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Proto-Pola *Prabirya | |||
---|---|---|---|
Type | |||
Agglutinative | |||
Alignment | |||
Nominative-Accusative | |||
Head direction | |||
Tonal | |||
No | |||
Declensions | |||
Yes | |||
Conjugations | |||
Yes | |||
Genders | |||
No | |||
Nouns decline according to... | |||
Case | Number | ||
Definiteness | Gender | ||
Verbs conjugate according to... | |||
Voice | Mood | ||
Person | Number | ||
Tense | Aspect |
General information[]
This is a reconstruction of the language that which all Pola Languages descended from. It has been assumed to have been spoken in nearly all of California before splitting into the eight languages spoken there today.
The name[]
Pola, or something close to it, is used for the name of all eight Pola languages uses. Thus, it itself is the name for the laguage family. The to main subdivision are named after the reconstruction of their next part of their name. The division is devided by the use of "m" and "d", Mira and Dira. The name for Proto-Pola itself is assumed to be *Prabirya, pronounced /pra.bi.rja/ or /pɐra.bi.rja/. It has also been suggested to be pronounced The names of the Pola languages give a clue what kind of soundshifts have occured. The eight Pola languages are Pilamariya, Polamiya, Polamas, Polmor, Pordora, Polidia, Palodia, and Polala.
Phonology[]
Since All surviving Pola languages differ largely in vocabulary, reconstruction of the phonetics is rather difficult. What is givin here is the best summary of what we know.
Consonants[]
Bilabial | Alveolar | Post-alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Labio-Velar | Glottal | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m /m/ | ||||||
Plosive | p /p/ | t /t/ | k /k/ | ||||
Voiced plosive | b /b/ | d /d/ | |||||
Fricative | s /s/ | h /h/ | |||||
Affricate | c /t͡ʃ/ | ||||||
Voiced affricate | j /d͡ʒ/ | ||||||
Approximant | y /j/ | w /w/ | |||||
Rhotic | r /r/ |
Additionally, Proto-Pola had the following the clusters; /rj/, /ps/, /ts/, and /ks/.
Vowels[]
Proto-Pola destinguashes between short & long vowels.
Short Front Unrounded |
Long Front Unrounded | Short Front Rounded |
Short Central Unrounded |
Long Central Unrounded |
Short Back Rounded |
Long Back Rounded | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Close | i /i/ | ī /i:/ | y /y/ | u /u/ | |||
Mid | e /e/ | ē /e:/ | /ɐ/ | o /o/ | ō /o:/ | ||
Open | a /a/ | ā /a:/ |
Soundshifts and Sound Correspondance[]
Proto-Pola has diverged largely in many ways. Overlapping features shared between some languages make it hard to subcatigorize.
Consonants[]
Proto-Pola (Prabirya) | m | p | t | k | b | d | ps | ts | ks | t͡ʃ | d͡ʒ | s | h | j | w | r | rj |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pilamariya | n | p | t | k | m | d | ts | ts | ks | ʃ | ʒ | r | h | j | w | l | rij |
Polamiya | n | p | t | k | m | r | s | ts | z | t͡ʃ | d͡ʒ | ʃ | h | j | w | l | j |
Polamas | n | p | t | k | m | r | z | ts | ks | t͡ʃ | d͡ʒ | ʃ | h | j | w | l | s |
Polmor | n | p | d | k | m | r | ps | s | s | ʃ | d͡ʒ | s | h | j | b | l | r |
Pordora | m | p | t | k | d | n | pʃ | t͡ʃ | kʃ | t͡ʃ | d͡ʒ | ʃ | Ø | r | v | r | r |
Polidia | n | p | θ | k | d | r | ps | t | ks | t͡ʃ | g | s | h | d͡ʒ | v | l | j |
Palodia | n | p | θ | k | d | r | ps | t | ks | t͡ʃ | g | s | h | d͡ʒ | v | l | j |
Polala | m | p | ʃ | h | l | n | ps | t | k | t͡ʃ | ʃ | s | h | d͡ʒ | w | l | j |
Neo-Pola (Polamira) | n | p | t | k | m | d | ps | ts | ks | t͡ʃ | d͡ʒ | s | h | j | w | l | r |
