The Language Radj is spoken in the town Radjve, with approximately 5200 native speakers. It has its distinct origin and does not belong to any of the language families. The time it was created remains unknown though there are old documents written from the past. The old documents are still quite comprehensible to present Radj speakers due to the slow development of Radj.
| Radj Radj | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type | Agglutinative | ||||||||||||
| Alignment | Nominative-Accusative | ||||||||||||
| Head direction | Initial | ||||||||||||
| Tonal | No | ||||||||||||
| Declensions | Yes | ||||||||||||
| Conjugations | Yes | ||||||||||||
| Genders | No | ||||||||||||
| Nouns decline according to... | |||||||||||||
| Case | Number | ||||||||||||
| Definiteness | Gender | ||||||||||||
| Verbs conjugate according to... | |||||||||||||
| Voice | Mood | ||||||||||||
| Person | Number | ||||||||||||
| Tense | Aspect | ||||||||||||
| Meta-information | |||||||||||||
| Progress | 0% | ||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||
| Creator | [[User:|]] | ||||||||||||
Classification and Dialects[]
There are slight distinctions between the Radj language spoken in North and South of the town. The differences include spellings, conjugation, and pronunciations. Radj spoken in South is the "standard" Radj while Radj in North is considered as a dialect, with pronunciations and grammar a little bit more complex than standard Radj.
Phonology[]
The pronunciations of Radj alphabets are fairly easy and similar to many other languages, with the exception of the letter q. It is an ejective k sound that gives a brief stop between k and the vowel. The following tables include the IPAs for all the alphabets in both standard Radj and the dialect.
Consonants[]
| Bilabial | Labio-dental | Dental | Alveolar | Post-alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | |||||||
| Plosive | b, p | t, d | g | |||||||
| Fricative | f, v | s, z | ʃ | ʐ | ɣ | χ | h | |||
| Affricate | t͡s | t͡ʃ | ||||||||
| Approximant | ʋ | j | ||||||||
| Trill | r | |||||||||
| Flap or tap | ɾ | |||||||||
| Lateral fric. | ||||||||||
| Lateral app. | l | |||||||||
| Lateral flap | ||||||||||
| Ejective | k' |
Vowels[]
| Front | Near-front | Central | Near-back | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High | u | ||||
| Near-high | i | ||||
| High-mid | e | ||||
| Mid | ə | ||||
| Low-mid | |||||
| Near-low | æ | ||||
| Low | a | ɑ |
Phonotactics[]
any consonant + l/m/n/r/v will automatically imply a short /ə/ sound between the consonant and the letters.
Writing System[]
| Letter | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | L | M |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sound | /a/ | /b/ | / t͡s/ | /d/ | /e/ | /f/ | /g/
/ɣ/ |
/h/ | /i/ | /j/ | /l/ | /m/ |
| Letter | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | X | Z | Æ |
| Sound | /n/
/ən/ |
/ɑ/ | /p/ | /k'/ | /r/
/ɾ/ |
/s/ | /t/ | /u/ | /v/
/ʋ/ |
/χ/ | /z/ | /æ/
/ɑ̃/ |
| Letter | SS | CC | ZZ | AV | OV | |||||||
| Sound | /ʃ/ | /t͡ʃ/ | /ʐ/ | /ɑ̃u/ | /əu/ |
æ is pronounced as /æ/ in standard Radj but /ɑ̃/ in northern dialect.
Grammar[]
Nouns[]
Pluralization Rules[]
| Noun endings | consonants | -a, -e, -u | -i, -o | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st vo. preceding the ending | a, e, u | i, o | --- | |
| Standard Radj | +e | +a | -e | -a |
| North Dialect | +æ | -ov | ||
Cases[]
| Noun ending | con. | vo. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dialect | Standard | Dialect | Standard | Dialect |
| Accusative | switch* +n | u'+ | +n | |
| Dative | --- | |||
| Genitive | switch +d | +d | ||
*switch: switching the order of the vowels and consonants in the last syllable of the noun.
Example: Friend = ahvil
Standard
| Cases | Nominative | Accusative | Dative | Genitive |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | ahvil | ahvlin | ahvil | ahvlid |
| Plural | ahvila | ahvilan | ahvila | ahvilad |
Dialect
| Cases | Nominative | Accusative | Dative | Genitive |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | ahvil | u'ahvil | ahvil | ahvild |
| Plural | ahvilæ | ahvilæn | ahvilæ | ahvilæd |
Verbs[]
Verbs in Radj are conjugated not according to tenses but Person and Number. Aspect markers will be attached to the infinitive or conjugated verb when necessary.
| Person | Infinitive | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | --- | s. | pl. | s. | pl. | s. | pl. |
| Standard | -ja | -e | -a | -ih | -hav | -(e)ta | -tej |
| Dialect | -jæ | -æ | -av | -hov | -(e)t | ||
Syntax[]
The sentence structures of Radj are fairly flexible due to the presence of noun cases and verb conjugations. Most of the time Radj is SOV or OVS.
Most Common Sentence Structures:[]
(Time, Location, and Obj. can be absent)
- Time + Subj. + Obj. + Location + v.
- Time + Subj. + Obj. + v + Location.
- Subj. + Time + Obj. + Location + v.
- Subj. + Time + Obj. + v + Location.
- Time + Obj. + Location + v. + Subj.
Note that Location is next to the v. most of the time and Time is generally mentioned at the beginning of the sentence.
Adjectives[]
All modifiers of nouns(adjectives, possessive pron., and nouns in the genitive case) will always follow the noun which they are modifying. Possessive pron. and nouns in genitive case always follow other adjectives, if any, that modify the same noun.
Ex: my = ajd beautiful = malinruss dream = tenger
my beautiful dream = tenger malinruss ajd
Adverbs[]
All modifiers of verbs/adjectives would be next to the verbs/adjectives which they are modifying, though they can be either precede or follow them.
Lexicon[]
Pronouns[]
| Person | Dialect | I | you s. | he | she | it | we | you p. | they |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | Standard | ja | he | ta | taa* | ti | je | ha | te |
| Dialect | hi | -----ta----- | |||||||
| Accusative |
Standard |
ajn | ehn | atn | aatn | itn | ejn | ahn | etn |
|
Dialect |
u'aj | u'ih | ----u'at---- | u'it | u'ej | u'ah | u'et | ||
| Dative |
Standard |
aj | eh | at | aat | it | ej | ah | et |
|
Dialect |
ih | -----at----- | |||||||
| Genitive |
Standard |
ajd | ehd | atd | aatd | itd | ejd | ahd | etd |
|
Dialect |
ihd | ----atd---- | |||||||
The pron. for he and she have no difference in pronunciation