Progress 0% | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Prettish ' | |||
---|---|---|---|
Type | |||
Fusional | |||
Alignment | |||
Phillipine | |||
Head direction | |||
Last | |||
Tonal | |||
No | |||
Declensions | |||
Yes | |||
Conjugations | |||
Yes | |||
Genders | |||
No | |||
Nouns decline according to... | |||
Case | Number | ||
Definiteness | Gender | ||
Verbs conjugate according to... | |||
Voice | Mood | ||
Person | Number | ||
Tense | Aspect |
General information[]
Phonology[]
Consonants[]
Bilabial | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n̪ | ||||
Plosive | pʼ | t̪ʼd̪ | kʼ | |||
Fricative | ɸ | h | ||||
Affricate | θ | t̪s̪ | ||||
Approximant | ɥ | ɰ |
Vowels[]
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | y | ɯ | |
Near-close | ɪ̈ | ||
Close-mid | ɵ | ||
Mid | e̞ | o̞ | |
Open-mid | ɜ | ||
Near-open | æ | ||
Open | a | ɒ |
Diphthongs[]
ae [ae̞:]
au [aɯ:]
ie [ɵy:]
oi [ɒɪ̈:]
Alphabet[]
Aa [a:]
Āā [æ:]
Ăă [ɥa:]
Ââ [ɥæ:]
Bb [bɪ̈:]
Dd [d̪ɪ̈:]
Ḍḍ [ðɪ̈:]
Ee [e̞:]
Ēē [y:]
Ĕĕ [ɥe̞:]
Êê [ɥy:]
Ff [ɸɪ̈:]
Gg [gɪ̈:]
Hh [hɪ̈:]
Ḥḥ [xɪ̈:]
Ii [ɪ̈:]
Īī [ɵ:]
Ĭĭ [ɥɪ̈:]
Îî [ɥɵ:]
Jj [t̪s̪ɪ̈:]
Ɉɉ [tɕɪ̈:]
Kk [kʼɪ̈:]
Ll [lɪ̈:]
Mm [mɪ̈:]
Nn [n̪ɪ̈:]
Oo [o̞:]
Ōō [ɒ:]
Ŏŏ [jo̞:]
Ôô [jɒ:]
Pp [pʼɪ̈:]
Rr [ɰɪ̈:]
Ss [s̪ɪ̈:]
Ṣṣ [ɕɪ̈:]
Tt [t̪ʼɪ̈:]
Ṭṭ [θɪ̈:]
Uu [ɜ:]
Ūū [ɯ:]
Ŭŭ [jɜ:]
Ûû [jɯ:]
Vv [βɪ̈:]
Xx [d̪z̪ɪ̈:]
Ӿӿ [dʑɪ̈:]
Zz [z̪ɪ̈:]
Ẓẓ [ʑɪ̈:]
Phonotactics[]
A syllable in Prettish can consist of
- a vowel or diphthong alone;
- an acceptable initiating consonant/cluster followed by a long vowel or diphthong;
- a short vowel followed by an acceptable terminating consonant/cluster; or
- an acceptable initiating consonant/cluster followed by a short vowel followed by an acceptable terminating consonant/cluster,
Acceptable initiating consonants/clusters
- any consonant
- any sibilant/plosive cluster; or
- any sibilant/nasal cluster;
Acceptable terminating consonant/clusters
- any consonant other than h, k, p, or t;
- any non-ejective plosive/sibilant cluster;
- any fricative/sibilant cluster; or
- any nasal/sibilant cluster.
Dividing a word into syllables:
The beginning of a syllable is marked:
- when the the word starts
- after a vowel or diphthong that is immediately followed by another vowel or diphthong
- after a sibilant/plosive cluster
- after a sibilant/nasal cluster
The end of a syllable is marked:
- when the word ends
- after a non-ejective plosive/sibilant cluster
- after a fricative/sibilant cluster
- after a nasal/sibilant cluster
Grammar[]
Inflections
An inflection is a suffix added to a word and that indicates:
the number/quantity of the word, called the word’s category
which other word in the sentence the word relates to, called the word’s referent
how the word relates to its referent, called the word’s case
There are three categories of words, with differing numbers/quantities for each:
singleton – these words have exactly one indivisible instance, e.g., all proper nouns are singletons
mass – these words consist of a single whole that can be divided into infinitely different partial quantities, e.g., liquids, emotions
countable – these words consist of indivisible individuals in infinitely configurable plural groups, e.g., objects, people
There are five cases for words:
- ablative
dative (word and referent moving together, word is performed by referent)
genitive (word possesses/contains referent)
locative (word and referent at same location)
ornative (word possessed/contained by referent)
There are four different words in a sentence that a word can relate to:
R1: the topic
R2: the focus
- R3: its successor (when neither the topic nor the focus)
R4: what its successor relates to (when neither the topic nor the focus)
The focus of a sentence is always the first word, has no referent, and is unmarked for case. When a new topic is introduced, it is always the first word in the sentence and is, hence, the focus. In subsequent sentences with the same topic, it is referred to with a pronoun beginning with ‘at’ and can appear at any position in the sentence. To decide the ending of a word ask yourself three questions:
· What category/number/quantity is the word?