Vowels[]
Proto-Pola (Prabirya) | ɐ | a | e | i | y | o | a: | e: | i: | o: |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pilamariya | i | a | a | a | u | o | a: | a: | a: | u: |
Polamiya | o | a | e | i | i | o | a | e | i | u |
Polamas | o | a | a | a | i | o | a | e | i | u |
Polmor | o | Ø | i | o | i | a | a: | a: | e: | a: |
Pordora | o | Ø | i | o | u | o | a | e | i | o |
Polidia | o | i | e | i | u | u | a | a | i | a |
Palodia | a | o | e | i | u | u | a | a | i | a |
Polala | o | a | a | a | i | o | a | e | i | o |
Neo-Pola (Polamira) | o | a | e | i | y | u | a: | e: | i: | o: |
Additional Soundshifts[]
Final Syllable Dropping | Fonal Vowel Dropping | Dahl's Law | Palatalization | Labialization | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pilamariya | |||||
Polamiya | /m/ /n/ /p/ /t/ /k/ /l/ /s/ /r/ | /t/ /k/ | |||
Polamas | Yes | /m/ /n/ /p/ /t/ /k/ /l/ /s/ /r/ | |||
Polmor | Yes | /p/ /k/ /r/ /l/ /s/ | |||
Pordora | Final vowel becomes /ɐ/ | Yes | /p/ /t/ /k/ /d/ /r/ | /m/ /k/ /n/ /r/ /c/ /ʃ/ | |
Polidia | Yes | /k/ /l/ /h/ /s/ | |||
Palodia | Yes | /k/ /l/ /h/ /s/ | |||
Polala | Only in words with four or more syllables. |
Alphabet[]
Proto-Pola uses the Latin Alphabet. It is very regular and closely matches the IPA transcription.
Capital | A | Ā | C | D | E | Ē | H | I | Ī | J | K | Ks | M | O | Ō | P | Ps | R | Ry | S | T | Ts | U | W | Y | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lowercase | a | ā | c | d | e | ē | h | i | ī | j | k | ks | m | o | ō | p | ps | r | ry | s | t | ts | u | w | y | |
IPA | ɐ | a | a: | t͡ʃ | d | e | e: | h | i | i: | d͡ʒ | k | ks | m | o | o | p | ps | r | rj | s | t | ts | u | w | y |
Example Word Comparison[]
Note: This isn't completed yet. The meanings of the words and the original Proto-Pola forms haven't been made yet.
Proto-Pola (Prabirya) | ||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pilamariya | tinkara | dina | ||||||||||||||||
Polamiya | kokora | kanta | cikori | akaku | waka | moka | kumpa | |||||||||||
Polamas | tonkash | kokor | kant | akaku | waka | kamac | mok | kump | ron | |||||||||
Polmor | kaamp | don | ||||||||||||||||
Pordora | gokona | parta | kerta | voka | doka | kolpa | noma | |||||||||||
Polidia | bapalita | atula | ||||||||||||||||
Palodia | atula | |||||||||||||||||
Polala | shomhasa | hohona | hamsha | ahaho | waha | malaha | hawiya | sapala | loha | holpa | noma | |||||||
Neo-Pola (Polamira) |
Grammar[]
Gender | Cases | Numbers | Tenses | Persons | Moods | Voices | Aspects | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Verb | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Nouns | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | No |
Adjectives | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Numbers | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Participles | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Adverb | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Pronouns | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Adpositions | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Article | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Particle | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Note: I will have to change the info below later.
Nouns[]
Case[]
Nouns uses prefexes for case.
Nominative: Wa-
Used to identify the subject.
Example: Wamaci / Wadaci = House
Accusative: Ma- / Da-
Used to identify the direct object.
