Ragusian (ragusina [ragu'zina] or lingua ragusina [ˈliŋɡwa ragu'zina]) is a Italo-Dalmatian Romance language of the Indo-European language family. It is an official language in Ragusa and Croatia. It has an official minority status in Montenegro, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Italy, and Albania. Ragusian is also spoken by large expatriate communities in the Americas and Australia. Many speakers of Ragusian are native bilinguals of both Ragusian and their local regional languages.
1j' when the following noun begins with a vowel (e.g., j'invern d'Itaglia "Italian winters")
Nouns[]
C
e
o
a
singular
C
Ce
Co
a
plural
C
e
C
e
o
a
singular
nazion
cane
Co
a
plural
nazion
can
e
e
Adjectives[]
o-type
masculine
feminine
e-type
masculine
feminine
sg
o
a
sg
e
e
pl
-
e
pl
-
-
o-type
masculine
feminine
e-type
masculine
feminine
sg
intimo
intima
sg
verde
pl
intim
intime
pl
verz
Verbs[]
essè "to be"
present participle
sente
past participle
parlato
person
singular
plural
first
second
third
first
second
third
indicative
gio
tu
il / la
noi
voi
i / le
present
stressed
sono
es
e
semo
sete
sont
clitic
son
s'mo
s'te
imperfect
stressed
gio'ra
t'era
era
eram
ereste
erant
clitic
era
preterite
hà "to have" + past participle
future
giua + present indicative
conditional
gio
tu
il / la
noi
voi
i / le
present
sem
si
si
sim
siz
sent
past
vos
vosse
vosse
vossem
voste
vossent
subjunctive
cagio
catu
cal / cala
canoi
cavoi
cai / cale
present
sem
si
si
simo
siz
sent
perfect
forem
fores
foret
foremo
forez
forent
imperative
-
tu
-
-
voi
-
positive
-
es
-
-
sete
-
negative
-
non essè
-
-
non essè
-
parlà "to speak"
present participle
parlante
past participle
parlato
person
singular
plural
first
second
third
first
second
third
indicative
gio
tu
il / la
noi
voi
i / le
present
parlo
parle
parla
parlam
parlez
parlant
imperfect
parlavo
parlas
parlava
parlamo
parlastez
parlont
preterite
hà "to have" + past participle
future
giua + present indicative
conditional
gio
tu
il / la
noi
voi
i / le
present
parlem
parle
parle
parliam
parlemen
parlento
past
parlà
parlà
parlariat
parlariam
parlariaz
parlarant
subjunctive
cagio
catu
cal / cala
canoi
cavoi
cai / cale
present
parlè
parlè
parlè
parlemo
parlese
parlent
perfect
parlasse
parlassa
parlasse
parlassam
parlassaz
parlassant
imperative
-
tu
-
-
voi
-
positive
-
parla
-
-
parlate
-
negative
-
non parlà
-
-
non parlà
-
andè "to go"
present participle
parlante
past participle
parlato
person
singular
plural
first
second
third
first
second
third
indicative
gio
tu
il / la
noi
voi
i / le
present
vado, va'o
vade
va
andem
andez
vent
imperfect
andevo
andes
andeva
andemo
andestez
andent
preterite
hà "to have" + past participle of andè stem
future
giua + vado, va'o
giua + gi
giua + gi
giua + gim
giua + giz
giua + giont
conditional
gio
tu
il / la
noi
voi
i / le
present
andem
ande
ande
andiam
andemen
andento
past
andè
andè
anderiat
anderiam
anderiaz
anderant
subjunctive
cagio
catu
cal / cala
canoi
cavoi
cai / cale
present
vaià
vaià
vaià
andemo
andese
vadent
perfect
isse
issa
isse
issam
issaz
issant
imperative
-
tu
-
-
voi
-
positive
-
va
-
-
vate
-
negative
-
non andè
-
-
non andè
-
hà "to have"
present participle
past participle
hato
person
singular
plural
first
second
third
first
second
third
indicative
gio
tu
il / la
noi
voi
i / le
present
ho
has
ha
hâm
hâz
hânt
imperfect
havo
havas
hava
havamo
havastaz
havant
preterite
hà "to have" + past participle
future
giua + present indicative
conditional
gio
tu
il / la
noi
voi
i / le
present
am
as
at
amo
az
ant
past
à
areà
àreto
aremo
arme
anto
subjunctive
cagio
catu
cal / cala
canoi
cavoi
cai / cale
present
hà
hà
hà
hâmo
hâmen
hânto
perfect
hasse
hassa
hasse
hassam
hassaz
hassant
imperative
-
tu
-
-
voi
-
positive
-
hà
-
-
hate
-
negative
-
non hà
-
-
non hà
-
Syntax[]
Balkan Characteristics[]
Wackernagel's Law[]
Clitic position
First position
1
2
3
4
Third position
FUT
DAT
ACC
COP / HÂ
Marco
giua
aisso
ci
∅
dato
Marco giua aissoci dato.