· What is the word’s relationship to its ultimate referent, i.e., its case?
· What is the word’s immediate referent, i.e., the same as its ultimate referent except for R4?
|
Singleton Word |
Mass Word |
Countable Word | |||
|
Whole |
Part |
Individual |
Group |
Universe | |
ablative |
-i, -ī, -ē, -e |
-î, -*ĕ, -ă, -ū |
-ē, -ee, -īī, -ŭu |
-i, -*ī, -*ē, -e |
-ē, -ee, -īī, -ŭu |
-*î, -*ĕ, -ă, -*ū |
dative |
-u, -ae, -ĭ, -î |
-ĭ, -*u, -*i, -o |
-ii, -ēē, -ĕe, - ôō |
-u, -*īī, -*ĭ, -î |
-ii, -ēē, -ĕe, - ôō |
-ĭ, -*u, -*i, -o |
focus |
-a** |
-e |
-au |
-a |
-au |
-e |
genitive |
-ie, -a, -oi, -o |
-ô, -, -au, -û |
-*ê, -aa, -ōō, -âā |
-ie, -*a, -oi, -*o |
-*ê, -aa, -ōō, -âā |
-ô, -, -*au, -û |
locative |
-ă, -ā, -ĕ, -â |
-*e, -ae, -a, -oo |
-*ô, -āā, -ăa, -îī |
-*ă, -*ā, -ĕ, -*â |
-*ô, -āā, -ăa, -îī |
-*e, -ae, -a, -oo |
ornative |
-ŭ, -ū, -ō, -û |
-*ae, -â, -ō, -ī |
-ē, -uu, -ūū, -êē |
-ŭ, -ū, -*ō, -*û |
-ē, -uu, -ūū, -êē |
-*ae, -â, -ō, -ī |
the order here indicates what the referent is: topic, focus, successor, successor’s referent
*geminate the final consonant
**when a word is the focus of a sentence, it has no referent
Examples'
A man walked by here yesterday talking to himself. I tried to get his attention, but he wouldn’t listen to me.
Fôza tôzzâ kôgĕ ɉăbii. .
[Man] [yesterday] [here] [walking]
Let’s break this sentence down. First we have fôz, which means man. We can see that the ending is –a and the final consonant is not geminated. Since this is the first word in the sentence, we also know that this is the focus and so we can peruse our chart above and find that this word indicates an individual man. (We know this cannot be a singleton, because there is more than one man in the world.)
Now, the second word is tôz, which means yesterday. (This is a countable noun in Prettish, since there is more than one yesterday.) We can see that the ending is –â and the final consonant is geminated. So, we peruse the countable section of our chart for endings matching this. We then learn that this is an individual yesterday, that it is in the locative case, and that its referent is the referent of its successor.
Next, the third word is kôg, which means here. (This is a countable noun in Prettish, since there is more than one here.) We can see that the ending is –ĕ and the final consonant is not geminated. So, we peruse the countable section of our chart for endings matching this. We then learn that this is an individual here, that it is in the locative case, and that its referent is its successor.
Finally, the last word is ɉăb, which means walking. (Walking is a mass noun in Prettish.) We can see that the ending is –ii and the final consonant is not geminated. So, we peruse the mass section of our chart for endings matching this. We then learn that this is a partitive expression of walking in the dative case and that the referent is the topic, which in this case is also the focus.
Xīnau atee atēē.
[Talking] [to him] [by him]
Paurau pûjuu ataa ammī.
[Attention-getting] [with trying] [of him] [by me]
Biegau ṣobuu attī amee.
[Listening] [with negativity] [by him] [to me]
or
Ṣobau ate ammĭ biegaa.
[Negativity] [by him] [to me] [of listening]
Pete came from Atlanta yesterday on his Harley.
Pita Harllē lēṣē Atlante tôzĕ xieɉii .
