Rangyayo

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Name: [[]] Type: Alignment: Head Direction: Number of genders: Declensions: No Conjugations: No Nouns declined according to Case Number Definitiveness Gender Verbs conjugated according to Voice Mood Person Number Tense Aspect

	Gender	Cases	Numbers	Tenses	Persons	Moods	Voices	Aspects
Verb	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Nouns	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Adjectives	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Numbers	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Participles	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Adverb	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Pronouns	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Adpositions	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Article	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Particle	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No

Phonology

Consonants

The following are phonemic transcriptions of Puchonese consonants.

		Bilabial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		m	n		ŋ1
Plosive	plain	p b	t d		k g
	aspirated	pʰ	tʰ		kʰ
Fricative			s z2			h3
Affricate	plain		ts dz4
	aspirated		tsʰ4
Liquid			ɾ~l5
Approximant		w		j

1. /ŋ/ appears only in the syllable coda.
2. /s, z/ are palatalised [ɕ, ʑ] before /i, j/
3. /h/ is palatalised [ç] before /i, j/; and is bi­la­bialised [ɸ] before /u, w/
4. /ts, dz, tsʰ/ are palatalised [tɕ, dʑ, tɕʰ] before /i, j/
5. /ɾ/ is an alveolar flap [ɾ] in the syllable onset; and is [l] in the syllable coda.

Vowels

Monophthongs

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i1	ɨ	u2
Open-mid	ɛ		ɔ
Open	a

1. /i/ is pronounced /ɪ/ before velar codas /ŋ, k̚/
2. /u/ is /ʊ/ before velar codas /ŋ, k̚/

Diphthongs

In the Puchonese language, because semivowels /j/ and /w/ may follow consonants in initial position in a word, which no other consonant can do, and perhaps due also to yenmun orthography, which transcribes them as vowels, they are sometimes considered to be elements of diphthongs and triphthongs rather than separate consonant phonemes.

j-	w-	-i
ja	wa	aɪ
jɛ	wɛ	eɪ
jɔ		ɔɪ
ju1		uɪ~wi2

1. /ju/ is pronounced /jʊ/ before velar codas /ŋ, k̚/
2. /uɪ/ is a falling diphthong [uɪ] after a consonant in an open syllable; and is a rising diphthong [wi] when it is a syllable of its own or in a closed syllable.

Triphthongs

j-	w-
jaɪ	waɪ
jeɪ	weɪ

Positional allophones

Puchonese consonants have two principal positional allophones: initial and final. The initial form is found at the beginning of a syllable and the final form is found at the end of a syllable.

Phoneme	p	t	k	ɾ
Initial allophone	p	t	k	ɾ
Final allophone	p̚	t̚	k̚	l

All plosives [p, t, k] are unreleased [p̚, t̚, k̚] at the end of a syllable. Final [ɾ] is a liquid [l].

Phonotactics

Puchonese syllable structure is maximally CgVC, where the first C is the initial consonant; g is a semivowel glide /j/ or /w/; V is a vowel; the second C is a coda. Any consonant but /ŋ/ may occur initially, whereas only /m, n, ŋ, p, t, k, l/ may occur finally.

Below is the table of all syllable finals (gVC) in Puchonese.

Finals		Codas
		(none)	m	n	ŋ	p	t	k	l
Monophthong nuclei	a	a	am	an	aŋ	ap	at	ak	al
	ɛ	ɛ	ɛm	ɛn	ɛŋ	ɛp	ɛt	ɛk	ɛl
	ɔ	ɔ	ɔm	ɔn	ɔŋ	ɔp	ɔt	ɔk	ɔl
	u	u	um	un	ʊŋ	up	ut	ʊk	ul
	ɨ	ɨ	ɨm	ɨn	ɨŋ	ɨp	ɨt	ɨk	ɨl
	i	i	im	in	ɪŋ	ip	it	ɪk	il
Diphthong nuclei	ja	ja	jam	jan	jaŋ	jap	jat	jak	jal
	jɛ	jɛ	jɛm	jɛn	jɛŋ	jɛp	jɛt	jɛk	jɛl
	jɔ	jɔ	jɔm	jɔn	jɔŋ	jɔp	jɔt	jɔk	jɔl
	ju	ju	jum	jun	jʊŋ	jup	jut	jʊk	jul
	wa	wa		wan	waŋ		wat	wak	wal
	wɛ	wɛ		wɛn	wɛŋ		wɛt	wɛk	wɛl
	wi	wi1		win	wɪŋ		wit	wɪk	wil
	aɪ	aɪ
	eɪ	eɪ
	ɔɪ	ɔɪ
	uɪ	uɪ2
Triphthong nuclei	jaɪ	jaɪ
	jeɪ	jeɪ
	waɪ	waɪ
	weɪ	weɪ

1. pronounced [wi] when it is a syllable of its own or before codas /n, t̚, l/; and pronounced [wɪ] before codas /ŋ, k̚/
2. pronounced [uɪ] after an onset in an open syllable.

Additional finals /wam/, /wɛm/, /wim/, /wap/, /wɛp/, /wip/ can be found in foreign loanwords.