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Name: Qäŕ
Type: Synthetic Alignment: Transitive Head Direction: Initial Number of genders: 4 Declensions: Yes Conjugations: Yes
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Setting[]
A language of a scavenger species that evolved to sentience.
Phonology[]
Consonants[]
Bilabial | Labiode. | Dental | Alveol. | Postalve. | Retrofl. | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyn. | Epiglot. | Glottal | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plosives | t (ṭ)<br\/>tʰ (ṭh) | ʈ (t)<br\/>ʈʰ (th) | ɖ (d) | c (g) | k (k)<br\/>kh (kh) | ʔ ( ' ) | |||||||||||||||||||
Affricates | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fricatives | ɸ̝ (f) | s (s) | ʂ (z) | x (c) | χ (x) | ħ (q) | h (qh) | ||||||||||||||||||
Lateral Fricatives | ɬ ( l ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lateral Affricates | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Nasals | m̥ | ɳ̥ (n) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Trills | r (r) | ʀ (ŕ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Flaps / taps | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Glides | Approxim. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lateral Appr. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Co-art. approx. |
Vowels[]
Front | Center | Back | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
High | y ~ u (u) | |||||
Mid | ɛ (e) | ɜ (ä) | ɵ (ö) | ɔ (o) | ||
Low | æ ~ ɒ (a) |
Phonotactics[]
Syllable Structure[]
Each syllable has a maximum structure of:
Syllable | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(C) | (C) | (O) | (V/S) | (C) | (C) |
C - Consonant
O - Obstruent (plosives and fricatives)
S- Semivowel (trills and nasals)
V - Vowel
Vowel Allophony[]
The vowels "a" and "u" have varied pronouciation.
IPA | Preceeding Phoneme |
---|---|
y, æ | Bilabial, Alveolar, Palatal, Front Vowel |
ɯ, a | Retroflex, Velar, Cent. Vowel, Nothing |
u, ɒ | Uvular, Pharyngeal, Glottal, Back Vowel |
Ablaut[]
Qäŕ employs a system of grammatical horizontal ablaut.
Progression of Ablaut | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ɛ | => | ɜ | => | ɵ | => | ɔ | => | ɵ... |
Certain grammatical features use ablaut as a marker and instead of phonemes, a -stepx suffix is added, where "x" is the amount of ablaut steps. Note that the progression of ablaut is simmilar to a sine curve, going back and forth, so -step1 is equal -step6
Basic Grammar[]
Standard Verbs[]
Aspect[]
There are 8 aspects:
- Inchoative - Start of action, inc
- Gnomic - General truth, gnm
- Perfective - Action viewed as a simple whole, with an obvious end, prf
- Imperfective - Action viewed with an internal structure, impr
- Progressive - Incomplete action in progress, prg
- Terminative - End of action, trm
- Experiental - Action done multiple times before, exp
- Repetitive - Repetition of action, rep
Aspects can be combined.
Mood[]
There are 7 moods:
- Indicative - Shows something, general mood, ind
- Generic - Shows attribute, gen
- Declarative - Presents the states as the truth without evidence, dcl
- Subjunctive - Discussing hypothetical or unlikely events or the preset situation, "if... then...", sbj
- Imperative - Expresses commands or requests, imp
- Dubivative - Expresses doubt or uncertainty about the event, dub
- Permissive - Indicates that the action is permitted by the speaker, subject or both, per
Moods can sometimes be combined.
Tense[]
There are 8 tenses:
- Present - General present, prs
- Propial - Temporally proximate, pro
- Future - General future, fut
- Immediate - Near future, idf
- Remote - Far future, rmf
- Past - General past, pst
- Ancestral - Distant past, anc
- Immediate - Immediate or close past, idp
Tenses cannot be combined.
Voice[]
- Active/Direct - Generic voice, A=A S=S and O=O , dir
- Relfexive - Voice where the A=O and/or S=O, rfl
- Devalent - Voice where A=S and O=O, dev
- Inverse - Voice where A=O O=A and S=S, inv
- Inverse Devalent - Voice where O=A and A=S, invdev
The DIR is the default voice.
The RFL is made by adding a reflexive marker on the verb (and sometimes demoting it).
The DEV is the secondary counterpart to the DIR.
The INV is made by adding an inverse marker to the verb.
The INVDEV is made by adding an inverse marker to a DEV verb.
Dual Polarity[]
Where most, if not all, languages have a polar distinction between positive and negative forms, Qäŕ has a dual polarity, a distinction of Positive vs. Negative and Static vs. Dynamic.
