Proto-Galiscan
galiskom
|
| by SennomaUzanto
|
| Date of creation
|
18th September 2015
|
| SU-ID
|
{{{SUID}}}
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| Origin
|
| - Indo-European
-- Proto-Galiscan
|
| Type
|
| Fusional
|
| Alignment
|
| nominative-accusative
|
| Head direction
|
| Final
|
| Tonal
|
| No
|
| Declensions
|
| Yes
|
| Conjugations
|
| Yes
|
| Genders
|
| 3
|
| Nouns decline according to...
|
| Case
|
Number
|
| Definiteness
|
Gender
|
| Verbs conjugate according to...
|
| Voice
|
Mood
|
| Person
|
Number
|
| Tense
|
Aspect
|
|
| Navigation
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| Sub pages
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| Links
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| {{{NavLinks}}}
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| ToDo-list
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Classification and Dialects[]
Proto-Galiscan is an Indo-European language and the proto-language of the Galiscan languages.
Phonology[]
Sound Change[]
Proto-Galiscan/Sound Change
Consonants[]
|
|
Labial
|
Alveolar
|
Dorsal
|
| palatal
|
plain
|
labial
|
| Nasal
|
*m
|
*n
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
| Plosive
|
voiceless
|
*p
|
*t
|
*ḱ
|
*k
|
*kʷ
|
| voiced
|
*b
|
*d
|
*ǵ
|
*g
|
*gʷ
|
| Sibilant
|
-
|
*s
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
| Trill
|
-
|
*r
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
| Semivowel
|
-
|
*l
|
*j
|
-
|
*w
|
Vowels[]
Monophthongs
|
|
Front
|
Back
|
| short
|
long
|
short
|
long
|
| Close
|
i
|
ī
|
u
|
ū
|
| Close-mid
|
e
|
ē
|
o
|
ō
|
| Open
|
a
|
ā
|
-
|
-
|
|
Diphthongs
|
|
short+[i]
|
long+[i]
|
short+[u]
|
| [e]
|
ei
|
ēi
|
eu
|
| [o]
|
oi
|
ōi
|
ou
|
| [a]
|
ai
|
āi
|
au
|
| [j]
|
-
|
-
|
iu
|
|
Phonotactics[]
Writing System[]
| short
|
long
|
| Latin
|
IPA
|
Latin
|
IPA
|
| Vowels
|
| A
|
a
|
|
[a]
|
|
Ā
|
ā
|
|
[aː]
|
| E
|
e
|
[e]
|
Ē
|
ē
|
[eː]
|
| I
|
i
|
[i], [j]
|
Ī
|
ī
|
[iː]
|
| O
|
o
|
[o]
|
Ō
|
ō
|
[oː]
|
| U
|
u
|
[w], [u]
|
Ū
|
ū
|
[uː]
|
| Consonants
|
| M
|
m
|
|
[m]
|
|
Mm
|
mm
|
|
[mː]
|
| N
|
n
|
[n]
|
Nn
|
nn
|
[nː]
|
| L
|
l
|
[l]
|
Ll
|
ll
|
[lː]
|
| R
|
r
|
[r]
|
Rr
|
rr
|
[rː]
|
| S
|
s
|
[s]
|
Ss
|
ss
|
[sː]
|
| B
|
b
|
[b]
|
-
|
-
|
| P
|
p
|
[p]
|
-
|
-
|
| D
|
d
|
[d]
|
-
|
-
|
| T
|
t
|
[t]
|
-
|
-
|
| G
|
g
|
[g]
|
-
|
-
|
| K
|
k
|
[k]
|
-
|
-
|
| Gʷ
|
gʷ
|
[gʷ]
|
-
|
-
|
| Kʷ
|
kʷ
|
[kʷ]
|
-
|
-
|
Grammar[]
Root[]
| PIE
|
PreGal
