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− | '''''Significant Changes is a bit of an understatement. More like Unrecognizable revitalization. Check Back Soon!'''''{{LangTitle| <!-- What shall be your conlang's page title? --> }} |
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<!-- Visit http://conling.wikia.com/wiki/Portal:Main if you are new or ask the admins for help. --> |
<!-- Visit http://conling.wikia.com/wiki/Portal:Main if you are new or ask the admins for help. --> |
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{{Construction}} |
{{Construction}} |
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{{Progress |
{{Progress |
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− | |Phonology= |
+ | |Phonology= 100<!-- Have all the sounds and their orthography been decided? Answer in % with a number between 0 and 100 --> |
|NounCases= 100<!-- Have all the cases for nouns been decided? Answer in % with a number between 0 and 100 --> |
|NounCases= 100<!-- Have all the cases for nouns been decided? Answer in % with a number between 0 and 100 --> |
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|NounDef= 100<!-- Has how you define definiteness (if at all) been decided? Answer in % with a number between 0 and 100 --> |
|NounDef= 100<!-- Has how you define definiteness (if at all) been decided? Answer in % with a number between 0 and 100 --> |
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|NounNumbers= 100<!-- Are numbers decided? Answer in % with a number between 0 and 100 --> |
|NounNumbers= 100<!-- Are numbers decided? Answer in % with a number between 0 and 100 --> |
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|NounGender= 100<!-- The various genders? Answer in % with a number between 0 and 100 --> |
|NounGender= 100<!-- The various genders? Answer in % with a number between 0 and 100 --> |
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− | |VerbPerson= |
+ | |VerbPerson= 100<!-- Does verbs agree to person? Answer in % with a number between 0 and 100 --> |
|VerbNumber= 100<!-- Agree in numbers? Answer in % with a number between 0 and 100 --> |
|VerbNumber= 100<!-- Agree in numbers? Answer in % with a number between 0 and 100 --> |
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− | |VerbAspect= |
+ | |VerbAspect= 75<!-- Are aspects done? Answer in % with a number between 0 and 100 --> |
− | |VerbTense= |
+ | |VerbTense= 80<!-- What about tenses? Answer in % with a number between 0 and 100 --> |
− | |VerbMood= |
+ | |VerbMood= 85<!-- and moods? Answer in % with a number between 0 and 100 --> |
|VerbVoice= 50<!-- and voices? Answer in % with a number between 0 and 100 --> |
|VerbVoice= 50<!-- and voices? Answer in % with a number between 0 and 100 --> |
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− | |AdjCase= |
+ | |AdjCase= 100<!-- Do adjectives agree with case? Answer in % with a number between 0 and 100 --> |
− | |AdjNumber= |
+ | |AdjNumber= 100<!-- Number? Answer in % with a number between 0 and 100 --> |
|AdjDef= 100<!-- Definiteness? Answer in % with a number between 0 and 100 --> |
|AdjDef= 100<!-- Definiteness? Answer in % with a number between 0 and 100 --> |
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− | |AdjGen= |
+ | |AdjGen= 100<!-- Gender? Answer in % with a number between 0 and 100 --> |
− | |AdjComparative= |
+ | |AdjComparative= 30<!-- Is the comparative form fixed? Answer in % with a number between 0 and 100 --> |
− | |AdjSuperlative= |
+ | |AdjSuperlative= 40<!-- Superlative? Answer in % with a number between 0 and 100 --> |
− | |Supine= |
+ | |Supine= 30<!-- Supine forms of verbs? The purpose of an action, "I walked to punch him!" Answer in % with a number between 0 and 100 --> |
− | |Gerund= |
+ | |Gerund= 50<!-- Gerunds, the noun form of a verb? Answer in % with a number between 0 and 100 --> |
− | |Participle= |
+ | |Participle= 90<!-- Adjectival form of a verb? Answer in % with a number between 0 and 100 --> |
− | |Infinitive= |
+ | |Infinitive= 95<!-- Infinitive, the bare form of a verb? Answer in % with a number between 0 and 100 --> |
− | |Modality= |
+ | |Modality= 70<!-- How moods, probability and necessity are expressed? Answer in % with a number between 0 and 100 --> |
− | |Words= |
+ | |Words= 1000<!-- How many words do you have? Answer with a number, inflected forms do not count --> |
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}} |
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{{Definition |
{{Definition |
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|Name =Provitan |
|Name =Provitan |
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− | |NativeName = |
+ | |NativeName =Łengua Prôvitano (East), Łengua Provitano (West) |
|Type =Fusional |
|Type =Fusional |
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|Alignment =NOM-ACC |
|Alignment =NOM-ACC |
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|VerbAspect =yes }} |
|VerbAspect =yes }} |
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+ | '''Third person singular present active indicative of "esser" used to be "é" it was recently (12.12.14) changed to "es" (He/she/it is).''' |
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==General information== |
==General information== |
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− | Provitan is a Western Romance Language that is spoken around Catalonia in Spain and in Western France. The Provitano spoken in Catalonia is the Western Variant ('' |
+ | Provitan is a Western Romance Language that is spoken around Catalonia in Spain and in Western France. The Provitano spoken in Catalonia is the Western Variant (''Łengua Provitana del hueste)'') and the Provitano spoken in France is Eastern Variant (''Łengua Prôvitana del Este''). The Standard (''Ł'''engua Provitana Oficiala'') is mainly based on the Western Variant. This usually comes in to play with some forms of words, word final vowels, and some pronunciation variations. |
Note that while is says verbs conjugate for all 6 parts, they use synthetic forms for all people, moods, and numbers and most tenses but analitic forms for voice, some aspects and some tenses. |
Note that while is says verbs conjugate for all 6 parts, they use synthetic forms for all people, moods, and numbers and most tenses but analitic forms for voice, some aspects and some tenses. |
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* ''[ʁ] ''is a nearly universal allophone of /r/ everywhere |
* ''[ʁ] ''is a nearly universal allophone of /r/ everywhere |
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* While diphthongization of long vowels is more common than simply longer vowels, longer vowels do exist in the East while being totally absent in the West (Standard Provitan dictates lengthier vowels, not diphthongs, though diphthongs are widely accepted) |
* While diphthongization of long vowels is more common than simply longer vowels, longer vowels do exist in the East while being totally absent in the West (Standard Provitan dictates lengthier vowels, not diphthongs, though diphthongs are widely accepted) |
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− | * Geminate consonants -tl- - |
+ | * Geminate consonants -tl- -tł- -tm- -tn- are usually realized as short in the East. |
* 'ceu' is a recognized variant of 'cel' in the East and 'am' as a variant of 'con' |
* 'ceu' is a recognized variant of 'cel' in the East and 'am' as a variant of 'con' |
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* Many forms of the verb 'fer' are different (see the page on irregular verbs) |
* Many forms of the verb 'fer' are different (see the page on irregular verbs) |
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* In the East, long /aː/ is realized as the more velar /ɑː/. |
* In the East, long /aː/ is realized as the more velar /ɑː/. |
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− | * In the East |
+ | * In the East final /l/ maybe vocalized into /w/ |
* In the North of the Western variant, older speakers may be encountered that switch final /a/ and /aː/ with /ɔ/ and /ɔː/ respectively. (This is very rare now-a-days and completely non-standard). |
* In the North of the Western variant, older speakers may be encountered that switch final /a/ and /aː/ with /ɔ/ and /ɔː/ respectively. (This is very rare now-a-days and completely non-standard). |
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* Provitano is spelt without a long -o- in the West and with it in the East. |
* Provitano is spelt without a long -o- in the West and with it in the East. |
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* Some words vary slightly region to region but they are very rare. For example in the West 'die' for 'day' is more common despite 'jorno' being standard. |
* Some words vary slightly region to region but they are very rare. For example in the West 'die' for 'day' is more common despite 'jorno' being standard. |
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+ | * '''The biggest difference between the east and west as far as pronunciation goes is the pronunciation of 'u' and 'o'. In the east -u- is pronounced /y/ and -o- is pronounced /u/ virtually everywhere they occur. However, ò and ou remain /ɔ/ and /ow/''' |
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* [http://www.conlang.wikia.com/wiki/Provitano/Regions Click this link for more information] |
* [http://www.conlang.wikia.com/wiki/Provitano/Regions Click this link for more information] |
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==Phonology== |
==Phonology== |
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− | ɲ ( |
+ | ɲ (ñ) |
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− | ʎ ( |
+ | ʎ (ł) |
− | ʎː ( |
+ | ʎː (tł) |
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The sound /ʃ/ is represented by the cluster -iz- at the end of a word and intervocalically. Note that the -i- part of the digraph -iz- does not form a yod-diphthong with the preceding vowel unless it is written -ïz- then the -i- forms a diphthong with the previous vowel. |
The sound /ʃ/ is represented by the cluster -iz- at the end of a word and intervocalically. Note that the -i- part of the digraph -iz- does not form a yod-diphthong with the preceding vowel unless it is written -ïz- then the -i- forms a diphthong with the previous vowel. |
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− | The sound /dʒ/ is represented by - |
+ | The sound /dʒ/ is represented by -tg- before <e i> and variants and -tj- before all else. Also it can be represented by <itg> finally |
− | The sound /ʒ/ is represented by -g- before <e i> and variants and -j- before all else. Also it can be represented by <ig> finally |
+ | The sound /ʒ/ is represented by -g- before <e i> and variants and -j- before all else. Also it can be represented by <ig> finally |
†''[ʁ] is a dialectual variant of /r/ that occurs in Eastern Provitano. '' |
†''[ʁ] is a dialectual variant of /r/ that occurs in Eastern Provitano. '' |
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− | ''‡ Occur only in stressed syllables '' |