While the positive/negative distinction may be obvious, static/dynamic isn't:
The Static form indicates default plan, while the Dynamic form indicates a deviation, a change from the original, default plan. Both Pos/Neg and Stat/Dyn are obligatorily marked.
Evidentiality[]
There are five optional evidentialities:
Evidentiality | Description | Gloss |
---|---|---|
Inferential | Not personally experienced but inferred from indirect evidence |
inf |
Witness | Directly witnessed | wit |
Nonwitness | Not directly witnessed | nwt |
Visual | Visually experienced | vis |
Gustatory | Experienced by taste | gus |
Locative Prefix[]
There are 9 rare locational prefixes:
Gloss | Description |
---|---|
pprx | Here, near |
pdst | There, distant |
pfar | Far off |
punk | Somewhere |
pwat | In water |
pfrs | In the forest/swamp/etc. |
pnwh | Nowhere |
phus | Inside |
pevr | Everywhere |
Infinitive[]
There are two infinitives and they can be marked to any extent. They are:
Gloss | Description |
---|---|
1inf | Inactive form of verb |
2inf | Expresses a concept simmilar to the Finnish second infinitive |
Agent Marker[]
Agent markers indicate which person is the agent of the verb:
Gloss | Name |
---|---|
1st | First Person |
2nd | Second Person |
prx | Third Person Proximate |
obv | Third Person Obivate |
gen | General |
These can be replaced with an incorporated word.
Number[]
There are three numbers:
Gloss | Name |
---|---|
sg | Singular |
du | Dual |
pl | Plural |
Reflexive[]
There's one reflexive marker:
Gloss | Name |
---|---|
rfl | Reflexive form |
Verb Structure[]
In Qäŕ, each verb is a combination of root, prefixes and suffixes. There's a relatively rigid system of a verb template in Qäŕ:
Verb Template | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Position | -5 | -4 | -3 | -2 | -1 | 0 | +1 | +2 | +3 | +4 | +5 | +6 |
Gloss | ploc | ps/ng | st/dn | inv | rfl | root | evid | tma | dev | agnt | num | inf |
Name | Location Prefix | Positive/Negative | Static/Dynamic | Inverse | Reflexive | Root | Evidentiality | Tense-Mood-Aspect | Devalence | Agent | Number | Infinitive |
Obligatory? | no | yes | yes | no | no | yes | no | no | no | yes | yes | no |
Affix Forms[]
Each affix has at least one form:
Gloss | Form |
---|---|
inc | -q- |
gnm | -- |
prf | -c- |
impr | -l- |
trm | -x- |
exp | -f- |
rep | -h- |
ind | -- |
gen | -äs- |
dcl | -e- |
sbj | -aq- |
imp | -es- |
dub | -na- |
per | -a- |
prs | -- |
pro | -k- |
fut | -q- |
idf | -th- |
rmf | -da- |
pst | -n- |
anc | -s- |
idp | -zs- |
dir | -- |
rfl | -ŕö- |
dev | -äz- |
inv | -anaa- |
pos | -- |
neg | -ac- |
sta | -- |
dyn | -öz- |
inf | -eke- |
wit | -närö- |
nwt | -cäro- |
vis | -ṭhöta- |
gus | -qax- |
1st | -soa- |
2nd | -sel- |
prx | -ska- |
obv | -neac- |
gen | -xuac- |
sg | -- |
pl | -zu- |
du | -ela- |
inf1 | -quuk |
inf2 | -saar |
pprx | ke- |
pdst | sa- |
pfar | af- |
punk | sö- |
pwat | hu- |
pfrs | äq- |
pnwh | u'- |
phus | mö- |
pevr | ro- |
Examples[]
Here's an example of a fully inflected verb versus a minimally inflected verb:
1) roacözanaatözaqaxzsefäzskaelasaar
ro-ac-öz-anaa-töza-qax-zsef-äz-ska-ela-saar
PEVR-NEG-DYN-INV-food-GUS-IDP.DCL.EXP-DEV-PRX-DUA-INF2
- While it could be tasted as the truth that the two of them weren't just being eaten everywhere as though experienced in this by themselves...
The above translation isn't exactly correct, but the approximate translation can be considered good enough. Note the sentence's incompleteness in English which also applies to the original.
2) tözaselela
töza-sel-ela
food-2ND-DU
- The two of you eat.
Auxilliary Verbs[]
Auxilliary verbs behave different from standard verbs. They are used to mark things left unmarked by standard verbs.
