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| Provitan Llengua Prôvitano (West), Llengua Provitano (East) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Type | |||
| Fusional | |||
| Alignment | |||
| NOM-ACC | |||
| Head direction | |||
| Head Initial | |||
| Tonal | |||
| No | |||
| Declensions | |||
| No | |||
| Conjugations | |||
| Yes | |||
| Genders | |||
| No | |||
| Nouns decline according to... | |||
| Case | Number | ||
| Definiteness | Gender | ||
| Verbs conjugate according to... | |||
| Voice | Mood | ||
| Person | Number | ||
| Tense | Aspect | ||
General information
Due to code restrictions, rather than using pointy brackets to represent orthography as per IPA standards, I will be using dashes on either side.
Provitano is a Western Romance Language that is spoken around Catalonia in Spain and in Western France. The Provitano spoken in Catalonia is hte Eastern Variant and the Provitano spoken in France is Western Variant. The Standard is mainly based on the Western Variant. This usually comes in to play with some forms of words, word final vowels, and some pronunciationla variations.
Note that while is says verbs conjugate for all 6 parts, they use synthetic forms for all people, moods, and numbers and most tenses but analitic forms for voice, some aspects and some tenses.
Phonology
Consonants
|
Bilabial |
Labio-dental |
Dental |
Alveolar |
Post-alveolar |
Palatal |
Velar |
Uvular | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Nasal |
m (m) |
n (n) |
ɲ (ny) |
|||||
|
Plosive |
p (p) b (b) |
t (t) d (d) |
k (c) g (g) ks (x) |
|||||
|
Fricative |
f (f) v (v) |
s (s/c/ç) z (z) |
ʃ (sc/ș/sç) ʒ (g/j) |
[ʁ]† | ||||
|
Affricate |
tʃ (ch) dʒ (tg/tj) |
|||||||
|
Approximant |
w (u) |
j (i/y) |
||||||
|
Trill |
r (r/rr) |
|||||||
|
Flap or tap |
||||||||
|
Lateral fric. |
||||||||
|
Lateral app. |
l (l) |
ʎ (ll) |
||||||
-c- represents /k/ before consonants and letters -a o u- (and variants such as â, ò etc.) and /s/ before -e i y- (and variants such as ê, í etc.). Furthermore, -ç- is used before -a o u- for /s/ where necessary such as in feliç, feliços. always represents /s/.
The sound /ʃ/ is represented by the cluster -sc- before -e i y- (and variants) and -sç- before -a o u- (and variants) and by -ș- before a consonant. The sound /sk/ is represented by -sc- before -a o u- and variants and consonants and by -squ- before -e i y- and variants.
The sound /ʒ/ is represented by -g- before <e i y> and variants and -j- before all else.
The sound /dʒ/ is represented by -tg- before <e i y> and variants and -tj- before all else
†[ʁ] is a dialectual variant of /r/ that occurs in Eastern Provitano.
Vowels
| Front | Near-front | Central | Near-back | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Close |
i (i) iː (î) yː (û) |
u (u) uː (ô) | |||
| Close-mid |
e (e) eː (ê) ø (ø) øː (ø̂) |
o (o) | |||
| Open-mid |
ɛ (æ) ɛː (æ̂) œ (œ) œ (œ̂) |
ɔ (ó)‡ | |||
| Open |
a (a) aː (â) |
ɑː (â)‡‡ |
‡/ɔ/ occurs only in stressed syllables and has no long variant.
‡‡/ɑː/ occurs in the East.
/oː/ does not occur because due to a vowel shift, /oː/ shifted to /uː/ likewise /uː/ is not represented by -û- becuase the shift fronted that to /yː/.
Long vowels can occur in and out of stress syllables. Irregular stress is marked by an acute accent. The grave accent is only used on -ò- and works as states above.
Long vowels are represented with a circumflex and are usually realized as diphthongs. As follows:
â -- aː ~ aɒ̯
æ̂ -- ɛː ~ ɛɪ̯
ê -- eː ~ eɪ̯ ~ aɛ̯
î -- iː ~ iɪ̯
ô -- uː ~ uʌ̯
ø̂ -- øː ~ øʏ̯
œ̂ -- œː ~ œɒ̯
ŷ -- yː ~ yʏ̯
Alphabet
Soft and Hard -c- and -g-
Phonotactics
Diphthongs are fairly straightforward when it comes to vowels:
With in a word vowels -a æ e o ò- can combine with -i- to form the respective falling diphthongs that is /aj ɛj ej oj ɔj/.