+ | ''‡ Occur only in stressed syllables and must be marked regardless of whether they occur in a normally stressed syllable or an irregularly stressed syllable. '' |
==== '''Reduced Vowels''' ==== |
==== '''Reduced Vowels''' ==== |
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Vowel reductions occur in ''short'' vowels in unstressed syllables. |
Vowel reductions occur in ''short'' vowels in unstressed syllables. |
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− | |||
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{| class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;" |
{| class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;" |
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! style="width: 90px; " | |
! style="width: 90px; " | |
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+ | WESTERN REDUCTIONS |
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! style="width: 90px; " |Front |
! style="width: 90px; " |Front |
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! style="width: 90px; " |Central |
! style="width: 90px; " |Central |
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− | + | 4 u~ʊ~o |
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!Mid |
!Mid |
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|2 ə |
|2 ə |
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− | | |
+ | | 3 o |
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!Open |
!Open |
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{| class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;" |
{| class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;" |
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! style="width: 90px; " | |
! style="width: 90px; " | |
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+ | EASTERN REDUCTIONS |
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! style="width: 90px; " |Front |
! style="width: 90px; " |Front |
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! style="width: 90px; " |Near-front |
! style="width: 90px; " |Near-front |
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* ó/ò |
* ó/ò |
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* ú |
* ú |
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+ | |||
+ | ==== Long Vowels ==== |
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+ | Unlike most Romance languages, Provitan contrasts short vowels with long vowels. Long vowels are sometimes realized as diphthongs, occur in any position regardless of stress, are never reduced, cannot form diphthongs with other vowels, are marked with a circumflex, and (like è and ò) must be marked in any position in a word |
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{| class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;" |
{| class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;" |
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! style="width: 90px; " | |
! style="width: 90px; " | |
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Long vowels can occur in and out of stress syllables but may be allophonically reduced outside of stress. |
Long vowels can occur in and out of stress syllables but may be allophonically reduced outside of stress. |
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− | |||
− | Note that when -i u- are not a part of the diphthong, they are written with a trema, see below. |
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Long vowels are represented with a circumflex and are usually realized as diphthongs. As follows: |
Long vowels are represented with a circumflex and are usually realized as diphthongs. As follows: |
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The alphabet does not include accents, circumflexes, or cedilla. It also does not include digraphs. In proper collating order the alphabet is: |
The alphabet does not include accents, circumflexes, or cedilla. It also does not include digraphs. In proper collating order the alphabet is: |
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− | a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z (''with -k-, -w- and -y- used only in borrowed words like kilowatt or |
+ | a b c d e f g h i j k l ł m n ñ o p q r s t u v w x y z (''with -k-, -w- and -y- used only in borrowed words like kilowatt or Nova York.)'' |
There is also -à é è í ó ò ú- which all mark stress on syllables in words where stress does not follow proper rules. |
There is also -à é è í ó ò ú- which all mark stress on syllables in words where stress does not follow proper rules. |
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Also long vowels are written -â ê î ô û-. |
Also long vowels are written -â ê î ô û-. |
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− | Furthermore there are the |
+ | Furthermore there are the polygraphs: ch, gu, gü, tg, tj, tl, tł, tm, tn, qu, qü, ig, itg iz, ss which are explained below section. |
=== Soft and Hard -c- and -g-<!--Explain your conlang's orthography. Use the International Phonetic Alphabet to describe the sounds of your language. If you are unsure on how to use IPA then visit: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet and read up. --> === |
=== Soft and Hard -c- and -g-<!--Explain your conlang's orthography. Use the International Phonetic Alphabet to describe the sounds of your language. If you are unsure on how to use IPA then visit: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet and read up. --> === |
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+ | In Provitan -c- is hard and makes the /k/ sound before any consonant (except ''h'') and the vowels [a à â o ó ò ô u ù û ü]. It is soft and makes the /s/ sound before [e é è ê i í î ï]. Furthermore, -ç- is soft everywhere that -c- isn't and can only be used in such positions. The -qu- digraph represents /k/ everywhere that -c- is normally soft and represents /kw/ everywhere that -c- is normally hard. To represent /kw/ before a normally soft -c- position use -qü- |
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− | ===Phonotactics=== |
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+ | In the forming of noun plurals and gender changes, the final soft or hard -c- (whichever is present in the masculine singular) is preserved. For example |
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⚫ | |||
+ | * científic (masculine singular 'scientist') ➜ científiques (feminine plural 'scientists') |
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+ | * aqua (feminine singular 'water) ➜ aqües (feminine plural 'waters') |
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+ | |||
+ | In Provitan -g- is hard and makes the /g/ sound before any consonant and the vowels [a à â o ó ò ô u ù û ü]. It is soft and makes the /ʒ/ sound before [e é è ê i í î ï]. Furthermore, -j- is soft everywhere that -g- isn't and can only be used in such positions. The -gu- digraph represents /g/ everywhere that -g- is normally soft and represents /gw/ everywhere that -g- is normally hard. To represent /gw/ before a normally soft -g- position use -gü- |
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+ | |||
+ | In the forming of noun plurals and gender changes, the final soft or hard -g- (whichever is present in the masculine singular) is preserved. For example |
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+ | * łengua (feminine singular 'language') ➜ łengües (feminine plural 'languages') |
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+ | |||
+ | When it comes to verbs, forms of the same verb usually preserve the sound present in the infinitive. |
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+ | * płegar (arrive), jo płego (I arrive), jo płegue (may I arrived), tu płegues (may you arrive), etc. |
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+ | * chercar (search), jo cherco (i search), jo cherque (may I search), tu cherques (may you search) etc. |
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+ | * seguir (follow), jo sego (I follow), tu segues (you follow), etc. |
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+ | |||
⚫ | |||
Diphthongs are fairly straightforward when it comes to vowels: |
Diphthongs are fairly straightforward when it comes to vowels: |
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In any position -a e è o ò- may combine with -u- to form the respective diphthongs, that is /aw ew ɛw ow ɔw/ |
In any position -a e è o ò- may combine with -u- to form the respective diphthongs, that is /aw ew ɛw ow ɔw/ |
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− | Furthermore, when -i- appears before a vowel it becomes a rising diphthong /j/ + VOWEL. This can occur with any vowel. |
+ | Furthermore, when -i- appears before a short vowel it becomes a rising diphthong /j/ + SHORT VOWEL. This can occur with any <u>short</u> vowel. Same goes for -u- to form the diphthong /w/ + SHORT VOWEL. |
+ | When -iu- occurs word finally /iw/ takes precedent over /ju/ |
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− | '''''Note however that long vowels do not combine to form diphthongs are they are usually realized as their own diphthong. ''''' |
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− | Combinations such as -ae- or -oa- are not technically diphthongs and in careful speech are two |
+ | Combinations such as -ae- or -oa- are not technically diphthongs and in careful speech are two separate vowels, though in fast speech -e- acts as -i- and -o- acts as -u- to form diphthongs. |
− | Tremas ( ¨ ) can be used on letters to separate diphthongs as in ''països ''/paˈis.os/. An accent mark on the semivocalic part of a diphthong can also indicate stress as well as force a hiatus such as in ''país'' /paˈis/. |
+ | Tremas ( ¨ ) can be used on letters to separate diphthongs as in ''països ''/paˈis.os/. An accent mark on the semivocalic part of a diphthong can also indicate stress as well as force a hiatus such as in ''país'' /paˈis/. '''See the section on stress to learn more about when to use a diaeresis and when to use a written accent''' |
− | + | === <u>Consonant Clusters</u> === |
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In Latin, the initial clusters: -cl- -pl- -fl- -l- -bl- often palatalized in the Romance language. In Provitan, -cl- -pl- and -l- palatalize. |
In Latin, the initial clusters: -cl- -pl- -fl- -l- -bl- often palatalized in the Romance language. In Provitan, -cl- -pl- and -l- palatalize. |
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* -cl- becomes -ch- pronounced /tʃ/. (Example: ''clamare'' ➜ ''chamar''; Cf. Spanish ''llamar'' & Portuguese ''chamar''). |
* -cl- becomes -ch- pronounced /tʃ/. (Example: ''clamare'' ➜ ''chamar''; Cf. Spanish ''llamar'' & Portuguese ''chamar''). |
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− | * -pl- becomes - |
+ | * -pl- becomes -pł- which is analyzed as /pʎ/ but realized as /ʎ/ in the West and /pj/ in the East. (Example: ''plenus ''➜ ''płejo''; Cf. Spanish ''lleno'' & Portuguese ''cheio''). |
− | * -l- becomes - |
+ | * -l- becomes -ł- pronounced /ʎ/. (Example: ''lavar'' ➜ ''łavar''; Cf. Catalan ''llavar''). |
