Provitano

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Progress 56%
	Stats Nouns 94% Verbs 68% Adjectives 37% Syntax 46% Words 127 of 1500

Provitan Llengua Prôvitano (East), Llengua Provitano (West)
Type
Fusional
Alignment
NOM-ACC
Head direction
Head Initial
Tonal
No
Declensions
No
Conjugations
Yes
Genders
No
Nouns decline according to...
Case	Number
Definiteness	Gender
Verbs conjugate according to...
Voice	Mood
Person	Number
Tense	Aspect

General information

Provitan is a Western Romance Language that is spoken around Catalonia in Spain and in Western France. The Provitano spoken in Catalonia is the Western Variant (Llengua Provitana del hueste)) and the Provitano spoken in France is Eastern Variant (Llengua Prôvitana del Este). The Standard (Llengua Provitana Oficiala) is mainly based on the Western Variant. This usually comes in to play with some forms of words, word final vowels, and some pronunciation variations.

Note that while is says verbs conjugate for all 6 parts, they use synthetic forms for all people, moods, and numbers and most tenses but analitic forms for voice, some aspects and some tenses.

Due to code restrictions, rather than using pointy brackets to represent orthography as per IPA standards, I will be using dashes on either side.

Phonology

Consonants

	Bilabial	Labio-dental	Dental	Alveolar	Post-alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Uvular
Nasal	m (m) mː (tm)		n (n) nː (tn)			ɲ (ny)
Plosive	p (p) b (b)		t (t) d (d)				k (c) g (g) ks (x)
Fricative		f (f) v (v)		s (s/c/ç) z (z)	ʃ (ș/iz) ʒ (g/j/ig)			[ʁ]†
Affricate					tʃ (ch) dʒ (tg/tj/itg)
Approximant						j (i/y)	w (u)
Trill				r (r/rr)
Lateral app.			l (l) lː (tl)			ʎ (ll) ʎː (tll)

-c- represents /k/ before consonants and letters -a o u- (and variants such as â, ò etc.) and /s/ before -e i y- (and variants such as ê, í etc.). Furthermore, -ç- is used before -a o u- for /s/ where necessary such as in feliç, feliços. always represents /s/.

The sound /ʃ/ is represented by the cluster -iz- intervocalically and at the end of a word. It is also represented by -ș- before consonants, initially, and in conditions other than intervocalically and finally. Note that the -i- part of the digraph -iz- does not form a yod-diphthong with the preceding vowel unless it is written -ïz- then the -i- forms a diphthong with the previous vowel.

The sound /ʒ/ is represented by -g- before <e i y> and variants and -j- before all else. Also it can be represented by <ig> finally and intervocalically. 

The sound /dʒ/ is represented by -tg- before <e i y> and variants and -tj- before all else. Also it can be represented by <itg> finally and intervocalically.

†[ʁ] is a dialectual variant of /r/ that occurs in Eastern Provitano.

Vowels

	Front	Near-front	Central	Near-back	Back
Close	i (i) iː (î) yː (û)				u (u) uː (ô)
Close-mid	e (e) eː (ê) ø (ø) øː (ø̂)				o (o)
Open-mid	ɛ (æ) ɛː (æ̂) œ (œ) œː (œ̂)				ɔ (ó)‡
Open		a (a) aː (â)			ɑː (â)‡‡

‡/ɔ/ occurs only in stressed syllables and has no long variant. 

‡‡/ɑː/ occurs in place of /a:/ in the East. 

/oː/ does not occur because due to a vowel shift, /oː/ shifted to /uː/ likewise /uː/ is not represented by -û- becuase the shift fronted that to /yː/.

Long vowels can occur in and out of stress syllables. Irregular stress is marked by an acute accent. The grave accent is only used on -ò- and works as states above. 

Long vowels are represented with a circumflex and are usually realized as diphthongs. As follows:

â --aː ~ aɒ̯

æ̂ -- ɛː ~ ɛɪ̯

ê -- eː ~ eɪ̯ ~ aɛ̯

î -- iː ~ iɪ̯

ô -- uː ~ uʌ̯

ø̂ -- øː ~ øʏ̯

œ̂ -- œː ~ œɒ̯

û -- yː ~ yʏ̯

Alphabet

The alphabet does not include accents, circumflexes, or cedilla. It also does not include digraphs. In proper collating order the alphabet is:

a æ b c d e f g h i j k l m n o ø œ p q r s t u v w x y z (with -k- and -w- used only in borrowed words like kilowatt).