Example: Mamaci / Dadaci = House
Ablative: Ha-
Used to indicate that the word is the cause of the action.
example: Ta h'amaci / Ta h'adaci = Because of the house
Dative: Ya-
Use to identify the inderect object.
Example: Yamaci / Yadaci = House
Locative: Ye-
Used to identify a location.
Example: Ta y'emaci / Ta y'edaci = In the house
Genitive: Shi-
Used to identify possession.
Example: Ta s'hi'maci / Ta s'hidaci = Of the house / (Owned) b'y the house
Number[]
Nouns have a complex list of numbers.
Minus: -mu- / -du-
Used for if a word is of smaller numbers than another, or is of diminishing numbers.
Example: Macimusu mukusu / Dacidusu dukusu = F'ewer houses than water / L'ess houses than water
Add: -ku-
Used for if a word is of larger numbers than another, or is of growing numbers.
Example: Maci'kuyai mumuyai / Dacikuyai duduyai = M'ore houses than water
Absent: -co
Used for a word that is absent or taken away.
Example: Macico / Dacico = No houses / House (is gone)
Singular: -ki
Example: Maciki / Daciki = One house
Dual: -ma / -da
Example: Macima / Dacida = Two houses
Tripple: -wa
Example: Maciwa / Daciwa = Three houses
Quadruple: -cya
Example: Macicya / Dacicya = Four houses
Quintepple: -ba
Example: Maciba / Daciba = Five houses
Few: -su
The amount that qualifies as a few may very depending on the word itself or when compared to another word. It is often used as the default. Otherwise, -ki is used.
Example Macisu / Dacisu = (a) Few houses
Moderate: -tsa
Used as a midway between few & many.
Example: Macitsa / Dacitsa = (Fair) amount of houses
Many: -yai
Example: Maciyai / Daciyai = A lot of houses
Very lage amount: -gura
Example: Macigura / Dacigura = Hundreds & hundreds of Houses
Uncountable: -gara
Used as a mixture of "Very Large Amount" & "Uncertain."
Example: Macigara / Dacigara = (Not sure, but it was) A lot of houses
Unlimited: -kama / -kada
Used for when a word truely is unlimited
Example: Ka macikama / Ka dacikada = An endless amount of houses
Uncertain: -gen
Example: Maci'gen / Dacigen = D'on't know how many houses / (Was there) any houses?
Adjectives[]
Tense[]
Adjectives have five tenses.
Remote Past: -tu
Example: Ka ugatu maciki / Ka ugatu daciki = A big house from way back
Recent Past: -ta
Example: Ka ugata maciki / Ka ugata daciki = A big house from not so long ago
Present: -wan
Example: Ka ugawan maciki / Ka ugawan daciki = A big house right now
Near Future -ya
Example: Ka ugaya maciki / Ka ugaya daciki = A big house soon
Remote Future -hu
Example: Ka ugahu maciki / Ka ugahu daciki = In the future, (there will be) a big house
Pronouns[]
Personal Pronouns[]
I/Me: Wak
You (singular): Kuma / Kuda
He/She/Her: Yang
Demonstrative & Interrogative Pronouns[]
This: Han
That: Aku
Which: San
Number[]
Pronouns uses the same prefixes for nouns for plurality.
Example 1: Wakma / Wakda = The two of us
Example 2: Hansu = These
Example 3: Yangsu = Them
Example 4: Akusu = Those
Example 5: Wakguru = Us
Adverbs[]
The adverbial form of an adjective uses the prefix "No-." Adverbs uses the same tenses as adjectives.
Example: No'ugata = (had jumped) highly
Verbs[]
Verb put addfixes in the following order.
Root-Negative-Tense-Mood-Aspect-Voice-Number
Negative[]
The negative is "-na-."
Example: Ta wamaci Ta mamuya likunaketzaico / Ta wadaci ta daduya likunaketzaico = The house doesn't talk to the water
Voice[]
Active: -zai-
Used to tell that the subject is doing the verb.