These are not universal in the Romance languages. For example -pl- -cl- mutations are unheard of in Catalan and -l- mutations are less common in Spanish while being heavily present in Catalan. Furthermore, -bl- mutations occur in Italian but not in Spanish (hence Italian ''bianco ''but Spanish ''blanco''). |
These are not universal in the Romance languages. For example -pl- -cl- mutations are unheard of in Catalan and -l- mutations are less common in Spanish while being heavily present in Catalan. Furthermore, -bl- mutations occur in Italian but not in Spanish (hence Italian ''bianco ''but Spanish ''blanco''). |
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uct ➜ oit (as in ''fructus ''➜ ''froito'') |
uct ➜ oit (as in ''fructus ''➜ ''froito'') |
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− | + | === <u>Digraphs</u> === |
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+ | Provitan has numerous digraphs that have special sounds |
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+ | |||
-ch- whcih makes the /tʃ/ sound. |
-ch- whcih makes the /tʃ/ sound. |
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-tg/tj- which makes the /dʒ/ sound. |
-tg/tj- which makes the /dʒ/ sound. |
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− | - |
+ | -ss- which makes the /s/ sound in between vowels |
− | |||
⚫ | |||
-gu- which makes /gw/ normally but /g/ before -e i y- and variants |
-gu- which makes /gw/ normally but /g/ before -e i y- and variants |
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-tl- which makes /lː/ |
-tl- which makes /lː/ |
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− | - |
+ | -tł- which makes /ʎː/ |
-tn- which makes /nː/ |
-tn- which makes /nː/ |
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− | -tm- which makes /mː/ |
+ | -tm- which makes /mː/ (as in ''setmana ''/semːana/ 'week') |
+ | |||
⚫ | |||
+ | |||
+ | -tz- which makes the /dz/ sound where -s- makes the /dz/ sound and /ts/ sound where -s- makes the /s/ sound |
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-z- only after -i- and before another vowel or word final /ʃ/ (as in ''peiz ''/peʃ/ 'fish' or ''dormizer ''/dormiˈʃer/ 'fall asleep') |
-z- only after -i- and before another vowel or word final /ʃ/ (as in ''peiz ''/peʃ/ 'fish' or ''dormizer ''/dormiˈʃer/ 'fall asleep') |
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− | -g- only after -i- |
+ | -g- only after -i- word final /ʒ/ (as in ''manteig ''/manteʒ/ 'butter') |
− | -tg- only after -i- |
+ | -tg- only after -i- word final /dʒ/ (as in ''maitg ''/madʒ/ 'May') |
<u>Cluster Reductions</u> |
<u>Cluster Reductions</u> |
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There is also -corp- which is analyzed as /corp/ but realized as [cor]. |
There is also -corp- which is analyzed as /corp/ but realized as [cor]. |
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− | This kind of thing happens with most complex clusters however they are reduced when suffixes are added so that [cor] ➜ [cor |
+ | This kind of thing happens with most complex clusters however they are reduced when suffixes are added so that [cor] ➜ [cor'po.res] |
+ | |||
+ | === '''Stress''' === |
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+ | Stress is very predictable in Provitan. |
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+ | |||
+ | Simply put if a word endings in any letter at all, except -r, -m, -t, -l, -z (but not -iz), or a diphthong then the stress is on the second to last '''vowel. (Note that silent vowels like <nowiki><u> in the digraph <qu> or <gu> before <e> or <i> are not counted as vowel as they are silent.)</nowiki>''' |
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+ | * '''am'''o - 'love' |
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+ | * ra'''gaz'''o - 'boy' |
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+ | * '''jus'''que - 'until' |
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+ | * cor'''por'''es - 'bodies' |
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+ | * '''veł'''os - 'old.PLURAL' |
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+ | * '''oł'''os - 'eyes' |
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+ | * espe'''ran'''ça - 'hope' |
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+ | * '''cal'''ci - 'calcium' |
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+ | * '''so'''di - 'sodium' |
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+ | * '''se'''go - 'I follow' |
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+ | * pots - 'you are able' |
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+ | * '''am'''an - 'they love' |
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+ | * a'''cos'''tas - 'you put to bed' |
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+ | If the word endings in -r, -m, -t, -l, -z (but not -iz), or a diphthong then stress is on the final vocalic sound not on the final vowel (stress occurs on the last vowel sound which means the diphthong is stressed not the last vowel of a diphthong; when a word ending in a consonant this final vocalic sound works out to be the final vowel anyway) |
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+ | '''There is one exception to this rule: when a word endings in any consonant+s at the end, then the word is stressed on the final vowel no matter what.''' |
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− | <!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is a consonant cluster in English. --> |
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+ | * ad'''ult '''- 'adult' |
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+ | * doit'''or - '''<nowiki/>'doctor' |
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+ | * doit'''ors''' - 'doctors' |
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+ | * anim'''al - '''<nowiki/>'animal' |
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+ | * sat'''ans - '''<nowiki/>'demons' |
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+ | * anim'''als - '''<nowiki/>'animals' |
||
+ | * indica'''ti'''u - 'indicative' ''(Remember stress is on the final vowel <u>sound</u>; since this ends in a diphthong the final <u>vowel sound</u> is the -i- and the -u- is made a semivowel which is equivalent to consonants)'' |
||
+ | * ac'''ti'''u - 'active' |
||
+ | * am'''ar - '''<nowiki/>'to love' |
||
+ | * am'''ait - '''<nowiki/>'you (all) love' |
||
+ | * vol'''êm - '''<nowiki/>'we want' |
||
+ | * cone'''<nowiki>xions - '</nowiki>'''connections'''<nowiki>'</nowiki>''' |
||
+ | * am'''ai''' - 'I loved' |
||
+ | * trax'''ei - '''<nowiki/>'I carried' |
||
+ | If the stress pattern of a word does not follow this rule it will be marked by the appropriate stress mark |
||
+ | * cien'''tí'''fic - 'scientist' |
||
+ | * vo'''<nowiki>ló - '</nowiki>'''He wanted' |
||
+ | * po'''tèn'''cia - 'power' |
||
+ | * con'''cièn'''cia - 'conscience' |
||
+ | * sa'''<nowiki>tàn - '</nowiki>'''satan' |
||
+ | * '''só'''dio (''alternate form of'' sodi) - 'sodium' |
||
+ | * '''cà'''lcio (''alternate form of ''calci) - 'calcium' |
||
+ | <!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is a consonant cluster in English. -->Remember that when there is a diphthong it is analyzed as such and stress is treated as if the diphthong is one vowel. If a diaeresis appears above the off-glide of the diphthong then that vowel is now a separate syllable and stress shifts accordingly. This allows words like països (countries) to be stressed on the 'i'. When a hiatus is needed, and stress must be moved to that new syllable an acute/grave accent is used such as in país (country) which is also stressed on the 'i'. Hiatus can be forced in any syllable with a diaeresis but stress is followed normally with the rules for accute/grave accents. |
||
==Grammar== |
==Grammar== |
||
{{agreement |
{{agreement |
||
Line 583: | Line 646: | ||
|ParticleVoices =no |
|ParticleVoices =no |
||
}} |
}} |
||
− | <!-- Explain the grammatical rules, such as the use of declensions, conjugations and adpositions. --> |
+ | '''''Please note that epicene nouns and adjectives are often referred to as "common" nouns or adjectives because one form is <u>common</u> to both genders.'''''<!-- Explain the grammatical rules, such as the use of declensions, conjugations and adpositions. --> |
===Nouns=== |
===Nouns=== |
||
Nouns, like most Romance Languages, have no case but do have gender and can be singular or plural. Nouns may be either masculine or feminine and there is a small class of nouns which are irregular that are occasionally called neuter but are technically masculine. |
Nouns, like most Romance Languages, have no case but do have gender and can be singular or plural. Nouns may be either masculine or feminine and there is a small class of nouns which are irregular that are occasionally called neuter but are technically masculine. |
||
+ | ==== Plurals ==== |
||
⚫ | |||
+ | Nouns usually pluralize with -s, -es, or -os. There are some exceptions however ones that end in digraphs, have irregular stress or hiatus and nouns descending from neuter 3rd declension Latin nouns. |
||
⚫ | Generally, nouns endings in -a pluralize as -es. Nouns ending in other vowels take a +s. Nouns ending in consonants add +s for most consonants and +os if the noun is masculine and ends in -ł, -s, -z, -iz, -ñ, -ch, -j, -ig, -itg, -ç, and add an +es if it is feminine and has those endings. Some nouns require changes in positioning of accent marks or diaereses depending on the way the plural is formed and some require minor variations in letters. See below. |
||
− | Examples: |
||
+ | |||
+ | '''Regular Plurals:''' |
||
estudi "study" -- estudis "studies" |
estudi "study" -- estudis "studies" |
||
Line 599: | Line 665: | ||
pae "father" -- paes "fathers/parents" |
pae "father" -- paes "fathers/parents" |
||
− | + | oł "eye" -- ołos "eyes" |
|
− | + | idea "idea" -- idees "ideas" |
|
+ | |||
⚫ | |||
+ | |||
⚫ | |||
+ | |||
⚫ | |||
+ | |||
+ | adult "adult" -- adults "adults" |
||
+ | |||
+ | '''Variant Plurals''' |
||
+ | |||
+ | Variant Plurals are those that simply alternate an accent mark or change one out for a diaeresis. Sometimes they have to change a -c- to a -qu- or a -gu- to a -gü- or the like. They are the least irregular plural |
||
+ | |||
+ | país "country" -- països "countries" |
||
+ | ''Note that an accent on an off glide of a would be syllable forces a hiatus. However an accent mark is only used to mark irregular stress so, if the stress would normally fall on that syllable (i.e. that vowel is the second to last vowel of a word) then simply adding a diaeresis will indicate a hiatus thus making that vowel the penultimate vowel of the word and no longer requiring an accent mark. '' |
||
⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
− | + | científic "scientist" -''masculine''-- científics "scientists" ''-masculine'' |
|
⚫ | |||
− | idea "idea" -- idees "ideas" |
||
