| Proto-Ayja-Né Unknown | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type | Isolating | ||||||||||||
| Alignment | Tripartite | ||||||||||||
| Head direction | Initial | ||||||||||||
| Tonal | No | ||||||||||||
| Declensions | No | ||||||||||||
| Conjugations | No | ||||||||||||
| Genders | |||||||||||||
| Nouns decline according to... | |||||||||||||
| Case | Number | ||||||||||||
| Definiteness | Gender | ||||||||||||
| Verbs conjugate according to... | |||||||||||||
| Voice | Mood | ||||||||||||
| Person | Number | ||||||||||||
| Tense | Aspect | ||||||||||||
| Meta-information | |||||||||||||
| Progress | 0% | ||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||
| Creator | Nataja | ||||||||||||
Classification and Dialects[]
Proto-Ayja-Né and has a V-S-O word order.
- Proto-Ayja-Né
- Ko-Ayja
- Uylebisan
- Tthit’e-Xwăłe
- Tthit’e
- Xwăłe
- Northern
- Nanjey'a
- Njhuy'é
- Kwxwąątsătwth
- Central
- Southern
- Northern
- Né
- Northern
- Southern
- Ko-Ayja
Phonology[]
Consonants[]
| Bilabial | Dental | Alveopalatal | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stop | /p b/ <p b> | /t d/ <t d> | /c ɟ/ <c f> | /k g/ <k g> | /ʔ/ < > | |
| Affricate | /t͡θ/ <ss> | /t͡ɕ/ <zz> | ||||
| Nasal | /m/ <m> | /n/ <n> | /ɲ/ <ny> | /ŋ/ <ng> | ||
| Fricative | /θ/ <s> | /ɕ/ <z> | /h/ <h> | |||
| Approximate | /l/ <l> | /j/ <y> | /ɰᵝ/ <w> | |||
Vowels[]
| Phoneme | Romanization | |
|---|---|---|
| Free Vowels | /iː/ | I i |
| /ʌː/ | Eu eu | |
| /uː/ | U u | |
| /ɯː/ | Uo uo | |
| /oː/ | O o | |
| /ɑː/ | A a | |
| Checked Vowels | /œ/ | Oe oe |
| /e/ | E e | |
| /a/ | Ae ae |
Diphthongs[]
| Vowel | "y" form | "w" form |
|---|---|---|
| i | ∅ | wi |
| eu | yeu | weu |
| u | yu | ∅ |
| uo | yuo | wuo |
| o | yo | wo |
| a | ya | wa |
| oe | yoe | woe |
| e | ye | we |
| ae | yae | wae |
Phonotactics[]
Syllables are CV(C)
Open Syllables have no consonant following the vowel.
- Ex. /bɑː/, /gʲʰaʊ/, /t̪eɪ/
Closed syllables are closed with either nasalization or checking.
- Ex. /pʊm/, /gʷʰeŋ/
Nasalization depends upon the consonant of the following syllable. When the onset of the following syllable is a nasal {m, n, ɲ, ŋ}, the nasalization merges with the next syllable (i.e. instead of "hemmeɪ"; "hemeɪ" to turn red)
- Before {p, b, bʰ, f, v, h, ʔ} the nasalization is [m].
- Before {t̪, d̪, d̪ʰ, ð, θ, z, s, r, h, ʔ} the nasalization is [n].
- Before {t̪ʲ, d̪ʲʰ, ðʲ, θʲ, gʲ, kʲ, gʲʰ, h, ʔ} the nasalization is [ɲ].
- Before {k, g, gʰ, gʷ, kʷ, gʷʰ, ɣ, x, h, ʔ} the nasalization is [ŋ].
Checking, in Proto-Ayja-Né, is when a plain plosive closes a syllable. This happens in several situations depending on the quality of the vowel.
