bluster, a Traveler passed along the road wrapped in a cloak.

"Let us agree," said the Sun, "that he is the stronger who can strip that Traveler of his cloak".

"Very well," growled the North Wind, and at once sent a cold, howling blast against the Traveler.

With the first gust of wind the ends of the cloak whipped about the Traveler's body. But he immediately wrapped it closely around him, and the harder the Wind blew, the tighter he held it to him. The North Wind tore angrily at the cloak, but all his efforts were in vain.

Then the Sun began to shine. At first his beams were gentle, and in the pleasant warmth after the bitter cold of the North Wind, the Traveler unfastened his cloak and let it hang loosely from his shoulders. The Sun's rays grew warmer and warmer. The man took off his cap and mopped his brow. At last he became so heated that he pulled off his cloak, and, to escape the blazing sunshine, threw himself down in the welcome shade of a tree by the roadside."

Romanisation

Consonants Vowels
IPA b g d z x tʰ ɟ k l m mˠ n ŋ s p t͡s t͡ʃ t͡sʰ t͡ʃʰ kʰ pʰ ʃ ʒ t ʔ a ə i ɒ u ĭ ŭ ə̆ ĭu ĭə ĭa ĭɒ
Romanisation b g d z x th j k l m mw n ŋ s p c ç ch çh kh ph ş şz t ' a e i o u ì ù è iu ie ia io

Other

irregularities

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