+ | ''Note that /k/ /g/ /kw/ /gw/ are '''<u>always</u>''' preserved between singular and plural forms of nouns and orthography must adjust to account for that as shown above. '' |
||
⚫ | |||
+ | '''Alternative plurals''' |
||
⚫ | |||
+ | Alternative plurals are ones that change slightly in the plural. They are more common than totally irregulars but not too common. They mainly include plural nouns ending in -ig- or -itg- |
||
⚫ | |||
− | + | manteig "butter" - manteges "butters" |
|
'''Irregulars:''' |
'''Irregulars:''' |
||
Line 633: | Line 713: | ||
These are the only irregular plurals in Provitan. Every other noun will pluralize with -s, -os, or -es, although some ending in -c may have to change to -qu- and ones ending in -gu- may need to change to -gü- etc. |
These are the only irregular plurals in Provitan. Every other noun will pluralize with -s, -os, or -es, although some ending in -c may have to change to -qu- and ones ending in -gu- may need to change to -gü- etc. |
||
+ | ==== Gender ==== |
||
− | + | Nouns also change for feminine and masculine gender. |
|
Some are specialized like pae/mae or muller/marito but most can be derived. |
Some are specialized like pae/mae or muller/marito but most can be derived. |
||
− | '''When a noun is masculine that ends in a consonant or -i-, it becomes feminine by adding +a, |
+ | '''When a noun is masculine that ends in a consonant or -i-, it becomes feminine by adding +a, and it when it ends in ''vowel ''+ u it is made feminine by changing the -u- to -v- and adding +a; when it ends in -o it changes -o to -a; it is usually epicene when it ends in -e ''' |
Examples: |
Examples: |
||
− | + | adult ''m. ''-- adulta ''f. (singular) ''<nowiki/>'adult' |
|
− | + | adults ''m. ''-- adultes ''f. (plural) ''<nowiki/>'adults' |
|
+ | |||
+ | neveu ''m. ''-- neveva ''f. ''(''singular'') 'nephew/niece' |
||
+ | |||
+ | neveus ''m. ''-- neveves ''f. ''(''plural'') 'nephews/nieces' |
||
When a noun ends in an -o- the -o- changes to -a. |
When a noun ends in an -o- the -o- changes to -a. |
||
Line 655: | Line 740: | ||
''Nouns ending in -e- do not change and can be either masculine or feminine.'' |
''Nouns ending in -e- do not change and can be either masculine or feminine.'' |
||
− | ==== |
+ | ==== Forming Nouns ==== |
As you may or may not be aware: many Latin suffixes descend quite regularly into the Romance language. These are important noun-creating suffixes that are found throughout Provitan. |
As you may or may not be aware: many Latin suffixes descend quite regularly into the Romance language. These are important noun-creating suffixes that are found throughout Provitan. |
||
− | ''-ción ''(plural: ''- |
+ | ''-ción ''(plural: ''-cions) ''(borrowed from Latin ''-tionem ''Cf. Spanish -''ción''; Catalan -''ció''; English -''tion'') |
− | -''çón'' (plural: -'' |
+ | -''çón'' (plural: -''çons'') (inherited from Latin ''-tionem ''Cf. Spanish -''z''ón; Catalan -''çó, ''Portuguese'' -ção'') |
− | -'' |
+ | -''ità'' (plural: -''ités'') (inherited form Latin -''itatem ''Cf. Italian -''ità''; Catalan -''itat'') |
-''ia'' (plural: -''ies'') (borrowed from Latin -''ia'' Cf. Italian -''ia''; Spanish -''ia'') (usually following -c-) |
-''ia'' (plural: -''ies'') (borrowed from Latin -''ia'' Cf. Italian -''ia''; Spanish -''ia'') (usually following -c-) |
||
Line 670: | Line 755: | ||
-''ment'' (plural: -''ments'') inherited from Latin ''-mentum ''Cf. Italian ''-mento; ''Spanish ''-miento'') |
-''ment'' (plural: -''ments'') inherited from Latin ''-mentum ''Cf. Italian ''-mento; ''Spanish ''-miento'') |
||
− | Some Examples include: râçón 'reason', transportación 'transportation', |
+ | Some Examples include: râçón 'reason', transportación 'transportation', cità 'city', esperança 'hope', velocità 'speed', cambiament 'change' |
=== Articles === |
=== Articles === |
||
Line 716: | Line 801: | ||
[http://www.conlang.wikia.com/wiki/Provitano/Pronouns Provitan Pronouns] |
[http://www.conlang.wikia.com/wiki/Provitano/Pronouns Provitan Pronouns] |
||
===Verbs=== |
===Verbs=== |
||
− | Much like other Romance Languages, Provitan has complex verb conjugations. There are |
+ | Much like other Romance Languages, Provitan has complex verb conjugations. There are 4 conjugations the 3rd of which breaks up into 3 sub-conjugations. Verbs conjugate for present, preterite, future, conditional, and imperfect in the indicative and some in the subjunctive. There is also an imperative and analytic tenses perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect. |
Verbs, being lengthy, are divided into pages. Click below to go to those pages. |
Verbs, being lengthy, are divided into pages. Click below to go to those pages. |
||
Line 732: | Line 817: | ||
-o ending masculines, which take plural masculine in -os, feminine singular in -a and feminine plural in -es such as: |
-o ending masculines, which take plural masculine in -os, feminine singular in -a and feminine plural in -es such as: |
||
− | * |
+ | * płejo, płejos, płeja, płejes - ''full'' |
'''Vowel -e ending''' |
'''Vowel -e ending''' |
||
− | These adjectives end in -e in masculine and feminine forms and in -es in masculine and feminine plural forms. |
+ | These adjectives are epicene end in -e in masculine and feminine forms and in -es in masculine and feminine plural forms. |
'''Vowel -i ending''' |
'''Vowel -i ending''' |
||
Line 743: | Line 828: | ||
'''Consonant Ending''' |
'''Consonant Ending''' |
||
− | These adjectives end in a consonant in masculine singular and add and +s in the masculine plural (unless they end in - |
+ | These adjectives can sometimes be epicene or sometimes have forms for both genders. If they are not epicene and end in a consonant in masculine singular and add and +s in the masculine plural (unless they end in -ł, -s, -z, -iz, -ch, -j, -ig, -itg, -ñ, -ç in which case they take +os) and they add an +a for the feminine singular and add an +es for the feminine plural. (This class includes pass participles of most verbs) |
− | * |
+ | * veł, vełos, veła, vełes - ''old'' |
* âlt, âlts, âlta, âltes - ''tall'' |
* âlt, âlts, âlta, âltes - ''tall'' |
||
⚫ | |||
* amat, amats, amata, amates - ''loved'' |
* amat, amats, amata, amates - ''loved'' |
||
+ | If they are epicene which ''usually but not always'' is indicated because they end in -l or -r, then they have only one form for both genders (this includes all present participles of verbs |
||
+ | * singular, singulars - ''singular'' |
||
⚫ | |||
+ | * facil, facils - ''easy'' |
||
+ | * amant, amants - ''lover'' |
||
Note that when there is a mixed gender group, or the gender is undetermined, you should use masculine. |
Note that when there is a mixed gender group, or the gender is undetermined, you should use masculine. |
||
− | |||
− | '''''Note''' that while present participles can function like adjectives they have special rules. Most verbs have consonant (usually a -t) ending present participles, however they are epicene in the singular and plural and take no extra suffix for singular feminine and take only a +es to pluralize masculine and feminine. '' |
||
=== Prepositions & Function Words === |
=== Prepositions & Function Words === |
||
There are many prepositions in Provitan that I will be explaining in greater detail in the coming days. For now we will look at a list with English '''approximations'''. |
There are many prepositions in Provitan that I will be explaining in greater detail in the coming days. For now we will look at a list with English '''approximations'''. |
||
Line 757: | Line 844: | ||
* con (am) - 'with' |
* con (am) - 'with' |
||
* en - 'in' |
* en - 'in' |
||
− | * matéiz - ' |
+ | * matéiz - 'same' or ''intensifier '' |
** Example: tu '''matéiz''' irás a la casa. = You '''yourself''' will go to the house |
** Example: tu '''matéiz''' irás a la casa. = You '''yourself''' will go to the house |
||
− | ** Example |
+ | ** Example la '''matéiza''' cosa - '''same''' thing |
** ''Also used in certain idioms:'' |
** ''Also used in certain idioms:'' |
||
*** òra matéiz = right now |
*** òra matéiz = right now |
||
+ | * pròpio - 'own' |
||
+ | ** Example: Maltratô per seva '''pròpia '''fîlla. = Mistreated by his '''own '''daughter |
||
* e (et before vowels) - 'and' / 'both' |
* e (et before vowels) - 'and' / 'both' |
||
* ma (mas before vowels) - 'but' |
* ma (mas before vowels) - 'but' |
||
* maiz - 'more' |
* maiz - 'more' |
||
+ | * płú - 'most' |
||
* mai/nunque - 'never' |
* mai/nunque - 'never' |
||
* o (ot before vowels) - 'or' |
* o (ot before vowels) - 'or' |
||
− | * |
+ | * nènt - none, nothing |
− | * nessòn/s/a/es - 'none' |
+ | * nessòn/s/a/es - 'none', 'any' |
+ | * nessòn cosa - nothing |
||
− | * nessuóm - no one |
||
− | * |
+ | * nessú - no one |
− | * alssòn - some |
+ | * qualque / alssòn - some/any |
− | * qualque cosa / alssona cosa - something |
+ | * qualque cosa / alssona cosa - something/anything |
+ | * qualcú / alssú - someone/anyone |
||
⚫ | |||
− | * alssuóm - someone |
||
* res - thing, anything, something |
* res - thing, anything, something |
||
⚫ | |||
− | * sen - 'without' |
+ | * sen - 'without'<nowiki/> |
− | * |
+ | * pel metjá de - 'through the power/intervention of' |
* a traves de - 'through' |
* a traves de - 'through' |
||
− | * |
+ | * denovo - 'again' |
* sota - 'beneath' 'under' |
* sota - 'beneath' 'under' |
||
* avânt - 'before' |
* avânt - 'before' |
||
* depuiz - 'after' / 'since' |
* depuiz - 'after' / 'since' |
||
* jusque - 'until' |
* jusque - 'until' |
||
+ | * ja (''east'' tja) - 'already' |
||
* desde - 'since' |
* desde - 'since' |
||
* de baiza de - 'below' |
* de baiza de - 'below' |
||
Line 795: | Line 886: | ||
==Vocabulary== |
==Vocabulary== |
||
For More Vocabulary [http://www.conlang.wikia.com/wiki/Provitano/Voca Click Here]{{Swadesh |
For More Vocabulary [http://www.conlang.wikia.com/wiki/Provitano/Voca Click Here]{{Swadesh |
||
− | |language= |
+ | |language=Provitano |
|nativename=Provitano |
|nativename=Provitano |
||
|I=jo |
|I=jo |
||
|you (singular)=tu |
|you (singular)=tu |
||
− | |he= |
+ | |he=eł |
|we=nos |
|we=nos |
||
|you (plural)=vos |
|you (plural)=vos |
||
− | |they= |
+ | |they=ełos |
|this= |
|this= |
||
|that= |
|that= |
||
Line 810: | Line 901: | ||
|what=que |
|what=que |
||
|where= |
|where= |
||
− | |when= |
+ | |when=quan |
|how=come |
|how=come |
||
|not=non |
|not=non |
||
Line 820: | Line 911: | ||
|one=un |
|one=un |
||
|two=doiz |
|two=doiz |
||
− | |three= |
+ | |three=treiz |
|four=catro |
|four=catro |
||
|five=cinco |
|five=cinco |
||
Line 832: | Line 923: | ||
|narrow= |
|narrow= |
||
|thin= |
|thin= |
||
− | |woman= |
+ | |woman=doña |
− | |man (adult male)= |
+ | |man (adult male)=adult |
|Man (human being)=hom |
|Man (human being)=hom |
||
|child=ragazo |
|child=ragazo |
||
− | |wife= |
+ | |wife=mułer |
|husband=marit |
|husband=marit |
||
|mother=mae |
|mother=mae |
||
Line 867: | Line 958: | ||
|tail=âlt |
|tail=âlt |
||
|feather= |
|feather= |
||
− | |hair= |
+ | |hair=peł |
|head=têsta |
|head=têsta |
||
|ear= |
|ear= |
||
− | |eye= |
+ | |eye=oł |
|nose=nariz |
|nose=nariz |
||
|mouth=bôc |
|mouth=bôc |
||
|tooth=dent |
|tooth=dent |
||
− | |tongue= |