Example: Ta wamaci ta mamuya likuwanketzaisu / Ta wadaci ta daduya likuwanketzaisu = The house talks to the water / The house is talking to the water
Passive: -ra-
Used to tell that the subject is being affected by the verb.
Example: Ta wamaci ta mamuya likuwanketrasu / Ta wadaci ta daduya likuwanketrasu = The house is talked by the water
Reciprocal: -to-
Used to tell that both the object & the object causes the verb.
Example: Ta wamaci ta mamuya likuwantoki / Ta wadaci ta daduya likuwantoki = The house and the water talked
Reflexive: -gun-
Used to tell that both the subject is the same as the object.
Example: Ta wamaci likutagunki / Ta wadaci likutagunki = The house talked to itself
Mood[]
Indicative: -ket-
Used to tell that the verb is happening, had happen, or will happen.
Example: Ta wamaci likuwanketzaiki / Ta wadaci likuwanketzaiki = The house did talked / The house does talk
Conditional: -ba-
Used to tell that the verb would or would have happen.
Example: Ta wamaci likutabazaikuco / Ta wadaci likutabazaikuco = The house would have talked
Jussive: -fu-
Can be used in two ways.
1) It tells that, under the right circumstances, the action should happen.
Example: Ta wamaci likuyafuzaikuki / Ta wadaci likuyafuzaikuki = (If this is true, than) the house should talk
2) It tells that the verb is a suggestion or a demand.
Example: Wak likufuzaikuki = Talk to me
Inferential: -fo-
Used to tell that the action is being told by someone who did not witnessed the event.
Example: Ta wamaci likuta'fozaiki / Ta wadaci likutafozaiki = A'ccording to (him), the house talked
Potential: -ri-
Used to tell that the verb is likely to happen.
Example: Ta wamaci likuyarizaikusu / Ta wadaci likuyarizaikusu = The house is likely to talk
Interrogative: -so-
Used to question if the action will happen.
Example: Ta wamaci likuya'sozai / ta wadaci likuyasozai = W'ill the house talk?
Number[]
Verbs uses the same prefixes for numbers as nouns do.
Example: Ta wamaci likutaketzaima / Ta wadaci likutaketzaida = The house talked twice
Example: Ta wamaci likuwanketzaimutsa / Ta wadaci likuwanketzaidutsa = The house isn't talking as much
Example: Ta wamaci likutaketzaiyai / Ta wadaci likutaketzaiyai = The house has talked several times
Example: Ta wamaci likuwanketzaikama / Ta wadaci likuwanketzaikada = The house never stops talking
Example: Ta wamaci likutaketzaigen / Ta wadaci likutaketzaigen = Don't know haow many times the house has talked
Tense[]
Verbs uses the same prefixes for tense as adjectives do.
Example: Ta wamaci likutaketzai / Ta wadaci likutaketzaisu = The house had talked before
Example: Ta wamaci likuwanketzai / Ta wadaci likuwanketzaitsa = The house is talking
Example: Ta wamaci likuyafuzai / Ta wadaci likuyafuzaikusu = The house will talk soon
Aspect[]
Perfective: -ta-
Used to indicate the whole action without withouts it's temporal structure.
Example: Ta wamaci likutakettazaiki / Ta wadaci likutakettazaiki = The house has talked
Progressive: -mi- / -di-
Used to tell that the action is ongoing & changing.
Example: Ta wamaci likuwanketmizaikuyai / Ta wadaci likuwanketdizaikuyai = The house is still talking, more so than ever
Stative: -len-
Used to tell that the action is ongoing but not changing.
Example: Ta wamaci likuwanketlenzaikuyai / Ta wadaci likuwanketlenzaikuyai = The house is still talking
Cessative: -tung-
Used to tell that the action has ended.
Example: Ta wamaci likuwankettungzaiyai / Ta wadaci likuwankettungzaiyai = The house has stoped talking
Defective: -she-
Use to tell that an action almost happened
Example: Ta wamaci likutaketshezaico / Ta wadaci likutaketshezaico = The house almost talked
Pausative: -ruk-
Used to tell that the action momentarilly stopped.