In final positions or intervocalically, a -y- may be used instead of an -i-.
In any position -a æ e o ò- may combine with -u- to form the respective diphthongs, that is /aw ɛw ew ow ɔw/
Long vowels do not appear in diphthongs but can be realized as diphthongs.
Combinations such as -ae- or -oa- are not technically diphthongs and in careful speech are two seperate vowels, though in fast speech -e- acts as -i- and -o- acts as -u- to form diphthongs.
Please note: ae and oe ≠ æ and œ. These are different sounds and cannot be confused.
There are also the following digraphs
-ch- whcih makes the /tʃ/ sound.
-sc/sç- which makes teh /ʃ/ sound.
-tg/tj- which makes the /dʒ/ sound.
-ny- which makes a /ɲ/ sound.
-ll- which makes a /ʎ/ sound.
Grammar
| Gender | Cases | Numbers | Tenses | Persons | Moods | Voices | Aspects | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Verb | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
| Nouns | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No |
| Adjectives | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No |
| Numbers | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
| Participles | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | No |
| Adverb | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
| Pronouns | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No |
| Adpositions | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
| Article | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No |
| Particle | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Nouns
Nouns, like most Romance Languages, have no case but do have gender and can be singular or plural. Nouns may be either masculine or feminine and there is a small class of nouns which are irregular that are occasionally called neuter but are technically masculine.
Nouns usually pluralize with -s, -es, or -os. There are some exceptions however which mainly come from stem changing neuters in Latin (these nouns usually pluralize with -inés or -orés). Nouns endings in -a pluralize as -es. Nouns ending in other vowels take a +s. Nouns ending in consonants add +os if masc. and +es if fem.
Examples:
estudí "study" -- estudís "studies"
amante "lover" -- amantes "lovers"
ragazo "child" -- ragazos "children"
pae "father" -- paes "fathers/parents"
ollo "eye" -- ollos "eyes"
idea "idea" -- idees "ideas"
donya "lady" -- donyes "ladies"
animal "animal" -- animalos "animals"
muller "wife" -- mulleres "wives"
adúlt "adult" -- adultos "adults"
Irregulars:
hom "man" -- hominés "men"
nom "name" -- nominés "names"
temp "time" -- temporés "times"
corp "body" -- corporés "bodies"
òp "work" -- oporés "works"
Nouns also change for feminine and masculine gender.
Some are specialized like pae/mae or muller/marto but most can be derived.
When a noun is masculine that ends in a consonant or -i-, it becomes feminine by adding +a.
Examples:
adúlt m. -- adulta f. (singular)
adultos m. -- adultes f. (plural)
When a noun ends in an -o- the -o- changes to -a.
Examples:
ragazo m. -- ragaza f. (singular)
ragazos m. -- ragazes f. (plural)
Nouns ending in -e- do not change and can be either masculine or feminine.
amante m/f (singular)
amantes m/f (plural)
Verbs
Syntax
Vocabulary
| No. | English | llengua |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | I | jo |
| 2 | you (singular) | tu |
| 3 | he | ell |
| 4 | we | nos |
| 5 | you (plural) | vos |
| 6 | they | — |
| 7 | this | — |
| 8 | that | — |
| 9 | here | — |
| 10 | there | — |
| 11 | who | qui |
| 12 | what | que |
| 13 | where | — |
| 14 | when | quân |
| 15 | how | come |
| 16 | not | — |
| 17 | all | tôdo |
| 18 | many | — |
| 19 | some | — |
| 20 | few | — |
| 21 | other | altro |
| 22 | one | — |
| 23 | two | — |