|
ProtoGal
|
| *lewbʰ-
|
*lewbʰ- love, present
|
lawbʰ-
|
lewb-
|
| *lowbʰ- love, past
|
lowbʰ-
|
lowb-
|
[]
| lewb-, lowb-
|
|
|
1st
|
2nd
|
3rd
|
| Singular
|
lewbmj
|
lewbsj
|
lewbtj
|
| Dual
|
lewbwo
|
lewbta
|
| Plural
|
lewb-mes
|
lewb-té
|
lewb-ntj
|
Nouns[]
Declension[]
|
|
Singular
|
|
Dual
|
|
Plural
|
| masculine
|
feminine
|
neuter
|
masculine
|
feminine
|
neuter
|
masculine
|
feminine
|
neuter
|
| Nominative
|
-os
|
-a
|
-om
|
-e
|
-aia
|
-oia
|
-oi
|
-ai
|
-me
|
| Vocative
|
-ē
|
-ā
|
-ōs
|
| Accusative
|
-om
|
-am
|
-oim
|
-ām
|
-oms
|
-aim
|
| Instrumental
|
-mi
|
-ont
|
-on
|
-an
|
-ent
|
-mis
|
-mas
|
| Ablative
|
-ōt
|
-at
|
-em
|
-obom
|
-abo
|
-eban
|
-mos
|
-et
|
| Dative
|
-ari
|
-erom
|
| Gentitive
|
-ī
|
-ous
|
-ares
|
-el
|
-ōm
|
-ām
|
| Locative
|
-i
|
-su
|
-se
|
Examples[]
| masculine declension
(onēr- man)
|
|
|
Singular
|
|
Dual
|
|
Plural
|
| Nominative
|
onēros
|
onēre
|
onēroi
|
| Vocative
|
onērē
|
onērōs
|
| Accusative
|
onērom
|
onēroim
|
onēroms
|
| Instrumental
|
onērmi
|
onēron
|
onērmis
|
| Ablative/ Dative
|
onērōt
|
onērobon
|
onērmos
|
| Gentitive
|
onērī
|
onērous
|
onērōm
|
| Locative
|
onēri
|
onērsu
|
| feminine declension
(gʷēn- woman)
|
|
|
Singular
|
|
Dual
|
|
Plural
|
| Nominative
|
gʷēna
|
gʷēnaja
|
gʷēnai
|
| Vocative
|
gʷēnā
|
| Accusative
|
gʷēnam
|
gʷēnām
|
gʷēnaim
|
| Instrumental
|
gʷēnmi
|
gʷēnan
|
gʷēnmas
|
| Ablative
|
gʷēnat
|
gʷēnabo
|
| Dative
|
gʷēnari
|
| Gentitive
|
gʷēnares
|
gʷēnām
|
| Locative
|
gʷēni
|
gʷēnsu
|
| neuter declension
(dor- tree)
|
|
|
Singular
|
|
Dual
|
|
Plural
|
| Nominative/ Vocative/ Accusative
|
dorom
|
doroia
|
dorme
|
| Instrumental
|
doront
|
dorent
|
| Ablativ
|
dorem
|
doreban
|
doret
|
| Dative
|
dorerom
|
| Gentitive
|
dorel
|
| Locative
|
dori
|
dorse
|
Pronouns[]
Personal Pronouns[]
|
|
First Person
|
|
Second Person
|
|
Reflexive
|
| Singular
|
Dual
|
Plural
|
Singular
|
Dual
|
Plural
|
Singular
|
Dual
|
Plural
|
| Nominative
|
ega
|
wē
|
wai
|
twa
|
jū
|
jus
|
|
|
|
| Accusative
|
mē
|
nwe
|
n̥sma
|
twē
|
jūo
|
usme
|
|
|
|
| Genitive
|
menos
|
nōios
|
n̥seros
|
tewos
|
wōs
|
wōsos
|
|
|
|
| Dative
|
megjo
|
nwebio
|
n̥smebio
|
tebio
|
wobio
|
usmebio
|
|
|
|
| Instrumental
|
moi
|
noi
|
n̥sai
|
toi
|
woi
|
usai
|
|
|
|
| Locative
|
n̥smi
|
usmi
|
|
|
|
| Ablative
|
mad
|
nad
|
n̥smad
|
twad
|
wad
|
usmad
|
|
|
|
Demonstratives[]
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| Masculine
|
Neuter
|
Feminine