Note that -ø- comes after -o- and before -œ-.

There is also -á ǽ é í ó ǿ œ́ ú- which all mark stress on syllables in words where stress does not follow proper rules.

-ò- also exists to mark open /ɔ/ only in stressed syllables. (Note that /ɔ/ must always be marked even when stress on a word is predictable.)

Also long vowels are written -â æ̂ ê î ô ø̂ œ̂ û-.

Furthermore there are the digraphs: ch, gu, ll, ny, tg, tj, tl, tll, tm, tn, qu, sc, sç, ig, itg, itz, iz which are explained below section.

Please note: ae and oe ≠ æ and œ. These are different sounds and cannot be confused.

Phonotactics

Diphthongs

Diphthongs are fairly straightforward when it comes to vowels:

With in a word vowels -a æ e o ò ø œ- can combine with -i- to form the respective falling diphthongs that is /aj ɛj ej oj ɔj øj œj/. The diphthong /uj/ does not exist and -ui- and -uy- are always realized as /wi/

In final positions or intervocalically, a -y- may be used instead of an -i-.

In any position -a æ e o ò ø œ- may combine with -u- to form the respective diphthongs, that is /aw ɛw ew ow ɔw øw œw/

Furthermore, when -i- appears before a vowel it becomes a rising diphthong /j/ + VOWEL. This can occur with any vowel. Also, -u- form the diphtong /w/ + VOWEL. -ô- and -û- do not create diphthongs because the long vowel always remains independent.

Long vowels do not appear in diphthongs but can be realized as diphthongs.

Combinations such as -ae- or -oa- are not technically diphthongs and in careful speech are two seperate vowels, though in fast speech -e- acts as -i- and -o- acts as -u- to form diphthongs.

Tremas ( ¨ ) can be used on letters to separate diphthongs as in països /paˈis.os/. An accent mark on the semivocalic part of a diphthong can also indicate stress as well as force a hiatus such as in país /paˈis/.

Consonant Clusters

In Latin, the initial clusters: -cl- -pl- -fl- -l- -bl- often palatalized in the Romance language. In Provitan, -cl- -pl- and -l- palatalize.

-cl- becomes -ch- pronounced /tʃ/. (Example: clamare ➜ chamá; Cf. Spanish llamar & Portuguese chamar).

-pl- becomes -pll- which is analyzed as /pʎ/ but realized as /ʎ/ in the West and /pj/ in the East. (Example: plenus ➜ plleno; Cf. Spanish lleno & Portuguese cheio).

-l- becomes -ll- pronounced /ʎ/. (Example: lavar ➜ llavá; Cf. Catalan llavar).

These are not universal in the Romance languages. For example -pl- -cl- mutations are unheard of in Catalan and -l- mutations are less common in Spanish while being heavily present in Catalan. Furthermore, -bl- mutations occur in Italian but not in Spanish (hence Italian bianco but Spanish blanco).

These mutations do not occur in borrowed words which often are taken directly from Latin and have slightly different meanings. In Spanish, for example, there is lleno "full" and pleno "broad" which both come from Latin plenus except that lleno evolved and pleno was borrowed.

Furthermore, in many cases, -ct- around vowels mutates as well. In Italian, this is seen as -tt- such as in otto, dottore, Vittoria, aspettare. In Spanish, this is less common but can be seen in ocho, and to a lesser extent in fruto. In French and Catalan there is huit and fruit.

In Provitan, this mutation occurs differently in the East and West.

Western Mutations

act ➜ ach

ect ➜ ech (as in aspectare ➜ aspechá)

ict ➜ ich

oct ➜ och (as in octo ➜ ocho)

uct ➜ uch (as in fructus ➜ frucho)

Eastern Mutations

act ➜ ait

ect ➜ eit (as in aspectare ➜ aspeitá)

ict ➜ eit

oct ➜ oit (as in octo ➜ oito)

uct ➜ oit (as in fructus ➜ froito)

Digraphs

-ch- whcih makes the /tʃ/ sound.

-tg/tj- which makes the /dʒ/ sound.

-ny- which makes a /ɲ/ sound.

-ll- which makes a /ʎ/ sound.