+ | |tongue=łengua |
|fingernail= |
|fingernail= |
||
|foot=peds |
|foot=peds |
||
Line 881: | Line 972: | ||
|hand=mâno |
|hand=mâno |
||
|wing= |
|wing= |
||
− | |belly= |
+ | |belly=estómac |
|guts= |
|guts= |
||
− | |neck= |
+ | |neck=coło |
|back= |
|back= |
||
|breast= |
|breast= |
||
Line 896: | Line 987: | ||
|blow=soflar |
|blow=soflar |
||
|breathe=respirar |
|breathe=respirar |
||
− | |laugh= |
+ | |laugh=redir |
|see=ver |
|see=ver |
||
|hear=audir |
|hear=audir |
||
Line 902: | Line 993: | ||
|think=pensar |
|think=pensar |
||
|smell= |
|smell= |
||
− | |fear= |
+ | |fear=temor |
|sleep=dormir |
|sleep=dormir |
||
|live=vivir |
|live=vivir |
||
|die=morir |
|die=morir |
||
− | |kill= |
+ | |kill=matar |
|fight= |
|fight= |
||
|hunt=caçar |
|hunt=caçar |
||
|hit= |
|hit= |
||
− | |cut= |
+ | |cut=tałar |
|split= |
|split= |
||
|stab= |
|stab= |
||
Line 923: | Line 1,014: | ||
|stand= |
|stand= |
||
|turn= |
|turn= |
||
− | |fall= |
+ | |fall=caer |
|give=dar |
|give=dar |
||
|hold=tener |
|hold=tener |
||
|squeeze= |
|squeeze= |
||
|rub= |
|rub= |
||
− | |wash= |
+ | |wash=łavar |
|wipe= |
|wipe= |
||
|pull= |
|pull= |
||
Line 941: | Line 1,032: | ||
|float= |
|float= |
||
|flow= |
|flow= |
||
− | |freeze= |
+ | |freeze=frevar |
|swell= |
|swell= |
||
|sun=sôl |
|sun=sôl |
||
|moon=luna |
|moon=luna |
||
− | |star= |
+ | |star=estreła |
|water=agua |
|water=agua |
||
− | |rain= |
+ | |rain=płuïr |
|river= |
|river= |
||
|lake= |
|lake= |
||
Line 961: | Line 1,052: | ||
|wind= |
|wind= |
||
|snow=neva |
|snow=neva |
||
− | |ice= |
+ | |ice=gèl |
|smoke=fumos |
|smoke=fumos |
||
|fire=foc |
|fire=foc |
||
|ashes= |
|ashes= |
||
|burn=brûler |
|burn=brûler |
||
− | |road= |
+ | |road=całe |
− | |mountain= |
+ | |mountain=montaña |
|red=rôitz |
|red=rôitz |
||
|green=verd |
|green=verd |
||
Line 975: | Line 1,066: | ||
|night=noite/noche |
|night=noite/noche |
||
|day=jorno |
|day=jorno |
||
− | |year= |
+ | |year=año |
|warm= |
|warm= |
||
|cold=freu |
|cold=freu |
||
− | |full= |
+ | |full=płejo |
|new=neu |
|new=neu |
||
− | |old= |
+ | |old=veł |
|good=bôn |
|good=bôn |
||
|bad=mal |
|bad=mal |
||
|rotten= |
|rotten= |
||
− | |dirty= |
+ | |dirty=sûci |
|straight= |
|straight= |
||
|round= |
|round= |
||
Line 992: | Line 1,083: | ||
|wet= |
|wet= |
||
|dry= |
|dry= |
||
− | |correct= |
+ | |correct=correche |
|near= |
|near= |
||
|far= |
|far= |
||
|right=dêstros |
|right=dêstros |
||
− | |left= |
+ | |left=sinstre |
|at=a |
|at=a |
||
|in=en |
|in=en |
||
Line 1,010: | Line 1,101: | ||
==== Days of the Week (Jornos de la Setmana) ==== |
==== Days of the Week (Jornos de la Setmana) ==== |
||
− | * Monday - |
+ | * Monday - diłûns (dł.) |
* Tuesday - dimarts (dm.) |
* Tuesday - dimarts (dm.) |
||
− | * Wednesday - |
+ | * Wednesday - dimècs (dc.) |
* Thursday - dijovs (dj.) |
* Thursday - dijovs (dj.) |
||
* Friday - divens (dv.) |
* Friday - divens (dv.) |
||
Line 1,024: | Line 1,115: | ||
* April - abril (abr.) |
* April - abril (abr.) |
||
* May - maitg (mag.) |
* May - maitg (mag.) |
||
− | * June - |
+ | * June - jûño (jûñ.) |
− | * July - |
+ | * July - jûło (jûł.) |
* August - agòst (agt.) |
* August - agòst (agt.) |
||
* September - sechembre / seitembre (sec./set.) |
* September - sechembre / seitembre (sec./set.) |
||
Line 1,034: | Line 1,125: | ||
Primêr Article de la Declaración Universal de los Dêstros Humans |
Primêr Article de la Declaración Universal de los Dêstros Humans |
||
− | ''Tôdos los essers humans són naizuts libres et iquals en |
+ | ''Tôdos los essers humans són naizuts libres et iquals en dignità e dêstros e són dotat con râçón e conciència e deven comportarse a unos a los altros nel espírit de la fraternità.'' |
=== Our Father (Pae Nostro) === |
=== Our Father (Pae Nostro) === |
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− | Pae nostro qui |
+ | Pae nostro qui estàs en los cels <br>Santífic sî ton nom <br>Venga a nós ton rein. <br>Sî facha ta volontà sur la terra aizí es en los cels <br>Danoi, hôitg, nostre pan de câdo jorno<br>E perdona-noi nostres pecats <br>Aizí nos perdonâm llos que noi ofenden <br>E no noi induças a la tentación <br>Ma libera-noi del mal. |
=== Genesis === |
=== Genesis === |
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'''1 - La Creación ''' |
'''1 - La Creación ''' |
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− | 1. Nel |
+ | 1. Nel principi, Dio creó los cels e la terra. |
− | 2. E la terra era sin forma e |
+ | 2. E la terra era sin forma e vàgua e les tenêbres cobrivan la faça del abisso et el espírit de Dio veniva et iva sur les aqües de la terra. |
3. e dizó Dio, «sî facha luiz» e la luiz era facha. |
3. e dizó Dio, «sî facha luiz» e la luiz era facha. |
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Line 1,050: | Line 1,141: | ||
4. Dio consideró la luiz sî bona e la separó de les tenêbres. |
4. Dio consideró la luiz sî bona e la separó de les tenêbres. |
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− | 5. Ell chamó la luiz, «el jorno» e les tenêbres «la noche» et aizí veniva la noche et entón el jorno |
+ | 5. Ell chamó la luiz, «el jorno» e les tenêbres «la noche» et aizí veniva ''<nowiki/>''la noche et entón el jorno płegó e passó el primêr jorno. |
+ | |||
⚫ | |||
+ | * uno - 1 |
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+ | * doiz - 2 |
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+ | * treiz - 3 |
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+ | * catre - 4 |
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+ | * cenc - 5 |
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+ | * seiz - 6 |
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+ | * seche/seite - 7 |
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+ | * ocho/oito - 8 |
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+ | * nove - 9 |
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+ | * dètz - 10 |
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+ | * ontze - 11 |
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+ | * dotze - 12 |
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+ | * tretze - 13 |
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+ | * catortze - 14 |
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+ | * quintze - 15 |
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+ | * seitze - 16 |
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+ | * detset - 17 |
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+ | * detzocho/detzoito - 18 |
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+ | * detnove - 19 |
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+ | * vênt - 20 |
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+ | * ventuno - 21 |
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+ | * vent-doiz - 22 |
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+ | * vent-treiz - 23 |
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+ | * vent-catre - 24 |
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+ | * vent-cenc - 25 |
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+ | * vent-seiz - 26 |
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+ | * vent-seche / vent-seite - 27 |
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+ | * vent-ocho / vent-oito - 28 |
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+ | * vent-nove - 29 |
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+ | * trênt - 30 |
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+ | * trentuno, trent-doiz, ... |
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+ | * carênt - 40 |
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+ | * cinqüênt - 50 |
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+ | * sessênt - 60 |
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+ | * sechênt / seitênt - 70 |
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+ | * ochênt / oitênt - 80 |
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+ | * novênt - 90 |
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+ | * cent - 100 |
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+ | [[Category:Languages]] |
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+ | [[Category:Romance conlangs]] |
Latest revision as of 19:36, 7 October 2018
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Provitan Łengua Prôvitano (East), Łengua Provitano (West) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Type | |||
Fusional | |||
Alignment | |||
NOM-ACC | |||
Head direction | |||
Head Initial | |||
Tonal | |||
No | |||
Declensions | |||
No | |||
Conjugations | |||
Yes | |||
Genders | |||
No | |||
Nouns decline according to... | |||
Case | Number | ||
Definiteness | Gender | ||
Verbs conjugate according to... | |||
Voice | Mood | ||
Person | Number | ||
Tense | Aspect |
Third person singular present active indicative of "esser" used to be "é" it was recently (12.12.14) changed to "es" (He/she/it is).
General information
Provitan is a Western Romance Language that is spoken around Catalonia in Spain and in Western France. The Provitano spoken in Catalonia is the Western Variant (Łengua Provitana del hueste)) and the Provitano spoken in France is Eastern Variant (Łengua Prôvitana del Este). The Standard (Łengua Provitana Oficiala) is mainly based on the Western Variant. This usually comes in to play with some forms of words, word final vowels, and some pronunciation variations.
Note that while is says verbs conjugate for all 6 parts, they use synthetic forms for all people, moods, and numbers and most tenses but analitic forms for voice, some aspects and some tenses.
Due to code restrictions, rather than using pointy brackets to represent orthography as per IPA standards, I will be using dashes on either side.
Regional Variants
Provitan is spoken in Catalonia and France. The main varieties are Western (Catalan) Provitan and Easter (French) Provitan. The differences between these two regions are usually minor but do affect the following areas (note that Standard Provitan is defined as the Western variant except where noted):
- clusters originating as Latin -ct- reduce to -ch- in the West and to -it- in the East
- [ʁ] is a nearly universal allophone of /r/ everywhere
- While diphthongization of long vowels is more common than simply longer vowels, longer vowels do exist in the East while being totally absent in the West (Standard Provitan dictates lengthier vowels, not diphthongs, though diphthongs are widely accepted)
- Geminate consonants -tl- -tł- -tm- -tn- are usually realized as short in the East.
- 'ceu' is a recognized variant of 'cel' in the East and 'am' as a variant of 'con'
- Many forms of the verb 'fer' are different (see the page on irregular verbs)
- In the East, long /aː/ is realized as the more velar /ɑː/.
- In the East final /l/ maybe vocalized into /w/
- In the North of the Western variant, older speakers may be encountered that switch final /a/ and /aː/ with /ɔ/ and /ɔː/ respectively. (This is very rare now-a-days and completely non-standard).
- Provitano is spelt without a long -o- in the West and with it in the East.