[Pete] [from Harley] [with using] [from Atlanta] [yesterday] [to coming]
Other cases expressed with constructions:
Location
· inessive (within, in the middle of, during, while)
- adessive (on the outer surface of)
- apudessive (beside, next to)
- antessive (before, in front of)
- postessive (after, behind)
- superessive (above, on top of)
- subessive (below, underneath)
Motion Towards
- illative (into)
- allative (onto)
Motion Away From
- elative (from out of)
- delative (from off of)
Other
· instrumental (by means of, using) [used word]+ablative lēṣ+ornative
- comitative (along with, in the company of)
- benefactive (for the benefit of)
Pronouns'
at[inflection] – refer to topic in sentences after it has been introduced
am[inflection] – speaker(s)
av[inflection] – listener(s)
Vocabulary[]
Prettish | Pronunciation | English |
âx | ɥæd̪z̪ | splitting |
az | az̪ | worm |
ăẓ | ɥaʑ | dust |
băb | pɥap | if |
baez | pae̞z̪ | dry |
bēẓ | pyʑ | rain |
bĭḍ | pɥɪ̈ð | thick |
bieṭ | pɵyθ | night |
bieӿ | pɵydʑ | father |
bŏg | pjo̞k | lake |
bur | pɜɰ | standing |
bûṣ | pjɯɕ | name |
dâs | t̪ɥæs | freezing |
dāṣ | t̪æɕ | washing |
ḍêd | ðɥyd̪ | ice |
dēӿ | t̪ydʑ | red |
ḍib | ðɪ̈p | tieing |
ḍog | ðo̞k | holding |
êd | ɥyt̪ | big |
ĕg | ɥe̞k | and |
eṣ | e̞ɕ | there |
êv | ɥyβ | three |
ēx | yd̪z̪ | how |
fāṭ | ɸæθ | burning |
fĕɉ | ɸɥe̞tɕ | road |
fîg | ɸɥɵk | seed |
fīg | ɸɵk | four |
fog | ɸo̞k | squeezing |
fŏj | ɸjo̞t̪s̪ | lying |
fôz | ɸjɒz̪ | man |
gâ | kɥæ: | where |
găr | kɥaɰ | fog |
ged | ke̞t̪ | wide |
gĕs | kɥe̞s̪ | straight |
gĕӿ | kɥe̞dʑ | meat |
gîb | kɥɵp | guts |
gīḍ | kɵð | wife |
gieẓ | kɵyʑ | skin |
gîg | kɥɵk | five |
gîs | kɥɵs̪ | animal |
gīẓ | kɵʑ | who |
gŏg | kjo̞k | egg |
gôḥ | kjɒx | sleeping |
goix | kɒɪ̈d̪z̪ | sitting |
gub | kɜp | salt |
gûḥ | kjɯx | river |
ḥaḥ | xax | hair |
hĕɉ | hɥe̞tɕ | knee |
ḥīb | xɵb | ear |
hîg | hɥɵk | belly |
ḥŏv | xjo̞β | cold |
ĭb | ɥɪ̈p | pulling |
ieṣ | ɵyɕ | two |
ĭl | ɥɪ̈l | all |
ɉăb | tɕɥap | walking |
ɉaeṭ | tɕae̞θ | tail |
jēb | t̪s̪yp | breast |
ɉeg | tɕe̞k | far |
ɉes | tɕe̞s̪ | digging |
ɉĭj | tɕɥɪ̈t̪s̪ | bone |
jīs | t̪s̪ɵs̪ | fruit |
ɉog | tɕo̞k | eye |
joṭ | t̪s̪o̞θ | foot |
ɉûm | tɕjɯm | neck |
kāb | k'æp | liver |
kaej | k'ae̞t̪s̪ | mountain |
kăl | k'ɥal | eating |
kêb | k'ɥyp | long |
kies | k'ɵys̪ | one |
ko | k'o̞: | woman |
kob | k'o̞p | root |
kol | k'o̞l | hearing |
kōv | k'ɒβ | sucking |
lĕb | lɥe̞p | giving |
lŏx | ljo̞d̪z̪ | cutting |
mêb | mɥyp | cloud |
mĕb | mɥe̞p | hunting |
men | me̞n̪ | heart |
meṣ | me̞ɕ | leg |
mēṣ | myɕ | sewing |
meṭ | me̞θ | not |
mib | mɪ̈p | tongue |
mīg | mɵk | head |