Example: Ta wamaci likuwanketrukzaikuyai / Ta wadaci likuwanketrukzaikuya = The house had stoped talking for a brief moment.
Intentional: -bao-
Used to tell that the action was done intentionally
Example: Ta wamaci likutaketbaozaisu / Ta wadaci likutaketbaozaisu = The house intentionally talked
Articles[]
Definitive: Ta
Example: Ta maci / Ta daci = The house
Indefinitive: Ka
Example: Ka maci / Ka daci = A house
Particles[]
Word-Order[]
Word order is free, though a Verb-Subject-Object, Possessed-Possesser, & Noun-Adjective are common.
Vocabulary[]
The following will be change at some point.
No. | English | Pola-Mira | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | I | Wak | — | — |
2 | you (singular) | Kuma | — | — |
3 | he | Yang | — | — |
4 | we | Waksu | — | — |
5 | you (plural) | Kumasu | — | — |
6 | they | Yangsu | — | — |
7 | this | Han | — | — |
8 | that | Aku | — | — |
9 | here | Han gama | — | — |
10 | there | Aku gama | — | — |
11 | who | San batu | — | — |
12 | what | San | — | — |
13 | where | San gama | — | — |
14 | when | San tok | — | — |
15 | how | San trak | — | — |
16 | not | — | — | — |
17 | all | — | — | — |
18 | many | — | — | — |
19 | some | — | — | — |
20 | few | — | — | — |
21 | other | — | — | — |
22 | one | — | — | — |
23 | two | — | — | — |
24 | three | — | — | — |
25 | four | — | — | — |
26 | five | — | — | — |
27 | big | Uga | — | — |
28 | long | Wai | — | — |
29 | wide | Wimu | — | — |
30 | thick | Nye | — | — |
31 | heavy | Gerek | — | — |
32 | small | Utu | — | — |
33 | short | Sri | — | — |
34 | narrow | Ling | — | — |
35 | thin | Ling | — | — |
36 | woman | Hake | — | — |
37 | man (adult male) | Abara | — | — |
38 | man (human being) | Batu | — | — |
39 | child | Lik | — | — |
40 | wife | — | — | — |
41 | husband | — | — | — |
42 | mother | Ap hake | — | — |
43 | father | Ap abara | — | — |
44 | animal | — | — | — |
45 | fish | — | — | — |
46 | bird | — | — | — |
47 | dog | — | — | — |
48 | louse | Maci | — | — |
49 | snake | — | — | — |
50 | worm | — | — | — |
51 | tree | Tiri | — | — |
52 | forest | Tirigara | — | — |
53 | stick | Pit | — | — |
54 | fruit | — | — | — |
55 | seed | — | — | — |
56 | leaf | — | — | — |
57 | root | — | — | — |
58 | bark | — | — | — |
59 | flower | — | — | — |
60 | grass | — | — | — |
61 | rope | — | — | — |
62 | skin | — | — | — |
63 | meat | — | — | — |
64 | blood | — | — | — |
65 | bone | — | — | — |
66 | fat | — | — | — |
67 | egg | — | — | — |
68 | horn | — | — | — |
69 | tail | — | — | — |
70 | feather | — | — | — |
71 | hair | Trai | — | — |
72 | head | Bek | — | — |
73 | ear | — | — | — |
74 | eye | Iya | — | — |
75 | nose | Tun | — | — |
76 | mouth | Bata | — | — |
77 | tooth | — | — | — |
78 | tongue | — | — | — |
79 | fingernail | — | — | — |
80 | foot | — | — | — |
81 | leg | Gani | — | — |
82 | knee | T'en | — | — |
83 | hand | Pahu | — | — |
84 | wing | — | — | — |
85 | belly | Ubu | — | — |
86 | guts | — | — | — |
87 | neck | — | — | — |
88 | back | — | — | — |
89 | breast | Beci | — | — |