- Some words vary slightly region to region but they are very rare. For example in the West 'die' for 'day' is more common despite 'jorno' being standard.
- The biggest difference between the east and west as far as pronunciation goes is the pronunciation of 'u' and 'o'. In the east -u- is pronounced /y/ and -o- is pronounced /u/ virtually everywhere they occur. However, ò and ou remain /ɔ/ and /ow/
- Click this link for more information
Phonology
Consonants
Bilabial |
Labio-dental |
Dental |
Alveolar |
Post-alveolar |
Palatal |
Velar |
Uvular | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal |
m (m) mː (tm) |
n (n) nː (tn) |
ɲ (ñ) |
|||||
Plosive |
p (p) b (b) |
t (t) d (d) |
k (c) g (g) ks (x) |
|||||
Fricative |
f (f) v (v) |
s (s/ss/c/ç) z (s/z) |
ʃ (iz) ʒ (g/j/ig) |
[ʁ]† | ||||
Affricate |
tʃ (ch) dʒ (tg/tj/itg) |
|||||||
Approximant |
j (i) |
w (u) | ||||||
Trill |
r (r/rr) |
|||||||
Lateral app. |
l (l) lː (tl) |
ʎ (ł) ʎː (tł) |
-c- represents /k/ before consonants and letters -a o u- (and variants such as â, ò etc.) and /s/ before -e i- (and variants such as ê, í etc.). Furthermore, -ç- is used before -a o u- for /s/ where necessary such as in feliç, feliços. always represents /s/.
The sound /ʃ/ is represented by the cluster -iz- at the end of a word and intervocalically. Note that the -i- part of the digraph -iz- does not form a yod-diphthong with the preceding vowel unless it is written -ïz- then the -i- forms a diphthong with the previous vowel.
The sound /dʒ/ is represented by -tg- before <e i> and variants and -tj- before all else. Also it can be represented by <itg> finally
The sound /ʒ/ is represented by -g- before <e i> and variants and -j- before all else. Also it can be represented by <ig> finally
†[ʁ] is a dialectual variant of /r/ that occurs in Eastern Provitano.
Vowels
Short Vowels
Front | Near-front | Central | Near-back | Back | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Close |
1 i (i) |
4 u (u) | |||
Close-mid |
2 e (e) |
3 o (o) | |||
Open-mid |
2 ɛ (è)‡ |
3 ɔ (ò)‡ | |||
Open |
2 a (a) |
‡ Occur only in stressed syllables and must be marked regardless of whether they occur in a normally stressed syllable or an irregularly stressed syllable.
Reduced Vowels
In Provitan, vowels may reduce in common speech. This varies East to West however,
Refer to the vowel charts below to determine reductions. You can tell because the number of the vowel in the above table corresponds to a number of a vowel quality in the tables below so for example all vowels labeled 2 in the above table are reduced to the one vowel labeled 2 below.
Vowel reductions occur in short vowels in unstressed syllables.
WESTERN REDUCTIONS |
Front | Central | Back |
---|---|---|---|
Close |
1 ɪ |
4 u~ʊ~o | |
Mid | 2 ə | 3 o | |
Open |
EASTERN REDUCTIONS |
Front | Near-front | Central | Back |
---|---|---|---|---|
Close |
1 ɪ |
4 u (u) | ||
Mid | 3 œ~o | 2 ə | ||
Open |
Note: that accent marks are used to mark irregular stress (See below for stress rules) as follows:
- à
- é/è
- í
- ó/ò
- ú
Long Vowels
Unlike most Romance languages, Provitan contrasts short vowels with long vowels. Long vowels are sometimes realized as diphthongs, occur in any position regardless of stress, are never reduced, cannot form diphthongs with other vowels, are marked with a circumflex, and (like è and ò) must be marked in any position in a word
Front | Near-front | Central | Near-back | Back | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Close |
iː (î) yː (û) |
uː (ô) | |||
Middle |
eː (ê) |
||||
Open |
aː (â) |
ɑː (â)‡‡ |
‡‡/ɑː/ occurs in place of /a:/ in the East as an allophone.
/oː/ does not occur because due to a vowel shift, /oː/ shifted to /uː/ likewise /uː/ is not represented by -û- becuase the shift fronted that to /yː/.
Long vowels can occur in and out of stress syllables but may be allophonically reduced outside of stress.
Long vowels are represented with a circumflex and are usually realized as diphthongs. As follows:
â --aː ~ aɒ̯
ê -- eː ~ eɪ̯ ~ aɛ̯
î -- iː ~ iɪ̯
ô -- uː ~ uʌ̯
û -- yː ~ yʏ̯
Alphabet
The alphabet does not include accents, circumflexes, or cedilla. It also does not include digraphs. In proper collating order the alphabet is:
a b c d e f g h i j k l ł m n ñ o p q r s t u v w x y z (with -k-, -w- and -y- used only in borrowed words like kilowatt or Nova York.)
There is also -à é è í ó ò ú- which all mark stress on syllables in words where stress does not follow proper rules.
Also long vowels are written -â ê î ô û-.
Furthermore there are the polygraphs: ch, gu, gü, tg, tj, tl, tł, tm, tn, qu, qü, ig, itg iz, ss which are explained below section.
Soft and Hard -c- and -g-
In Provitan -c- is hard and makes the /k/ sound before any consonant (except h) and the vowels [a à â o ó ò ô u ù û ü]. It is soft and makes the /s/ sound before [e é è ê i í î ï]. Furthermore, -ç- is soft everywhere that -c- isn't and can only be used in such positions. The -qu- digraph represents /k/ everywhere that -c- is normally soft and represents /kw/ everywhere that -c- is normally hard. To represent /kw/ before a normally soft -c- position use -qü-
In the forming of noun plurals and gender changes, the final soft or hard -c- (whichever is present in the masculine singular) is preserved. For example
- científic (masculine singular 'scientist') ➜ científiques (feminine plural 'scientists')
- aqua (feminine singular 'water) ➜ aqües (feminine plural 'waters')
In Provitan -g- is hard and makes the /g/ sound before any consonant and the vowels [a à â o ó ò ô u ù û ü]. It is soft and makes the /ʒ/ sound before [e é è ê i í î ï]. Furthermore, -j- is soft everywhere that -g- isn't and can only be used in such positions. The -gu- digraph represents /g/ everywhere that -g- is normally soft and represents /gw/ everywhere that -g- is normally hard. To represent /gw/ before a normally soft -g- position use -gü-
In the forming of noun plurals and gender changes, the final soft or hard -g- (whichever is present in the masculine singular) is preserved. For example
- łengua (feminine singular 'language') ➜ łengües (feminine plural 'languages')
When it comes to verbs, forms of the same verb usually preserve the sound present in the infinitive.
- płegar (arrive), jo płego (I arrive), jo płegue (may I arrived), tu płegues (may you arrive), etc.
- chercar (search), jo cherco (i search), jo cherque (may I search), tu cherques (may you search) etc.
- seguir (follow), jo sego (I follow), tu segues (you follow), etc.
Diphthongs
Diphthongs are fairly straightforward when it comes to vowels:
With in a word vowels -a e è o ò- can combine with -i- to form the respective falling diphthongs that is /aj ej ɛj oj ɔj/. The diphthong /uj/ does not exist and -ui- are always realized as /wi/
In any position -a e è o ò- may combine with -u- to form the respective diphthongs, that is /aw ew ɛw ow ɔw/
Furthermore, when -i- appears before a short vowel it becomes a rising diphthong /j/ + SHORT VOWEL. This can occur with any short vowel. Same goes for -u- to form the diphthong /w/ + SHORT VOWEL.
When -iu- occurs word finally /iw/ takes precedent over /ju/
Combinations such as -ae- or -oa- are not technically diphthongs and in careful speech are two separate vowels, though in fast speech -e- acts as -i- and -o- acts as -u- to form diphthongs.
Tremas ( ¨ ) can be used on letters to separate diphthongs as in països /paˈis.os/. An accent mark on the semivocalic part of a diphthong can also indicate stress as well as force a hiatus such as in país /paˈis/. See the section on stress to learn more about when to use a diaeresis and when to use a written accent
Consonant Clusters
In Latin, the initial clusters: -cl- -pl- -fl- -l- -bl- often palatalized in the Romance language. In Provitan, -cl- -pl- and -l- palatalize.
In Provitan:
- -cl- becomes -ch- pronounced /tʃ/. (Example: clamare ➜ chamar; Cf. Spanish llamar & Portuguese chamar).
- -pl- becomes -pł- which is analyzed as /pʎ/ but realized as /ʎ/ in the West and /pj/ in the East. (Example: plenus ➜ płejo; Cf. Spanish lleno & Portuguese cheio).
- -l- becomes -ł- pronounced /ʎ/. (Example: lavar ➜ łavar; Cf. Catalan llavar).
These are not universal in the Romance languages. For example -pl- -cl- mutations are unheard of in Catalan and -l- mutations are less common in Spanish while being heavily present in Catalan. Furthermore, -bl- mutations occur in Italian but not in Spanish (hence Italian bianco but Spanish blanco).
These mutations do not occur in borrowed words which often are taken directly from Latin and have slightly different meanings. In Spanish, for example, there is lleno "full" and pleno "broad" which both come from Latin plenus except that lleno evolved and pleno was borrowed.
Furthermore, in many cases, -ct- around vowels mutates as well. In Italian, this is seen as -tt- such as in otto, dottore, Vittoria, aspettare. In Spanish, this is less common but can be seen in ocho, and to a lesser extent in fruto. In French and Catalan there is huit and fruit.
In Provitan, this mutation occurs differently in the East and West.
Western Mutations
act ➜ ach
ect ➜ ech (as in aspectare ➜ aspechar)
ict ➜ ich
oct ➜ och (as in octo ➜ ocho)
uct ➜ uch (as in fructus ➜ frucho)
Eastern Mutations
act ➜ ait
ect ➜ eit (as in aspectare ➜ aspeitar)
ict ➜ eit
oct ➜ oit (as in octo ➜ oito)
uct ➜ oit (as in fructus ➜ froito)
Digraphs
Provitan has numerous digraphs that have special sounds
-ch- whcih makes the /tʃ/ sound.
-tg/tj- which makes the /dʒ/ sound.
