Whence a language, thence another.
p b t d ṭ ḍ k g q ḡ ʔ
s z ṣ ẓ h x ħ
m n ṇ ŋ ɴ
w r l ṛ j ƿ?
i y ⱶ o u
e υ
ɛ ø ɘ ω
a å ə ɑ ǫ
——————————————————
... SG PA PL
ABS -Ø -ⱶl -ⱶs
ERG -ɛ -el -ɛsaħ
ACC -ɛrɑ -el -ərəħ
DAT -i -ⱶl -ⱶs
ABL -əṛɑ -ɑl -ələħ
TOP -ⱶlɑ -ol -ələħ
—————
1IN SG PA PL
ABS // ƿysə raƿəħ
ERG // ωrəs ωħɛs
ACC // ωrə ωħɛr
DAT // ωrole ωħⱶ
ABL // ωrə ωħɛl
TOP // ωrəṣ ωħɛl
1EX SG PA PL
ABS ajə ƿərə ƿəħə
ERG υlɛ ωlɛ ωħɛs
ACC υrɛ ωlɛ ωħɛr
DAT υmi ωlⱶ ωħⱶ
ABL υrɛ ωlɛ ωħɛ(l?)
TOP υlɛ ωrωṣ ωħυṣ
—————
2ND SG PA PL
ABS ḡⱶl kalⱶ kⱶsⱶħ
ERG kølɛ kelⱶ kⱶrⱶħ
ACC kørɑ kelⱶ kⱶrəħ
DAT køri kⱶlⱶ kⱶsⱶħ
ABL kørɑ kǫlⱶ? kⱶlⱶħ
TOP kølɑ kulⱶ kⱶlⱶħ
Third person pronouns are extremely difficult to reconstruct: they seem to have
been demonstratives, though no language agrees on what kind. They probably followed
a more regular form of the 2nd person declension, as all descendants reflect such
a paradigm in their own variants of them.
—————————
INF
├━ » TRN ta-R-k / te-R-k / ...
└━ » ITR tⱶ-R-Ø / tⱶ-R-k / ...
ITR SG PA PL [Intransitive]
1IN // -əl -əħ(ɛl)
1EX -ⱶ -ⱶl -ⱶħ(ɛl)
2ND -sk -kⱶl -kⱶħ(ⱶl)
3RD -pɛ -pⱶl -pⱶħ(ⱶl)
TAC SG PA PL [Transitive Active]
1IN // -υlⱶ -υħⱶ
1EX -ə -υlⱶ -υħⱶ
2ND -əkə -kalⱶ -kaħⱶ
3RD -əmə -malⱶ -maħⱶ
TPA SG PA PL [Transitive Passive]
1IN // -pυlⱶ -pυħⱶ
1EX -əp -pυlⱶ -pυħⱶ
2ND -kəp -palⱶ -paħⱶ
3RD -pəp -palⱶ -paħⱶ
TPA SG PA PL [Transitive Antipassive]
1IN // -pəl -pəħⱶ
1EX -ⱶp -pⱶl -pⱶħⱶ
2ND -skəp -pⱶl -pⱶħⱶ
3RD -pɛp -pⱶl -pⱶħⱶ
—————————
Word order is normally [Ab{V]ErAc}; negation is performed with a negative particle
at the beginnings of clauses. Interrogatives are subsitutory and negation doubling
is obligatory in most cases. All verb phrases are head-final but noun phrases can
usually be head-initial. Possession is indicated by the dative case on the possessor
even when it is a pronoun.
The verb system is fairly complex but not adequately developed and thus often re-
-analysed in its descendants. Many nouns have irregular paucals and plurals.
—————————
» ḡωrə —— human male, man
» ṣυm —— human female, woman
» mawər —— relative, kinsman (cf. májis)
» ħurot —— sibling, close kinsman
» ƿⱶhər —— mother
» wɘwɘ —— mother
» ṛɑhər —— father
» dɘdɘ —— father
» olɛk —— hand
» ḍɑƿⱶ —— tongue, cheek
» mikɛ —— tongue nib, tongue blade
» zoba —— web between fingers
» herɛ —— finger/toe
» usυḡ —— fingernail
» ele —— arm, hand
» elgωs —— radial bone
» hum —— thigh
» eṣ —— calf
» eṣkωs —— femur
» ǫgə —— foot
» usυrə —— toenail
» aqⱶ —— eye
» alⱶqⱶ —— violet eye
» ωl —— face
» ɴeli —— nose
» tekrək —— to run, to rush, to be in a hurry
» talɛk —— to wave, to greet with hands
» teṛⱶk —— to playfully kick legs
» takək —— to look around, to take a glance at surroundings
» tⱶrat —— to throw, to toss sth. far
» tⱶhaṛ —— to hit, to strike
» tⱶlek —— to squeeze sth. out of an object
» tⱶjⱶk —— there is; existential copula
» tⱶṣⱶk —— is; relational copula (takes a noun)
» tⱶlejk —— is; relational copula (takes an adjective)
» tⱶqⱶk —— is; locative copula
—————— Family Tree ——————
—— Proto-Makuran (†)
|
├━━ Northern Makuran
| |
| ├━━━━ » Mantiri (†)
| |
| └━━━━ » Mandasi (†)
|
└━━ Northwestern Makuran
|
├━━━━ » Early Edāsan (†)
| |
| |
| ├━━━━ » Elahan (†)
| |
| └━━━━ » Silari
|
└━━━━ » Bentardari (†)