mîs | mɥɵs̪ | breathing |
miẓ | mɪ̈ʑ | coming |
mĭӿ | mɥɪ̈dʑ | old |
môb | mjɒp | rope |
moɉ | mo̞tɕ | year |
mŭl | mjɜl | child |
mûm | mjɯm | dog |
mŭṭ | mjɜθ | when |
na | n̪a: | because |
nael | n̪ae̞l | sea |
nâg | n̪ɥæk | saying |
nav | n̪aβ | fire |
nĕb | n̪ɥe̞p | vomiting |
nêf | n̪ɥyɸ | white |
nim | n̪ɪ̈m | wind |
nîm | n̪ɥɵm | killing |
nŏ | n̪jo̞: | bad |
nôf | n̪jɒɸ | heavy |
nōg | n̪ɒk | dull |
noij | n̪ɒɪ̈t̪s̪ | warm |
nol | n̪o̞l | throwing |
nug | n̪ɜk | husband |
nŭṣ | n̪jɜɕ | fighting |
oib | ɒɪ̈p | with |
oix | ɒɪ̈d̪z̪ | wing |
paz | p'az̪ | tooth |
pāӿ | p'ædʑ | living |
pef | p'e̞ɸ | moon |
pôs | p'jɒs̪ | blood |
pôz | p'jɒz̪ | sun |
pûg | p'jɯk | near |
pūm | p'ɯm | leaf |
raeg | ɰae̞k | falling |
sag | s̪ak | hitting |
săɉ | s̪ɥatɕ | stabbing |
ṣauf | ɕaɯɸ | correct |
ṣâӿ | ɕɥædʑ | person |
ṣbuṣ | ɕpɜɕ | swimming |
ṣdûg | ɕt̪jɯk | pushing |
sêg | s̪ɥyk | dirty |
sêṣ | s̪ɥyɕ | fear |
ṣgâṣ | ɕkɥæɕ | feather |
ṣîg | ɕɥɵk | ash |
ṣîv | ɕɥɵβ | what |
skōn | s̪k'ɒn̪ | floating |
ṣkub | ɕk'ɜp | barking |
smâg | s̪mɥæk | rubbing |
ṣmen | ɕme̞n̪ | scratching |
ṣmō | ɕmɒ: | blowing |
ṣnauṣ | ɕn̪aɯ:ɕ | counting |
soig | s̪ɒɪ̈k | louse |
sor | s̪o̞ɰ | few |
spĕg | s̪p'ɥe̞k | back |
spŭm | s̪p'jɜm | playing |
ṣtēz | ɕt̪'yz̪ | rotten |
stûṣ | s̪t̪'jɯɕ | singing |
sum | s̪ɜm | black |
sūv | s̪ɯβ | bird |
tae | t̪'ae̞: | yellow |
tauḍ | t̪'aɯ:ð | fish |
taus | t̪'aɯs̪ | wiping |
teb | t̪'e̞p | turning |
ṭēḥ | θyx | seeing |
têz | t̪'ɥyz̪ | mother |
tiez | t̪'ɵyz̪ | snake |
ṭīg | θɵk | star |
tin | t̪'ɪ̈n̪ | swelling |
tīz | t̪'ɵz̪ | sky |
ṭiz | θɪ̈z̪ | snow |
ṭo | θo̞: | other |
tōb | t̪'ɒp | right |
tôf | t̪'jɒɸ | stick |
toig | t̪'ɒɪ̈k | grass |
tôz | t̪'jɒz̪ | here |
ṭug | θɜk | thinking |
ŭb | jɜp | flower |
ūɉ | ɯtɕ | smoke |
uv | ɜβ | full |
xaeṣ | d̪z̪ae̞ɕ | dying |
xĭb | d̪z̪ɥɪ̈p | hand |
xĭḍ | d̪z̪ɥɪ̈ð | short |
xĭm | d̪z̪ɥɪ̈m | day |
xĭz | d̪z̪ɥɪ̈z̪ | sand |
xôb | d̪z̪jɒp | spitting |
xŭɉ | d̪z̪jɜtɕ | mouth |
zâb | z̪ɥæp | many |
ẓab | ʑap | nose |
ẓāḍ | ʑæð | left |
zbeӿ | z̪be̞dʑ | stone |
ẓboib | ʑbɒɪ̈p | small |
ẓdāg | ʑdæk | horn |
zgo | z̪go̞: | narrow |
zîb | z̪ɥɵp | water |
zieg | z̪ɵyk | thin |
zîf | z̪ɥɵɸ | tree |
ẓîg | ʑɥɵk | good |
ẓkīn | ʑg'ɵn̪ | smooth |
ẓkôj | ʑgjɒt̪s̪ | flying |
ẓkōm | ʑgɒm | drinking |
ẓmēg | ʑmyk | biting |
ẓnĭg | ʑn̪ɥɪ̈k | laughing |
zôg | z̪jɒk | sharp |
ẓoib | ʑɒɪ̈p | flowing |
ẓpâṭ | ʑb'ɥæθ | fingernail |
ẓpof | ʑb'o̞ɸ | new |
zum | z̪ɜm | wet |
ẓûs | ʑjɯs̪ | fat |
zuz | z̪ɜz̪ | forest |
ӿag | dʑak | earth |
ӿex | dʑe̞d̪z̪ | knowing |
ӿīḥ | dʑɵx | some |
ӿil | dʑɪ̈l | green |
ӿōg | dʑɒk | round |
ӿûṣ | dʑjɯɕ | smelling |