Mark will have given it to him.
Future tense[]
The future tense is created using an analytic clitic, giua, which is a second-position clitic (see Wackernagel's Law).
Perfect[]
The preterite (more often called the past perfect or, in Ragusian, the historical past) is formed with the hâ verb, meaning to have.
Re-narrative mood[]
Loss of the Infinitive[]
The use of the infinitive (common in other languages related to some of the Balkan languages, such as Romance and Slavic) is generally replaced with subjunctive constructions, following early Greek innovation.
I want to go.
voglio
ca
va'o
I want
that
I go
Lexicon[]
Pronouns[]
singular
plural
reflexive
first
second
third
first
second
third
m/n
f
m/n
f
Nominative
gio
tu
il
la
noi
voi
i
le
-
Accusative
stressed
me
te
cio
ce
loro
è
se
clitic
mi
ti
ço
ci
na
va
lo
Prepositional
stressed
a me
a te
aisso
aissa
a noi
a voi
a loro
si
clitic
mi
ti
so
sa
na
va
lo
singular
plural
first
second
third
reflexive
first
second
third
reflexive
consonant onset
masculine object
singular
mo
to
e
so
nostro
vostro
ilo
so
plural
mi
toi
i1
si
noster
voster
il
si
feminine object
singular
ma
ta
a
sa
nostra
vostra
ila
sa
plural
me
te
e
se
nostre
vostre
ile
se
vowel onset
m'
t'
N/A
s'
N/A
s'
1j' when the following noun begins with a vowel (e.g., j'anem "their souls")
who
what
where
when
why
how
Nominative
unstressed
ki
ca
û
cando
parca
com
stressed
d'û
come
Relative/Conjunctive
Nouns[]
Word
Plural
Definition
Gender
Etymology
Notes
verza
verze
vegetable
f.
viridia "cabbage"
verde
verz
green, greenery
m.
viridis
drecto
drect
right, law
m.
directus
nazion
nazion
nation, country
f.
natio
tremò
tremor
tremor, shake
m.
tremor
derelizion
derelizion
dereliction, neglect, abandonment
f.
derelictio
inverno
invern
winter
m.
hibernus
compagnon
compagnon
companion
m.
companio
lingua
lingue
language, tongue
f.
lingua
can
cagn
dog
m.
canis
cagna
cagne
bitch (all senses)
f.
cania
zidà
zidar
mason, bricklayer
m.
Hr. zidar
oftimo
oftim
the best, top marks
m.
optimus
somno
sogn
sleep, rest
m.
somnus
sogno
sogn
dream, pie in the sky
m.
somnium
realite
realiz
reality, realness
f.
realitatem
figlio
fill
son
m.
filius
figlia
figlie
daughter
f.
filia
fratè
frar
brother
m.
frater
sora
sore
sister
f.
soror
mâre
mâir
mother
f.
mater
pâre
pâir
father
m.
pater
mare
mair
sea
m.
mare
cena
cen
dinner
f.
cena
scola
scole
school
f.
schola
universite
universiz
university
f.
universitas
revoluzion
revoluzion
revolution
f.
revolutio
glacia
glacie
ice
f.
*glacia
pace
paç
peace, ceasefire
f.
pax
gherra
gherre
war, combat
f.
guerra
persona
person
person
f.
persona
fromaggia
fromaggie
cheese
f.
Fr. fromage
pandemia
pandemie
pandemic
f.
pandemia
posteglia
posteglie
bed
f.
Hr. postelja
forza
forze
force
f.
*fortia
bocca
bocke
mouth
f.
bucca
pecugna
pecugn
money, (fig.) treasury
f.
pecunia
côssino
côssin
pillow
m.
*coxinum
castite
castiz
chastity
f.
castitas
infidelite
infideliz
infidelity
f.
Fr. infidélité
pagliaç
pagliaç
lighter
m.
Hr. upaljač
aqua
aque
water
f.
aqua
baseleca
baseleke
church (building)
f.
basilica
eccleza
eccleze
church (institution)
f.
ecclesia
nocte
noç
night
f.
nox
dia
die
day
f.
dies
calego
caleg
fog, mist
m.
caligo
camisia
camisie
shirt
f.
camisia
catedra
catedre
seat, chair
f.
cathedra
pantegana
pantegan
rat
f.