-ss- which makes the /s/ sound in between vowels
-gu- which makes /gw/ normally but /g/ before -e i y- and variants
-qu- which makes /kw/ normally but /k/ before -e i y- and variants
-qü- which makes /kw/ before -e i y- and variants
-gü- which makes /gw/ before -e i y- and variants
-tl- which makes /lː/
-tł- which makes /ʎː/
-tn- which makes /nː/
-tm- which makes /mː/ (as in setmana /semːana/ 'week')
-ts- which makes the /ts/ sound everywhere
-tz- which makes the /dz/ sound where -s- makes the /dz/ sound and /ts/ sound where -s- makes the /s/ sound
-z- only after -i- and before another vowel or word final /ʃ/ (as in peiz /peʃ/ 'fish' or dormizer /dormiˈʃer/ 'fall asleep')
-g- only after -i- word final /ʒ/ (as in manteig /manteʒ/ 'butter')
-tg- only after -i- word final /dʒ/ (as in maitg /madʒ/ 'May')
Cluster Reductions
Sometimes, at the end of words, consonant clusters are reduced in common speech.
Words like -temp- are analyzed as /temp/ but realized as [tem].
There is also -corp- which is analyzed as /corp/ but realized as [cor].
This kind of thing happens with most complex clusters however they are reduced when suffixes are added so that [cor] ➜ [cor'po.res]
Stress
Stress is very predictable in Provitan.
Simply put if a word endings in any letter at all, except -r, -m, -t, -l, -z (but not -iz), or a diphthong then the stress is on the second to last vowel. (Note that silent vowels like <u> in the digraph <qu> or <gu> before <e> or <i> are not counted as vowel as they are silent.)
- amo - 'love'
- ragazo - 'boy'
- jusque - 'until'
- corpores - 'bodies'
- vełos - 'old.PLURAL'
- ołos - 'eyes'
- esperança - 'hope'
- calci - 'calcium'
- sodi - 'sodium'
- sego - 'I follow'
- pots - 'you are able'
- aman - 'they love'
- acostas - 'you put to bed'
If the word endings in -r, -m, -t, -l, -z (but not -iz), or a diphthong then stress is on the final vocalic sound not on the final vowel (stress occurs on the last vowel sound which means the diphthong is stressed not the last vowel of a diphthong; when a word ending in a consonant this final vocalic sound works out to be the final vowel anyway)
There is one exception to this rule: when a word endings in any consonant+s at the end, then the word is stressed on the final vowel no matter what.
- adult - 'adult'
- doitor - 'doctor'
- doitors - 'doctors'
- animal - 'animal'
- satans - 'demons'
- animals - 'animals'
- indicatiu - 'indicative' (Remember stress is on the final vowel sound; since this ends in a diphthong the final vowel sound is the -i- and the -u- is made a semivowel which is equivalent to consonants)
- actiu - 'active'
- amar - 'to love'
- amait - 'you (all) love'
- volêm - 'we want'
- conexions - 'connections'
- amai - 'I loved'
- traxei - 'I carried'
If the stress pattern of a word does not follow this rule it will be marked by the appropriate stress mark
- científic - 'scientist'
- voló - 'He wanted'
- potència - 'power'
- conciència - 'conscience'
- satàn - 'satan'
- sódio (alternate form of sodi) - 'sodium'
- càlcio (alternate form of calci) - 'calcium'
Remember that when there is a diphthong it is analyzed as such and stress is treated as if the diphthong is one vowel. If a diaeresis appears above the off-glide of the diphthong then that vowel is now a separate syllable and stress shifts accordingly. This allows words like països (countries) to be stressed on the 'i'. When a hiatus is needed, and stress must be moved to that new syllable an acute/grave accent is used such as in país (country) which is also stressed on the 'i'. Hiatus can be forced in any syllable with a diaeresis but stress is followed normally with the rules for accute/grave accents.
Grammar
Gender | Cases | Numbers | Tenses | Persons | Moods | Voices | Aspects | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Verb | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
Nouns | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No |
Adjectives | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No |
Numbers | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Participles | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | No |
Adverb | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Pronouns | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No |
Adpositions | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Article | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No |
Particle | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Please note that epicene nouns and adjectives are often referred to as "common" nouns or adjectives because one form is common to both genders.
Nouns
Nouns, like most Romance Languages, have no case but do have gender and can be singular or plural. Nouns may be either masculine or feminine and there is a small class of nouns which are irregular that are occasionally called neuter but are technically masculine.
Plurals
Nouns usually pluralize with -s, -es, or -os. There are some exceptions however ones that end in digraphs, have irregular stress or hiatus and nouns descending from neuter 3rd declension Latin nouns.
Generally, nouns endings in -a pluralize as -es. Nouns ending in other vowels take a +s. Nouns ending in consonants add +s for most consonants and +os if the noun is masculine and ends in -ł, -s, -z, -iz, -ñ, -ch, -j, -ig, -itg, -ç, and add an +es if it is feminine and has those endings. Some nouns require changes in positioning of accent marks or diaereses depending on the way the plural is formed and some require minor variations in letters. See below.
Regular Plurals:
estudi "study" -- estudis "studies"
amant "lover" -- amants "lovers"
ragazo "child" -- ragazos "children"
pae "father" -- paes "fathers/parents"
oł "eye" -- ołos "eyes"
idea "idea" -- idees "ideas"
doña "lady" -- doñes "ladies"
animal "animal" -- animals "animals"
mułer "wife" -- mułers "wives"
adult "adult" -- adults "adults"
Variant Plurals
Variant Plurals are those that simply alternate an accent mark or change one out for a diaeresis. Sometimes they have to change a -c- to a -qu- or a -gu- to a -gü- or the like. They are the least irregular plural
país "country" -- països "countries"
Note that an accent on an off glide of a would be syllable forces a hiatus. However an accent mark is only used to mark irregular stress so, if the stress would normally fall on that syllable (i.e. that vowel is the second to last vowel of a word) then simply adding a diaeresis will indicate a hiatus thus making that vowel the penultimate vowel of the word and no longer requiring an accent mark.
łengua "tongue" -- łengües "tongues"
científic "scientist" -masculine-- científics "scientists" -masculine
científica "scientist" -feminine-- científiques "scientists" -feminine
Note that /k/ /g/ /kw/ /gw/ are always preserved between singular and plural forms of nouns and orthography must adjust to account for that as shown above.
Alternative plurals
Alternative plurals are ones that change slightly in the plural. They are more common than totally irregulars but not too common. They mainly include plural nouns ending in -ig- or -itg-
manteig "butter" - manteges "butters"
Irregulars:
hom "man" -- homines "men"
nom "name" -- nomines "names"
temp "time" -- tempores "times"
corp "body" -- corpores "bodies"
òp "work" -- opores "works"
These are the only irregular plurals in Provitan. Every other noun will pluralize with -s, -os, or -es, although some ending in -c may have to change to -qu- and ones ending in -gu- may need to change to -gü- etc.
Gender
Nouns also change for feminine and masculine gender.
Some are specialized like pae/mae or muller/marito but most can be derived.
When a noun is masculine that ends in a consonant or -i-, it becomes feminine by adding +a, and it when it ends in vowel + u it is made feminine by changing the -u- to -v- and adding +a; when it ends in -o it changes -o to -a; it is usually epicene when it ends in -e
Examples:
adult m. -- adulta f. (singular) 'adult'
adults m. -- adultes f. (plural) 'adults'
neveu m. -- neveva f. (singular) 'nephew/niece'
neveus m. -- neveves f. (plural) 'nephews/nieces'
When a noun ends in an -o- the -o- changes to -a.
Examples:
ragazo m. -- ragaza f. (singular)
ragazos m. -- ragazes f. (plural)
Nouns ending in -e- do not change and can be either masculine or feminine.
Forming Nouns
As you may or may not be aware: many Latin suffixes descend quite regularly into the Romance language. These are important noun-creating suffixes that are found throughout Provitan.
-ción (plural: -cions) (borrowed from Latin -tionem Cf. Spanish -ción; Catalan -ció; English -tion)
-çón (plural: -çons) (inherited from Latin -tionem Cf. Spanish -zón; Catalan -çó, Portuguese -ção)
-ità (plural: -ités) (inherited form Latin -itatem Cf. Italian -ità; Catalan -itat)
-ia (plural: -ies) (borrowed from Latin -ia Cf. Italian -ia; Spanish -ia) (usually following -c-)
-a (plural: -es) (inherited from Latin -ia Cf. Italian -a; Spanish -a) (usually following -ç-)
-ment (plural: -ments) inherited from Latin -mentum Cf. Italian -mento; Spanish -miento)
Some Examples include: râçón 'reason', transportación 'transportation', cità 'city', esperança 'hope', velocità 'speed', cambiament 'change'
Articles
Articles, like other Romance languages, come in singular, plural, masculine, feminine, definite, and indefinite. Articles may be used before nouns when possessive, or any, adjectives follow, but they cannot be used before possessive determiners but can be used before adjectives.
Definite Articles
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Masculine | el | los |
Feminine | la (l' before vowels and h) | les |
Indefinite Articles
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Masculine | un | unos |
Feminine | una (un' before vowels and h) | unes |
Note that Masculine singular definite articles only combine with the following prepositions:
- en el -> nel
- de el -> del
- a el -> al
- per el -> pel
Pronouns
There are many pronouns in Provitan. Similar to English they come in nominative, accusative, dative, emphatic, and possessive. You can click below to go to the page on Pronouns
Verbs
Much like other Romance Languages, Provitan has complex verb conjugations. There are 4 conjugations the 3rd of which breaks up into 3 sub-conjugations. Verbs conjugate for present, preterite, future, conditional, and imperfect in the indicative and some in the subjunctive. There is also an imperative and analytic tenses perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect.
Verbs, being lengthy, are divided into pages. Click below to go to those pages.
Conjugating verbs in moods, tenses, aspects, and for persons and numbers
Irregular Verbs Conjugated in Tenses
Adjectives
Adjectives are very similar to nouns. They inflect for gender (usually) and number. They -- like nouns -- do not inflect for case.
There are a few main classes of adjectives (much like nouns):
Vowel -o and -a Ending
-o ending masculines, which take plural masculine in -os, feminine singular in -a and feminine plural in -es such as:
- płejo, płejos, płeja, płejes - full
Vowel -e ending
These adjectives are epicene end in -e in masculine and feminine forms and in -es in masculine and feminine plural forms.