-gu- which makes /gw/ normally but /g/ before -e i y- and variants

-qu- which makes /kw/ normally but /k/ before -e i y- and variants

-qü- which makes /kw/ before -e i y- and variants

-gü- which makes /gw/ before -e i y- and variants

-tl- which makes /lː/

-tll- which makes /ʎː/

-tn- which makes /nː/

-tm- which makes /mː/

-iz- only intervocalically or word final /ʃ/

-itz- only intervocalically or word final /tʃ/

-ig- only intervocalically or word final /ʒ/

-itg- only intervocalically or word final /dʒ/

Cluster Reductions

Sometimes, at the end of words, consonant clusters are reduced in common speech.

Words like -temp- are analyzed as /temp/ but realized as [tem].

There is also -corp- which is analyzed as /corp/ but realized as [cor].

This kind of thing happens with most complex clusters however they are reduced when suffixes are added so that [cor] ➜ [cor.po'res]

Grammar

	Gender	Cases	Numbers	Tenses	Persons	Moods	Voices	Aspects
Verb	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No
Nouns	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No
Adjectives	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No
Numbers	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Participles	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	No
Adverb	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Pronouns	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	No
Adpositions	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Article	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No
Particle	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No

Nouns

Nouns, like most Romance Languages, have no case but do have gender and can be singular or plural. Nouns may be either masculine or feminine and there is a small class of nouns which are irregular that are occasionally called neuter but are technically masculine.

Nouns usually pluralize with -s, -es, or -os. There are some exceptions however which mainly come from stem changing neuters in Latin (these nouns usually pluralize with -inés or -orés). Nouns endings in -a pluralize as -es. Nouns ending in other vowels take a +s. Nouns ending in consonants add +os if masc. and +es if fem.

Examples:

estudí "study" -- estudís "studies"

amante "lover" -- amantes "lovers"

ragazo "child" -- ragazos "children"

pae "father" -- paes "fathers/parents"

país "country" -- països "countries"

œll "eye" -- œllos "eyes"

llengua "tongue" -- llengües "tongues"

șientífic "scientist" -masculine -- șientíficos "scientists" -masculine

șientífica "scientist" -feminine -- șientífiques "scientists" -feminine

idea "idea" -- idees "ideas"

donya "lady" -- donyes "ladies"

animal "animal" -- animalos "animals"

muller "wife" -- mulleres "wives"

adúlt "adult" -- adultos "adults"

Irregulars:

hom "man" -- hominés "men"

nom "name" -- nominés "names"

temp "time" -- temporés "times"

corp "body" -- corporés "bodies"

òp "work" -- oporés "works"

These are the only irregular plurals in Provitan. Every other noun will pluralize with -s, -os, or -es, although some ending in -c may have to change to -qu- and ones ending in -gu- may need to change to -gü- etc.

Nouns also change for feminine and masculine gender.

Some are specialized like pae/mae or muller/marto but most can be derived.

When a noun is masculine that ends in a consonant or -i-, it becomes feminine by adding +a.

Examples:

adúlt m. -- adulta f. (singular)

adultos m. -- adultes f. (plural)

When a noun ends in an -o- the -o- changes to -a.

Examples:

ragazo m. -- ragaza f. (singular)

ragazos m. -- ragazes f. (plural)

Nouns ending in -e- do not change and can be either masculine or feminine.

amante m/f (singular)

amantes m/f (plural)

Some Substantive Suffixes

As you may or may not be aware: many Latin suffixes descend quite regularly into the Romance language. These are important noun-creating suffixes that are found throughout Provitan.

-ción (plural: -ciones) (borrowed from Latin -tionem Cf. Spanish -ción; Catalan -ció; English -tion)

-çón (plural: -çones) (inherited from Latin -tionem Cf. Spanish -zón; Catalan -çó)

-itá (plural: -ités) (inherited form Latin -itatem Cf. Italian -ità; Catalan -itat)

-ia (plural: -ies) (borrowed from Latin -ia Cf. Italian -ia; Spanish -ia) (usually following -c-)

-a (plural: -es) (inherited from Latin -ia Cf. Italian -a; Spanish -a) (usually following -ç-)

-ment (plural: -mentos) inherited from Latin -mentum Cf. Italian -mento; Spanish -miento)

Some Examples include: râçón 'reason', transportación 'transportation', citá 'city', esperança 'hope', velocitá 'speed'.

Verbs

Much like other Romance Languages, Provitan has complex verb conjugations. There are 3 conjugations the 3rd of which breaks up into 3 sub-conjugations. Verbs conjugate for present, preterite, future, conditional, and imperfect in the indicative and some in the subjunctive. There is also an imperative and analytic tenses perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect.