- Free vowels are vowels that exist in a syllable without a syllable coda. These include:
- /iː/
- /eɪ/
- /uː/
- /oʊ/
- /aɪ/
- /aʊ/
- /oː/
- /ɑː/
- Checked vowels are vowels that do not exist in a syllable without a syllable coda. These include:
- /e/
- /a/
- /ʊ/
- /ɪ/
Writing System[]
| Letter | A a | Ä ä | Å å | B b | C c | D d | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sound | ||||||||||||
| Letter | Þ þ | Ð ð | E e | Ë ë | ||||||||
| Sound | ||||||||||||
| Letter | ||||||||||||
| Sound |
Grammar[]
[]
Verbs[]
Proto-Ayja-Né verbs do not conjugate, but take on suffixes for
Verb Roots[]
| Verb Stem | Valency val | Mood mod | Tense tns | Aspect1 asp1 | Aspect2 asp2 | Volicity vol |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | +1 | +2 | +3 | +41 | +42 | +5 |
| Valency | Grapheme | English Approximate |
|---|---|---|
| Impersonal (avalent) imprs | xö | It0 is raining |
| Intransitive (monovalent) intr | dya | He1 sleeps |
| Transitive (divalent) tr | fo | He1 ate some food2 |
| Ditransitive (trivalent) ditr | tyet | He1 gave her2 a flower3 |
| Tritransitive (quadrivalent) tritr | 'yi | I1 bet you2 two dollars3 it will rain4 |
ghï ka bet dyha kwåtmë qågwhmeq gwhentyøt ka þä
| Mood | Grapheme | English approximate | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Realis | Indicative | -∅ | He writes | |
| Energetic | -kwåm | He certainly writes | ||
| Irrealis | Subjunctive | -þo | I wish he wrote more | |
| Conditional | -ba | He would write | ||
| Imperative | -të | Write! | ||
| Potential | -kyä | He may/can write | ||
| Hypothetical | -zɨp | He could write | ||
| Hortative | Adhortative | -nguqa | You might want to write | |
| Exhortative | -nguqet | You really should write | ||
| Suprahortative | -ngugyhä | You must write | ||
| Dehortative | ||||
| Inhortative | ||||
| Infrahortative | ||||
| Cohortative | ||||
| Benedictive | ||||
| Alethic | ||||
| Interrogative | ||||
| Aspect1 | Aspect2 | Morphemes | Combination | English Approximate |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Simple | Simple | -∅-∅ | -∅ | ...-∅ |
| Simple | Progressive | -∅-bʰɪd̪ | -bhɨd | ...-ing (actions) |
| Simple | Continuous | -∅-ðʲʊk | -ɖøk | ...-ing (states) |
| Simple | Habitual | -∅-gʷʰeʔ | -gwheq | ...-ing repetitively/habitually |
| Perfect | Simple | -ʔam-∅ | -qåm | to have ...-en |
| Perfect | Progressive | -ʔam-bʰɪd̪ | -qåbhmɨd | to have been ...-ing (actions) |
| Perfect | Continuous | -ʔam-ðʲʊk | -qåðymøk | to have been ...-ing (states) |
| Perfect | Habitual | -ʔam-gʷʰeʔ | -qågwhmeq | to have been ...-ing repetitively/habitually |
Nouns[]
| Ergative | Accusative | Absolutive | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First Person | Singular | hiː-∅-∅-noː
hino |
hiː-∅-∅-vet̪
hivet |
hiː-∅-∅-θaʊ
hiþä | ||
| Plural | hiː-san-∅-noː
hisåno |
hiː-sam-∅-vet̪
hisåvmet |
hiː-san-∅-θaʊ
hisåþnä | |||
| Second Person | Singular | ðeɪ-∅-∅-noː
ðëno |
ðeɪ-∅-∅-vet̪
ðëvet |
ðeɪ-∅-∅-θaʊ
ðëþä | ||
| Plural | ðeɪ-san-∅-noː
ðësåno |
ðeɪ-sam-∅-vet̪
ðësåvmet |
ðeɪ-san-∅-θaʊ
ðësåþnä | |||
| Third Person | Singular | Masc. | t̪ʲʊt̪-∅-kɑː-noː
tyøtkano |
t̪ʲʊt̪-∅-kɑː-vet̪
tyøtkavet |
t̪ʲʊt̪-∅-kɑː-θaʊ
tyøtkaþä | |
| Fem. | t̪ʲʊt̪-∅-ɹen-noː
tyøtreno |
t̪ʲʊt̪-∅-ɹem-vet̪
tyøtrevmet |
t̪ʲʊt̪-∅-ɹen-θaʊ
tyøtreþnä | |||
| Neut. | t̪ʲʊt̪-∅-∅-noː
tyøtno |
t̪ʲʊt̪-∅-∅-vet̪
tyøtvet |
t̪ʲʊt̪-∅-∅-θaʊ
tyøtþä | |||
| Plural | t̪ʲʊt̪-san-∅-noː
tyøtsåno |
t̪ʲʊt̪-sam-∅-vet̪
tyøtsåvmet |
t̪ʲʊt̪-san-∅-θaʊ
tyøtsåþnä | |||
'∅' represents the lack of a morpheme in that position of the pronoun. '∅' should not be confused with 'Ø' and 'ø', the letters representing the vowel /ʊ/.
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Syntax[]
Proto-Ayja-Né is considered a VSO