| 24 | three | — |
| 25 | four | catro |
| 26 | five | cinco |
| 27 | big | grande |
| 28 | long | lông |
| 29 | wide | — |
| 30 | thick | — |
| 31 | heavy | — |
| 32 | small | — |
| 33 | short | — |
| 34 | narrow | — |
| 35 | thin | — |
| 36 | woman | donya |
| 37 | man (adult male) | adúlt |
| 38 | man (human being) | — |
| 39 | child | ragazo |
| 40 | wife | muller |
| 41 | husband | — |
| 42 | mother | mae |
| 43 | father | pae |
| 44 | animal | animal |
| 45 | fish | — |
| 46 | bird | ævón |
| 47 | dog | cane |
| 48 | louse | — |
| 49 | snake | — |
| 50 | worm | — |
| 51 | tree | — |
| 52 | forest | — |
| 53 | stick | — |
| 54 | fruit | — |
| 55 | seed | — |
| 56 | leaf | — |
| 57 | root | — |
| 58 | bark | — |
| 59 | flower | — |
| 60 | grass | — |
| 61 | rope | — |
| 62 | skin | — |
| 63 | meat | — |
| 64 | blood | sængre |
| 65 | bone | — |
| 66 | fat | — |
| 67 | egg | ôva |
| 68 | horn | — |
| 69 | tail | âlt |
| 70 | feather | — |
| 71 | hair | — |
| 72 | head | têsta |
| 73 | ear | — |
| 74 | eye | oïll |
| 75 | nose | — |
| 76 | mouth | — |
| 77 | tooth | — |
| 78 | tongue | — |
| 79 | fingernail | — |
| 80 | foot | piæ |
| 81 | leg | — |
| 82 | knee | — |
| 83 | hand | mâno |
| 84 | wing | — |
| 85 | belly | eștomægo |
| 86 | guts | — |
| 87 | neck | — |
| 88 | back | — |
| 89 | breast | — |
| 90 | heart | core |
| 91 | liver | — |
| 92 | drink | bebita |
| 93 | eat | mæntgé |
| 94 | bite | — |
| 95 | suck | — |
| 96 | spit | — |
| 97 | vomit | — |
| 98 | blow | — |
| 99 | breathe | respirá |
| 100 | laugh | — |
| 101 | see | vé |
| 102 | hear | auí |
| 103 | know | — |
| 104 | think | pensá |
| 105 | smell | — |
| 106 | fear | — |
| 107 | sleep | dormí |
| 108 | live | — |
| 109 | die | morí |
| 110 | kill | — |
| 111 | fight | — |
| 112 | hunt | — |
| 113 | hit | — |
| 114 | cut | — |
| 115 | split | — |
| 116 | stab | — |
| 117 | scratch | — |
| 118 | dig | — |
| 119 | swim | nadá |
| 120 | fly | — |
| 121 | walk | aindá |
| 122 | come | vení |
| 123 | lie | — |
| 124 | sit | — |
| 125 | stand | — |
| 126 | turn | — |
| 127 | fall | — |
| 128 | give | dá |
| 129 | hold | tené |
| 130 | squeeze | — |
| 131 | rub | — |
| 132 | wash | — |
| 133 | wipe | — |
| 134 | pull | — |
| 135 | push | — |
| 136 | throw | — |
| 137 | tie | — |
| 138 | sew | — |
| 139 | count | contá |
| 140 | say | — |
| 141 | sing | cantá |
| 142 | play | jugá |
| 143 | float | — |
| 144 | flow | — |
| 145 | freeze | — |
| 146 | swell | — |
| 147 | sun | sôl |
| 148 | moon | luna |
| 149 | star | — |
| 150 | water | agua |
| 151 | rain | — |
| 152 | river | — |
| 153 | lake | — |
| 154 | sea | mar |
| 155 | salt | sâl |
| 156 | stone | pedra |
| 157 | sand | — |
| 158 | dust | — |
| 159 | earth | terra |
| 160 | cloud | — |
| 161 | fog | — |
| 162 | sky | cel |
| 163 | wind | — |
| 164 | snow | neva |
| 165 | ice | — |
| 166 | smoke | — |
| 167 | fire | foc |
| 168 | ash | — |
| 169 | burn | brûlé |
| 170 | road | — |
| 171 | mountain | montanya |
| 172 | red | rôtj |
| 173 | green | verte |
| 174 | yellow | — |
| 175 | white | blanc |
| 176 | black | neri |
| 177 | night | — |
| 178 | day | jorno |
| 179 | year | anyo |
| 180 | warm | — |
| 181 | cold | — |
| 182 | full | plleno |
| 183 | new | — |
| 184 | old | vello |
| 185 | good | bôn |
| 186 | bad | mal |
| 187 | rotten | — |
| 188 | dirty | sûzo |
| 189 | straight | — |
| 190 | round | — |
| 191 | sharp | — |
| 192 | dull | — |
| 193 | smooth | — |
| 194 | wet | — |
| 195 | dry | — |
| 196 | correct | — |
| 197 | near | — |
| 198 | far | — |
| 199 | right | — |
| 200 | left | — |
| 201 | at | — |
| 202 | in | en |
| 203 | with | con |
| 204 | and | e |
| 205 | if | si |
| 206 | because | perque |
| 207 | name | nom |