There are seven auxilliary verbs:
- deöq - to exist
- c'sä - copula
- uŕo -
- rrsn
- zgakh
- th'sa
- zaxo
Dictionary[]
No. | English | |
---|---|---|
1 | I | — |
2 | you (singular) | — |
3 | he | — |
4 | we | — |
5 | you (plural) | — |
6 | they | — |
7 | this | — |
8 | that | — |
9 | here | — |
10 | there | — |
11 | who | — |
12 | what | — |
13 | where | — |
14 | when | — |
15 | how | — |
16 | not | — |
17 | all | — |
18 | many | — |
19 | some | — |
20 | few | — |
21 | other | — |
22 | one | — |
23 | two | — |
24 | three | — |
25 | four | — |
26 | five | — |
27 | big | — |
28 | long | — |
29 | wide | — |
30 | thick | — |
31 | heavy | — |
32 | small | — |
33 | short | — |
34 | narrow | — |
35 | thin | — |
36 | woman | — |
37 | man (adult male) | — |
38 | man (human being) | — |
39 | child | — |
40 | wife | — |
41 | husband | — |
42 | mother | — |
43 | father | — |
44 | animal | — |
45 | fish | — |
46 | bird | — |
47 | dog | — |
48 | louse | — |
49 | snake | — |
50 | worm | — |
51 | tree | — |
52 | forest | — |
53 | stick | — |
54 | fruit | — |
55 | seed | — |
56 | leaf | — |
57 | root | — |
58 | bark | — |
59 | flower | — |
60 | grass | — |
61 | rope | — |
62 | skin | — |
63 | meat | — |
64 | blood | — |
65 | bone | — |
66 | fat | — |
67 | egg | — |
68 | horn | — |
69 | tail | — |
70 | feather | — |
71 | hair | — |
72 | head | — |
73 | ear | — |
74 | eye | — |
75 | nose | — |
76 | mouth | — |
77 | tooth | — |
78 | tongue | — |
79 | fingernail | — |
80 | foot | — |
81 | leg | — |
82 | knee | — |
83 | hand | — |
84 | wing | — |
85 | belly | — |
86 | guts | — |
87 | neck | — |
88 | back | — |
89 | breast | — |
90 | heart | — |
91 | liver | — |
92 | drink | — |
93 | eat | — |
94 | bite | — |
95 | suck | — |
96 | spit | — |
97 | vomit | — |
98 | blow | — |
99 | breathe | — |
100 | laugh | — |
101 | see | — |
102 | hear | — |
103 | know | — |
104 | think | — |
105 | smell | — |
106 | fear | — |
107 | sleep | — |
108 | live | — |
109 | die | — |
110 | kill | — |
111 | fight | — |
112 | hunt | — |
113 | hit | — |
114 | cut | — |
115 | split | — |
116 | stab | — |
117 | scratch | — |
118 | dig | — |
119 | swim | — |
120 | fly | — |
121 | walk | — |
122 | come | — |
123 | lie | — |
124 | sit | — |
125 | stand | — |
126 | turn | — |
127 | fall | — |
128 | give | — |
129 | hold | — |
130 | squeeze | — |
131 | rub | — |
132 | wash | — |
133 | wipe | — |
134 | pull | — |
135 | push | — |
136 | throw | — |
137 | tie | — |
138 | sew | — |
139 | count | — |
140 | say | — |
141 | sing | — |
142 | play | — |
143 | float | — |
144 | flow | — |
145 | freeze | — |
146 | swell | — |
147 | sun | — |
148 | moon | — |
149 | star | — |
150 | water | — |
151 | rain | — |
152 | river | — |
153 | lake | — |
154 | sea | — |
155 | salt | — |
156 | stone | — |
157 | sand | — |
158 | dust | — |
159 | earth | — |
160 | cloud | — |
161 | fog | — |
162 | sky | — |
163 | wind | — |
164 | snow | — |
165 | ice | — |
166 | smoke | — |
167 | fire | — |
168 | ash | — |
169 | burn | — |
170 | road | — |
171 | mountain | — |
172 | red | — |
173 | green | — |
174 | yellow | — |
175 | white | — |
176 | black | — |
177 | night | — |
178 | day | — |
179 | year | — |
180 | warm | — |
181 | cold | — |
182 | full | — |
183 | new | — |
184 | old | — |
185 | good | — |
186 | bad | — |
187 | rotten | — |
188 | dirty | — |
189 | straight | — |
190 | round | — |
191 | sharp | — |
192 | dull | — |
193 | smooth | — |
194 | wet | — |
195 | dry | — |
196 | correct | — |
197 | near | — |
198 | far | — |
199 | right | — |
200 | left | — |
201 | at | — |
202 | in | — |
203 | with | — |
204 | and | — |
205 | if | — |
206 | because | — |
207 | name | — |