Wanderwort
piva
pive
beer
f.
Hr. piva
amico
amig
friend (male)
m.
amicus
(female) amica/amiche
artizano
artizan
artisan, craftsman
m.
*artitianus
(female) artizana/artizane
artizanalite
artizanaliz
artisanality, craftsmanship
f.
*artitianus
gôto
gôz
drinking glass
m.
Ven. gòto
victo
vict
food, board
m.
victus
alimento
aliment
food (formal)
m.
alimentum
orgoglio
orgoil
pride, arrogance
m.
orgollio
riza
rize
root, (figurative) source
f.
ῥίζα
coghilagia
coghilagie
shellfish
f.
Fr. coquillage
aglio
ail
garlic
m.
pezeglino
pezeglin
parsley
m.
hemeglia
hemeglie
hop
f.
Hr. hmelj
butro
buter
butter
m.
peoce
peoç
mussel
f.
grasso
grass
fat
m.
crassus
besogna
besogn
need
f.
*bisonium
necessite
necessiz
necessity, need
f.
ivaraco
ivarag
halibut
m.
Hr. ivarak
tòssego
tòsseg
toxin, poison
m.
Ven. tòsego
biologia
biologie
biology
f.
biologia
cite
cite
city
f.
civitas
storia
storie
story, history
f.
historia
anema
anem
soul, spirit
f.
anima
anemo
anem
mind, courage, opinion
m.
animus
spirito
spirit
spirit (all senses)
m.
spiritus
comnato
comnat
brother-in-law
m.
cognatus
(female) comnata/comnate
soccro
socker
father-in-law
m.
socer
(female) soccra/soccre
genero
genèr
son-in-law
m.
gener
nora
nore
daughter-in-law
f.
nurus
conskero
consker
in-laws (collective)
m.
consocer
diocese
dioces
diocese
f.
diocesis
rege
rej
king, monarch
m.
rex
(female) regina/regine
côssa
côsse
thigh
f.
coxa
limaça
limace
slug
f.
limax
jaloste
jaloç
sorrow, sadness, grief
f.
Hr. žalost
larema
larem
tear (eye water)
f.
lacrima
Verbs[]
Word
Definition
1s
Etymology
comprendrè
to understand
comprendo
comprehendere
intellegè
to understand
integliegio
intellegere
nascè
to be born
naço
nascere
notà
to swim
noto
notare
parlà
to speak
parlo
parabolare
venì
to come
veno
venire
cenà
to dine, to eat dinner
ceno
cenare
amà
to love
amo
amare
dà
to give
do
dare
manducà
to eat
manduco
manducare
sapè
to know
irregular
sapere
menà
to lead
meno
menare
cocenà
to cook
coceno
coquinare
trincà
to drink
trinco
Ger.trinken
ostentà
to show, to demonstrate
ostento
ostentare
skepazà
to coat, to cover
skepazo
Gk. σκεπάζω
balancià
to balance
balancio
Fr. balancer
complementà
to complement, to be a complement to
complemento
complementare
spesegà
to work
spesego
Ven. spesegàre
kerà
to ask; to ask for
kero
quaerere
credà
to believe; to believe in
credo
credere
ignà
to send; to envoy
igno
inviare
juzigà
to judge; to pass judgment
juzigo
iudicare
Adjectives[]
Word
m. pl.
Definition
Etymology
verde
verz
green, verdant
viridis
pessimo
pessim
worst, awful
pessimus
oftimo
oftim
best, fantastic
optimus
bono
bon
good
bonus
dolce
dolç
sweet, gentle, mild, dear
dulcis
tòssego
tòsseg
toxic, poisonous
Ven. tòsego
prodego
prodeg
lavish, extravagant, prodigal
prodigus
sancto
sanct
holy, sacred, holy, sanctified
sanctus
artizanale
artizanal
artisan, craft (attributive)
*artitianus
Prepositions[]
Word
Definition
Example
Etymology
con
with
cum
issem
together with, along with
Veni issem a me. "Come with me."
insemel
in
in, on
Son nella casa. "I'm in the house."