Vowel -i ending
These adjectives end in -i in masculine singular and -is in masucline plural. They end in -ia in feminine singular and -ies in feminine plural
Consonant Ending
These adjectives can sometimes be epicene or sometimes have forms for both genders. If they are not epicene and end in a consonant in masculine singular and add and +s in the masculine plural (unless they end in -ł, -s, -z, -iz, -ch, -j, -ig, -itg, -ñ, -ç in which case they take +os) and they add an +a for the feminine singular and add an +es for the feminine plural. (This class includes pass participles of most verbs)
- veł, vełos, veła, vełes - old
- âlt, âlts, âlta, âltes - tall
- amat, amats, amata, amates - loved
If they are epicene which usually but not always is indicated because they end in -l or -r, then they have only one form for both genders (this includes all present participles of verbs
- singular, singulars - singular
- solar, solars - solar
- facil, facils - easy
- amant, amants - lover
Note that when there is a mixed gender group, or the gender is undetermined, you should use masculine.
Prepositions & Function Words
There are many prepositions in Provitan that I will be explaining in greater detail in the coming days. For now we will look at a list with English approximations.
- per - 'for' / 'through' / 'by'
- a - 'at' / 'to'
- con (am) - 'with'
- en - 'in'
- matéiz - 'same' or intensifier
- Example: tu matéiz irás a la casa. = You yourself will go to the house
- Example la matéiza cosa - same thing
- Also used in certain idioms:
- òra matéiz = right now
- pròpio - 'own'
- Example: Maltratô per seva pròpia fîlla. = Mistreated by his own daughter
- e (et before vowels) - 'and' / 'both'
- ma (mas before vowels) - 'but'
- maiz - 'more'
- płú - 'most'
- mai/nunque - 'never'
- o (ot before vowels) - 'or'
- nènt - none, nothing
- nessòn/s/a/es - 'none', 'any'
- nessòn cosa - nothing
- nessú - no one
- qualque / alssòn - some/any
- qualque cosa / alssona cosa - something/anything
- qualcú / alssú - someone/anyone
- res - thing, anything, something
- rare algo - something
- sen - 'without'
- pel metjá de - 'through the power/intervention of'
- a traves de - 'through'
- denovo - 'again'
- sota - 'beneath' 'under'
- avânt - 'before'
- depuiz - 'after' / 'since'
- jusque - 'until'
- ja (east tja) - 'already'
- desde - 'since'
- de baiza de - 'below'
- sur - 'on' / 'atop'
- en frênt de - 'in front of'
- al dêstro de - 'to the right of'
- al sinstre de - 'to the left of'
- en - 'in'
Syntax
Vocabulary
For More Vocabulary Click Here
No. | English | Provitano |
---|---|---|
1 | I | jo |
2 | you (singular) | tu |
3 | he | eł |
4 | we | nos |
5 | you (plural) | vos |
6 | they | ełos |
7 | this | — |
8 | that | — |
9 | here | — |
10 | there | — |
11 | who | qui |
12 | what | que |
13 | where | — |
14 | when | quan |
15 | how | come |
16 | not | non |
17 | all | tôdo |
18 | many | — |
19 | some | — |
20 | few | — |
21 | other | altro |
22 | one | un |
23 | two | doiz |
24 | three | treiz |
25 | four | catro |
26 | five | cinco |
27 | big | grande |
28 | long | lông |
29 | wide | — |
30 | thick | — |
31 | heavy | — |
32 | small | petît |
33 | short | — |
34 | narrow | — |
35 | thin | — |
36 | woman | doña |
37 | man (adult male) | adult |
38 | man (human being) | human |
39 | child | ragazo |
40 | wife | mułer |
41 | husband | marit |
42 | mother | mae |
43 | father | pae |
44 | animal | animal |
45 | fish | peiz |
46 | bird | avón |
47 | dog | cane |
48 | louse | — |
49 | snake | — |
50 | worm | — |
51 | tree | árbor |
52 | forest | — |
53 | stick | — |
54 | fruit | froito/frucho |
55 | seed | — |
56 | leaf | — |
57 | root | — |
58 | bark | — |
59 | flower | flor |
60 | grass | — |
61 | rope | — |
62 | skin | — |
63 | meat | cârn |
64 | blood | sangre |
65 | bone | — |
66 | fat | — |
67 | egg | ôva |
68 | horn | — |
69 | tail | âlt |
70 | feather | — |
71 | hair | peł |
72 | head | têsta |
73 | ear | — |
74 | eye | oł |
75 | nose | nariz |
76 | mouth | bôc |
77 | tooth | dent |
78 | tongue | łengua |
79 | fingernail | — |
80 | foot | peds |
81 | leg | — |
82 | knee | — |
83 | hand | mâno |
84 | wing | — |
85 | belly | estómac |
86 | guts | — |
87 | neck | coło |
88 | back | — |
89 | breast | — |
90 | heart | core |
91 | liver | — |
92 | drink | bebita |
93 | eat | mântjar |
94 | bite | — |
95 | suck | — |
96 | spit | — |
97 | vomit | — |
98 | blow | soflar |
99 | breathe | respirar |
100 | laugh | redir |
101 | see | ver |
102 | hear | audir |
103 | know | saber/conoizer |
104 | think | pensar |
105 | smell | — |
106 | fear | temor |
107 | sleep | dormir |
108 | live | vivir |
109 | die | morir |
110 | kill | matar |
111 | fight | — |
112 | hunt | caçar |
113 | hit | — |
114 | cut | tałar |
115 | split | — |
116 | stab | — |
117 | scratch | — |
118 | dig | — |
119 | swim | nadar |
120 | fly | volar |
121 | walk | amnar |
122 | come | venir |
123 | lie | — |
124 | sit | — |
125 | stand | — |
126 | turn | — |
127 | fall | caer |
128 | give | dar |
129 | hold | tener |
130 | squeeze | — |
131 | rub | — |
132 | wash | łavar |
133 | wipe | — |
134 | pull | — |
135 | push | — |
136 | throw | — |
137 | tie | — |
138 | sew | — |
139 | count | contar |
140 | say | dir |
141 | sing | cantar |
142 | play | jugar |
143 | float | — |
144 | flow | — |
145 | freeze | frevar |
146 | swell | — |
147 | sun | sôl |
148 | moon | luna |
149 | star | estreła |
150 | water | agua |
151 | rain | płuïr |
152 | river | — |
153 | lake | — |
154 | sea | mar |
155 | salt | sâl |
156 | stone | pedra |
157 | sand | — |
158 | dust | — |
159 | earth | terra |
160 | cloud | — |
161 | fog | — |
162 | sky | cel |
163 | wind | — |
164 | snow | neva |
165 | ice | gèl |
166 | smoke | fumos |
167 | fire | foc |
168 | ash | — |
169 | burn | brûler |
170 | road | całe |
171 | mountain | montaña |
172 | red | rôitz |
173 | green | verd |
174 | yellow | — |
175 | white | blanc |
176 | black | neri |
177 | night | noite/noche |
178 | day | jorno |
179 | year | año |
180 | warm | — |
181 | cold | freu |
182 | full | płejo |
183 | new | neu |
184 | old | veł |
185 | good | bôn |
186 | bad | mal |
187 | rotten | — |
188 | dirty | sûci |
189 | straight | — |
190 | round | — |
191 | sharp | — |
192 | dull | — |
193 | smooth | — |
194 | wet | — |
195 | dry | — |
196 | correct | correche |
197 | near | — |
198 | far | — |
199 | right | dêstros |
200 | left | sinstre |
201 | at | a |
202 | in | en |
203 | with | con |
204 | and | e |
205 | if | si |
206 | because | perque |
207 | name | nom |
208. cherry | cheréiz
Example text
Days of the Week & Months of the Year
Days of the Week (Jornos de la Setmana)
- Monday - diłûns (dł.)
- Tuesday - dimarts (dm.)
- Wednesday - dimècs (dc.)
- Thursday - dijovs (dj.)
- Friday - divens (dv.)
- Saturday - dissávat (ds.)
- Sunday - duminge (dg.)
Months of the Year (Mêsos del Anyo)
- January - jenèi / jenèr (jen.)
- February - febrèi / febrèr (feb.)
- March - març (mar.)
- April - abril (abr.)
- May - maitg (mag.)
- June - jûño (jûñ.)
- July - jûło (jûł.)
- August - agòst (agt.)
- September - sechembre / seitembre (sec./set.)
- October - ochubre / oitubre (och./oit.)
- Novembre - novembre (nov.)
- December - decembre (dec.)
1st Article of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Primêr Article de la Declaración Universal de los Dêstros Humans
Tôdos los essers humans són naizuts libres et iquals en dignità e dêstros e són dotat con râçón e conciència e deven comportarse a unos a los altros nel espírit de la fraternità.
Our Father (Pae Nostro)
Pae nostro qui estàs en los cels
Santífic sî ton nom
Venga a nós ton rein.
Sî facha ta volontà sur la terra aizí es en los cels
Danoi, hôitg, nostre pan de câdo jorno
E perdona-noi nostres pecats
Aizí nos perdonâm llos que noi ofenden
E no noi induças a la tentación
Ma libera-noi del mal.
Genesis
1 - La Creación
1. Nel principi, Dio creó los cels e la terra.
2. E la terra era sin forma e vàgua e les tenêbres cobrivan la faça del abisso et el espírit de Dio veniva et iva sur les aqües de la terra.
3. e dizó Dio, «sî facha luiz» e la luiz era facha.
4. Dio consideró la luiz sî bona e la separó de les tenêbres.
5. Ell chamó la luiz, «el jorno» e les tenêbres «la noche» et aizí veniva la noche et entón el jorno płegó e passó el primêr jorno.
Numbers 1 - 100
- uno - 1
- doiz - 2
- treiz - 3
- catre - 4
- cenc - 5
- seiz - 6
- seche/seite - 7
- ocho/oito - 8
- nove - 9
- dètz - 10
- ontze - 11
- dotze - 12
- tretze - 13
- catortze - 14
- quintze - 15
- seitze - 16
- detset - 17
- detzocho/detzoito - 18
- detnove - 19
- vênt - 20
- ventuno - 21
- vent-doiz - 22
- vent-treiz - 23
- vent-catre - 24
- vent-cenc - 25
- vent-seiz - 26
- vent-seche / vent-seite - 27
- vent-ocho / vent-oito - 28
- vent-nove - 29
- trênt - 30
- trentuno, trent-doiz, ...
- carênt - 40
- cinqüênt - 50
- sessênt - 60
- sechênt / seitênt - 70
- ochênt / oitênt - 80
- novênt - 90
- cent - 100