90 | heart | — | — | — |
91 | liver | — | — | — |
92 | drink | Luti | — | — |
93 | eat | Yako | — | — |
94 | bite | Cep | — | — |
95 | suck | — | — | — |
96 | spit | — | — | — |
97 | vomit | — | — | — |
98 | blow | — | — | — |
99 | breathe | — | — | — |
100 | laugh | — | — | — |
101 | see | — | — | — |
102 | hear | — | — | — |
103 | know | — | — | — |
104 | think | — | — | — |
105 | smell | — | — | — |
106 | fear | — | — | — |
107 | sleep | — | — | — |
108 | live | — | — | — |
109 | die | — | — | — |
110 | kill | — | — | — |
111 | fight | — | — | — |
112 | hunt | — | — | — |
113 | hit | — | — | — |
114 | cut | — | — | — |
115 | split | — | — | — |
116 | stab | — | — | — |
117 | scratch | — | — | — |
118 | dig | — | — | — |
119 | swim | — | — | — |
120 | fly | — | — | — |
121 | walk | Gapa | — | — |
122 | come | — | — | — |
123 | lie | — | — | — |
124 | sit | Cin | — | — |
125 | stand | Beca | — | — |
126 | turn | — | — | — |
127 | fall | — | — | — |
128 | give | — | — | — |
129 | hold | — | — | — |
130 | squeeze | — | — | — |
131 | rub | — | — | — |
132 | wash | — | — | — |
133 | wipe | — | — | — |
134 | pull | — | — | — |
135 | push | — | — | — |
136 | throw | — | — | — |
137 | tie | — | — | — |
138 | sew | — | — | — |
139 | count | — | — | — |
140 | say | — | — | — |
141 | sing | — | — | — |
142 | play | — | — | — |
143 | float | — | — | — |
144 | flow | — | — | — |
145 | freeze | — | — | — |
146 | swell | — | — | — |
147 | sun | — | — | — |
148 | moon | — | — | — |
149 | star | — | — | — |
150 | water | Muku | — | — |
151 | rain | Ebera | — | — |
152 | river | Tereci | — | — |
153 | lake | — | — | — |
154 | sea | Apa | — | — |
155 | salt | — | — | — |
156 | stone | — | — | — |
157 | sand | Pasa | — | — |
158 | dust | — | — | — |
159 | earth | Troku | — | — |
160 | cloud | — | — | — |
161 | fog | — | — | — |
162 | sky | — | — | — |
163 | wind | — | — | — |
164 | snow | — | — | — |
165 | ice | — | — | — |
166 | smoke | — | — | — |
167 | fire | — | — | — |
168 | ash | — | — | — |
169 | burn | — | — | — |
170 | road | — | — | — |
171 | mountain | — | — | — |
172 | red | — | — | — |
173 | green | — | — | — |
174 | yellow | — | — | — |
175 | white | — | — | — |
176 | black | — | — | — |
177 | night | — | — | — |
178 | day | — | — | — |
179 | year | — | — | — |
180 | warm | — | — | — |
181 | cold | — | — | — |
182 | full | — | — | — |
183 | new | — | — | — |
184 | old | — | — | — |
185 | good | — | — | — |
186 | bad | — | — | — |
187 | rotten | — | — | — |
188 | dirty | — | — | — |
189 | straight | — | — | — |
190 | round | — | — | — |
191 | sharp | — | — | — |
192 | dull | — | — | — |
193 | smooth | — | — | — |
194 | wet | — | — | — |
195 | dry | — | — | — |
196 | correct | — | — | — |
197 | near | — | — | — |
198 | far | — | — | — |
199 | right | — | — | — |
200 | left | — | — | — |
201 | at | — | — | — |
202 | in | — | — | — |
203 | with | — | — | — |
204 | and | — | — | — |
205 | if | — | — | — |
206 | because | — | — | — |
207 | name | — | — | — |