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| Name: Proto-Tongiva
Type: Synthetic Alignment: Accusative Head Direction: First Number of genders: Two Declensions: Yes Conjugations: Yes
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| Gender | Cases | Numbers | Tenses | Persons | Moods | Voices | Aspects | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Verb | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No |
| Nouns | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | No |
| Adjectives | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No |
| Numbers | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No |
| Participles | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No |
| Adverb | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No |
| Pronouns | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No |
| Adpositions | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
| Article | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No |
| Particle | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Setting[]
Proto-Tongiva (Lámg-Hunggììw) is a language spoken in the area of the Hogoonese culture, centered in the city of Hớgoońg. It was first spoken around 2230 BC, at the rise of the Hogoonese civilization. The Hogoonese syllabary was created around 1810 B.C.
Phonology[]
| Romanization | IPA |
|---|---|
| p | [p] |
| b | [ɓ] |
| ẃ | [ʍ] |
| m | [m] |
| ƀ | [ɠɓ] |
| ń | [ɲ] |
| n | [n] |
| t | [t] |
| d | [ɗ] |
| n | [n] |
| y | [j] |
| ł | [ð̞] |
| l | [l] |
| k | [k] |
| g | [g] |
| h | [x] |
| ng | [ŋ] |
| w | [w] |
| q | [q] |
| ǥ | [ʛ] |
| ħ | [χ] |
| ---------------------------- | |
| a | [a] |
| e | [e] |
| ɵ | [ɵ] |
| i | [i] |
| o | [o] |
| ơ | [ɤ] |
| u | [u] |
| ư | [ɯ] |
| y | [ɨ] |
| ---------------------------- | |
| ó | [o˥] |
| ò | [o˨˩] |
| o | [o˧] |
| ô | [o˥˧] |
| ǒ | [o˧˥] |
| ọ | [o˧ʔ] |
Basic Grammar[]
The Proto-Tongva grammar is not complex, but it is irregular. It is VSO, pro-drop, head-initial, and wh-in-situ, with noun classifiiers.
Noun Declension[]
Masculine Nouns[]
Most masculine nouns end in approximants, vowels, or nasals.
| Nominative | proper | definite | indefinite |
| singular | -l | -g | |
| dual | -la | -ga | -bà |
| plural | -mơng | -mag | -s |
| Accusative | proper | definite | indefinite |
| singular | -le | -ge | -b |
| dual | -lem | -gem | -bàm |
| plural | -lơng | -meg | -bàs |
| Ablative | proper | definite | indefinite |
| singular | d'-/da-l | d'-/da-g | d'/dừ- |
| dual | d'-/da-m | d'-/da-ga | d'-/da-dàm |
| plural | d'-/da-ng | d'-/da-mag | d'-/da-dàg |
| Transitive | proper | definite | indefinite |
| singular | ħ'-/ħa-l | ħ'-/ħá-g | ħ'/ħừ- |
| dual | ħ'-/ħa-m | ħ'-/ħá-ga | ħaħ'-/ħaħa-m |
| plural | ħ'-/ħa-ng | ħ'-/ħá-mag | ħaħ'-/ħaħa-g |
| Genitive | proper | definite | indefinite |
| singular | -lip | -gap | -bap |
| dual | -lima | -gama | -babap |
| plural | -limon | -gad | -bad |
| Vocative | proper | definite | indefinite |
| singular | (ǒ)-li | (-) | (-) |
| dual | (ǒ)-lili | (-) | (-) |
| plural | (ǒ)-liling | (-) | (-) |
Proper nouns in this case include first and second person pronouns.
Feminine Nouns[]
| Nominative | proper | definite | indefinite |
| singular | -wal | -ag | -âb |
| dual | -wala | -wag | -bàg |
| plural | -wơng | -wamag | -wàs |
| Accusative | proper | definite | indefinite |
| singular | -wale | -weg | -bèg |
| dual | -wem | -ƀwȩ | -bȩ̀g |
| plural | -łȩ̀g | -wege | -abàs |
| Ablative | proper | definite | indefinite |
| singular | d'-/da-wal | d'-/da-ag | d'/dừ-áb |
| dual | d'-/da-wala | d'-/da-wag | d'-/da-ƀàg |
| plural | d'-/da-ang | d'-/da-amag | d'-/da-dàs |
| Transitive | proper | definite | indefinite |
| singular | ħ'-/ħa-wal | ħ'-/ħa-ag | ħ'/ħừ-áb |
| dual | ħ'-/ħa-wala | ħ'-/ħa-wag | ħ'-/ħa-ƀàg |
| plural | h'-/ha-ang | h'-/ha-amag | h'-/ha-dàs |
| Genitive | proper | definite | indefinite |
| singular | -ilib | -agib | -àbà |
| dual | -ilma | -agma | -àpà |
| plural | -imon | -ga | -ba |
| Vocative | proper | definite | indefinite |
| singular | (ǒ)-il | (-) | (-) |
| dual | (ǒ)-ilil | (-) | (-) |
| plural | (ǒ)-iling | (-) | (-) |
Other Inflection[]
In words relating to and before a noun, the consonant and vowel last syllable is doubled, with the repitition following the following tone pattern loosely:
ó --> o
ò --> o, ô
o --> ò, ó
ô --> ô, ò
ǒ --> ô
ọ --> ô
In adverbs coming before a verb that occurs more than once, the same thing occurs.
Words coming after a noun have the same process, except on the first syllable. Masculine nouns cause the second repitition to hold the neutral tone, and feminine nouns cause it to hold the falling tone.