in
da
from
de + ab
da + article
combined form
da + il
da'l
da + la
dalla
da + i
dai
da + le
dalle
in + article
combined form
in + il
n'il
in + la
nella
in + i
igni
in + le
nelle
Determiners[]
Word
Definition
Etymology
cednom
another
Hr. (jo)š jednom
Adverbs[]
Word
Definition
Etymology
giamo
now, yet, still, already
Dal. jamo
coç
so, like (this), thus
eccum + sic
coge
today
hunc + hodie
meco
with me
mecum
sonde
often
subinde
troppo
too much
troppus
tanto
so much, very
tantus
Conjunctions[]
Word
Definition
Etymology
affin ca
so that, in order to (+ subjunctive)
al + fin + ca "to the end what"
ma
but
magis
domentre
while, during
dum + interim
e
and
et
parca
because
pro + quid
Numbers[]
Number
Cardinal
Ordinal
one
uno
primo
two
doe
secondo
three
tre
terza
four
catro
carto
five
cinco
cinto
six
sè
sêsto
seven
septe
septimo
eight
octo
octavo
nine
nove
nono
ten
dece
decemo
eleven
unsadece
unsadecemo
twelve
dosadece
dosadecemo
twenty
dodece
dodecemo
twenty-one
dodece (e) uno
dodece-primo
thirty
tredece
tredecemo
forty
catrodece
catrodecemo
fifty
cincodece
cincodecemo
sixty
sèdece
sèdecemo
seventy
septedece
septedecemo
eighty
octodece
octodecemo
ninety-nine
nodece (e) nove
dodece-nono
hundred
cento
centesimo
hundred and one
cento (e) uno
cento-primo
hundred and ten
cento (e) dece
cento-decemo
hundred and eleven
cento (e) unsadece
cento-unsadecemo
Phrases[]
Phrase
Definition
Example
a perdita d'oclo
as far as the eye can see
spirito de corpo
esprit de corps
Comparative Vocabulary[]
Basic Phrases[]
Example text[]
La Prece de Domin (The Lord's Prayer)
Latin
Ragusian
English
Pater noster, qui es in caelis,
Padre nostro, ca es igni cel,
Our Father, who art in heaven,
Sanctificetur Nomen Tuum.
Si santificato To Nom.
Hallowed be thy name.
Adveniat Regnum Tuum.
Vena To Remno.
Thy kingdom come.
Fiat voluntas Tua, sicut in caelo, et in terra.
Si facta Ta volonte, com in Celo coç in Terra.
Thy will be done, on Earth as it is in heaven.
Panem nostrum quotidianum da nobis hodie.
Dava coge nostro pan quotidiano.
Give us this day our daily bread.
Et dimitte nobis debita nostra,
E remitt a me noster debet,
And forgive us our trespasses,
Sicut et nos dimittimus debitoribus nostris.
Com nolo remittamo a noster debet.
As we forgive those who trespass against us.
Et ne nos inducas in tentationem,
E non mena no in tentazion,
And lead us not into temptation,
Sed libera nos a Malo.
Ma liberano da'l mal.
But deliver us from evil.
Amen.
Amen.
Amen.
John 3:16-19 (Douay-Rheims Bible)
Latin
Ragusian
English
[16]
Sic enim Deus dilexit mundum, ut Filium suum unigenitum daret: ut omnis qui credit in eum, non pereat, sed habeat vitam aeternam.
Parca DEO tanto ama il mondo ca davo so Figlio unigenito; affin ca omne ki credè in CIO, non morià, ma hà un vita eternale.
For God so loved the world, as to give His only begotten Son; that whosoever believeth in Him, may not perish, but may have life everlasting.
[17]
Non enim misit Deus Filium suum in mundum, ut judicet mundum, sed ut salvetur mundus per ipsum.
Parca DEO non ignava so Figlio da'l Mondo pa'l juzigà de'l Mondo, ma se parca il Mondo salvè per CIO.
For God sent not His Son into the world, to judge the world, but that the world may be saved by Him.
[18]
Qui credit in eum, non judicatur; qui autem non credit, jam judicatus est: quia non credit in nomine unigeniti Filii Dei.
Il ki creda in CIO non ê condemnato; ma il ki non creda ê giamo condemnato, parca non creda n'il nom de'l Figlio unigenito de DEO.
He that believeth in Him is not judged. But he that doth not believe, is already judged: because he believeth not in the name of the only begotten Son of God.
[19]
Hoc est autem judicium: quia lux venit in mundum, et dilexerunt homines magis tenebras quam lucem: erant enim eorum mala opera.
E casto ê il juziço: la luce ê veno da'l Mondo, e j'omegn havant preferenzia delle tembre alla luce, parca era e opre mail.
And this is the judgment: because the light is come into the world, and men loved darkness rather than the light: for their works were evil.