|
Masculine
|
Neuter
|
Feminine
|
| Nominative
|
so
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Accusative
|
tom
|
|
|
|
|
| Genitive
|
tosio
|
|
|
|
|
| Dative
|
tosmei
|
|
|
|
|
| Locative
|
tosmi
|
|
|
|
|
| Instrumental
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ablative
|
tosmōd
|
|
|
|
|
Verbs[]
| Class
|
Example
|
| PIE root
|
indicative
|
subjunctive
|
participle
|
| present
|
past
|
present
|
past
|
present active
|
past active
|
| I (j-verbs)
|
*bʰeud-
|
*baid-
|
*boid-
|
baid-ska-
|
baid-sko-
|
baidant-
|
bidwas-
|
| II (w-verb)
|
*dʰewgʰ-
|
*daug-
|
*doug-
|
daug-ska-
|
daug-sko-
|
daugant-
|
dugwas
|
Active conjugation[]
|
|
Present
|
|
Past
|
| Singular
|
Dual
|
Plural
|
Singular
|
Dual
|
Plural
|
| Indicative
|
1st
|
-mi
|
-wos
|
-me
|
-am
|
-we
|
-me
|
| 2nd
|
-si
|
-tes
|
-te
|
-os
|
-tom
|
-te
|
| 3rd
|
-ti
|
-onti
|
-ot
|
-tām
|
-end
|
|
|
|
| Subjunctive
|
1st
|
-emi
|
-ewe
|
-eme
|
|
-ām
|
-awe
|
-ame
|
| 2nd
|
-esi
|
-etes
|
-ete
|
-as
|
-atom
|
-ate
|
| 3rd
|
-eti
|
-enti
|
-at
|
-atam
|
-and
|
|
|
|
| Optative
|
1st
|
-iem
|
-īwe
|
-īme
|
|
-iam
|
-iawe
|
-iame
|
| 2nd
|
-ies
|
-ītom
|
-īte
|
-ias
|
-iatom
|
-iate
|
| 3rd
|
-iet
|
-ītām
|
-iend
|
-iat
|
-iatam
|
-iand
|
|
|
|
| Imperative
|
1st
|
-
|
|
-
|
| 2nd
|
-ti
|
-tom
|
-te
|
-pi
|
-pom
|
-pe
|
| 3rd
|
-tu
|
-tam
|
-entu
|
-pu
|
-pam
|
-empu
|
| Example for the active verb forms (ljup- to love)
|
|
|
Present
|
|
Past
|
| Singular
|
Dual
|
Plural
|
Singular
|
Dual
|
Plural
|
| Indicative
|
1st
|
ljupmi
|
ljupwos
|
ljupmo
|
ljupam
|
ljupwe
|
ljupme
|
| 2nd
|
ljupsi
|
ljuptes
|
ljupte
|
ljupos
|
ljuptom
|
ljupte
|
| 3rd
|
ljupti
|
ljuponti
|
ljupot
|
ljuptām
|
ljupend
|
|
|
|
| Subjunctive
|
1st
|
ljupemi
|
ljupewe
|
ljupeme
|
|
ljupām
|
ljupawe
|
ljupame
|
| 2nd
|
ljupesi
|
ljupetes
|
ljupete
|
ljupas
|
ljupatom
|
ljupate
|
| 3rd
|
ljupeti
|
ljupenti
|
ljupat
|
ljupatam
|
ljupand
|
|
|
|
| Optative
|
1st
|
ljupiem
|
ljupīwe
|
ljupīme
|
|
ljupiam
|
ljupiawe
|
ljupiame
|
| 2nd
|
ljupies
|
ljupītom
|
ljupīte
|
ljupias
|
ljupiatom
|
ljupiate
|
| 3rd
|
ljupiet
|
ljupītām
|
ljupiend
|
ljupiat
|
ljupiatam
|
ljupiand
|
|
|
|
| Imperative
|
1st
|
-
|
|
-
|
| 2nd
|
ljupti
|
ljuptom
|
ljupte
|
ljuppi
|
ljuppom
|
ljuppe
|
| 3rd
|
ljuptu
|
ljuptam
|
ljupenttu
|
ljuppu
|
ljuppam
|
ljupempu
|
Passive conjugation[]
Syntax[]
Proto-Galiscan has the main word order SOV, but it is very variable.
Lexicon[]
Google Docs
Example text[]