Verbs, being lengthy, are divided into pages. Click below to go to those pages.

Conjugating verbs in moods, tenses, aspects, and for persons and numbers

Irregular Verbs Conjugated in Tenses

Vocabulary

No.	English	llengua
1	I	jo
2	you (singular)	tu
3	he	ell
4	we	nos
5	you (plural)	vos
6	they	—
7	this	—
8	that	—
9	here	—
10	there	—
11	who	qui
12	what	que
13	where	—
14	when	quân
15	how	come
16	not	non
17	all	tôdo
18	many	—
19	some	—
20	few	—
21	other	altro
22	one	un
23	two	dô
24	three	trê
25	four	catro
26	five	cinco
27	big	grande
28	long	lông
29	wide	—
30	thick	—
31	heavy	—
32	small	petît
33	short	—
34	narrow	—
35	thin	—
36	woman	donya
37	man (adult male)	adúlt
38	man (human being)	—
39	child	ragazo
40	wife	muller
41	husband	marit
42	mother	mae
43	father	pae
44	animal	animal
45	fish	peiz
46	bird	ævón
47	dog	cane
48	louse	—
49	snake	—
50	worm	—
51	tree	árbor
52	forest	—
53	stick	—
54	fruit	froito/frucho
55	seed	—
56	leaf	—
57	root	—
58	bark	—
59	flower	flør
60	grass	—
61	rope	—
62	skin	—
63	meat	cârn
64	blood	sængre
65	bone	—
66	fat	—
67	egg	ôva
68	horn	—
69	tail	âlt
70	feather	—
71	hair	pell
72	head	têsta
73	ear	—
74	eye	œll
75	nose	nariz
76	mouth	bôc
77	tooth	dente
78	tongue	llengua
79	fingernail	—
80	foot	piæ
81	leg	—
82	knee	—
83	hand	mâno
84	wing	—
85	belly	eștómægo
86	guts	—
87	neck	collo
88	back	—
89	breast	—
90	heart	core
91	liver	—
92	drink	bebita
93	eat	mântjá
94	bite	—
95	suck	—
96	spit	—
97	vomit	—
98	blow	soflá
99	breathe	respirá
100	laugh	rezí
101	see	vé
102	hear	audí
103	know	sabé/conoizé
104	think	pensá
105	smell	—
106	fear	temôr
107	sleep	dormí
108	live	viví
109	die	morí
110	kill	—
111	fight	—
112	hunt	—
113	hit	—
114	cut	—
115	split	—
116	stab	—
117	scratch	—
118	dig	—
119	swim	nadá
120	fly	—
121	walk	aindá
122	come	vení
123	lie	—
124	sit	—
125	stand	—
126	turn	—
127	fall	cadé
128	give	dá
129	hold	tené
130	squeeze	—
131	rub	—
132	wash	llavá
133	wipe	—
134	pull	—
135	push	—
136	throw	—
137	tie	—
138	sew	—
139	count	contá
140	say	—
141	sing	cantá
142	play	jugá
143	float	—
144	flow	—
145	freeze	—
146	swell	—
147	sun	sôl
148	moon	luna
149	star	estrella
150	water	agua
151	rain	lluvá
152	river	—
153	lake	—
154	sea	mar
155	salt	sâl
156	stone	pedra
157	sand	—
158	dust	—
159	earth	terra
160	cloud	—
161	fog	—
162	sky	cel
163	wind	—
164	snow	neva
165	ice	—
166	smoke	fumos
167	fire	foc
168	ash	—
169	burn	brûlé
170	road	calle
171	mountain	montanya
172	red	rôitz
173	green	verte
174	yellow	—
175	white	blanc
176	black	neri
177	night	noite/noche
178	day	jorno
179	year	anyo
180	warm	—
181	cold	freu
182	full	plleno
183	new	neu
184	old	vello
185	good	bôn
186	bad	mal
187	rotten	—
188	dirty	sûzo
189	straight	—
190	round	—
191	sharp	—
192	dull	—
193	smooth	—
194	wet	—
195	dry	—
196	correct	—
197	near	—
198	far	—
199	right	—
200	left	—
201	at	a
202	in	en
203	with	con
204	and	e
205	if	si
206	because	perque
207	name	nom

208. cherry | cheréiz