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Rangyan does not differentiate between count and mass nouns. A small number of nouns have collectives formed by reduplication, for example, ''oro'' ({{Dl_lang||人||ɔ.ɾɔ}}) "person" and ''orooro'' ({{Dl_lang||人々||ɔ.ɾɔ.ɔ.ɾɔ}}) "people". However, reduplication is not productive. Words in Rangyan referring to more than one of something are collectives, not plurals. ''Orooro'', for example, means "a lot of people" or "people in general". It is never used to mean "two people". A phrase like ''rangya ke orooro'' ({{Dl_lang||琅거人々||ɾaŋ.ja.kɛ.ɔ.ɾɔ.ɔ.ɾɔ}}) would be taken to mean "the people of Rangya", or "the population of Rangya", not "two people from Rangya" or even "a few people from Rangya".
+
Rangyan does not differentiate between count and mass nouns. A small number of nouns have collectives formed by reduplication, for example, ''oro'' ({{Dl_lang||人||ɔ.ɾɔ}}) "person" and ''orooro'' ({{Dl_lang||人々||ɔ.ɾɔ.ɔ.ɾɔ}}) "people". However, reduplication is not productive. Words in Rangyan referring to more than one of something are collectives, not plurals. ''Orooro'', for example, means "a lot of people" or "people in general". It is never used to mean "two people". A phrase like ''rangya ke orooro'' ({{Dl_lang||琅거人々||ɾaŋ.ja.kɛ.ɔ.ɾɔ.ɔ.ɾɔ}}) would be taken to mean "the people of Rangya", or "the population of Rangya", not "two people from Rangya" or even "a few people from Rangya".
   
Lacking grammatical number, the noun ''hapi'' ({{Dl_lang||鳥||ha.pi}}) may refer to a single bird or several birds. Where number is important, it can be indicated by providing a quantity (often with a counter word). For example, ''hapi ho ik'' ({{Dl_lang||鳥八翼||ha.pi.hɔ.ɪk̚}}) means eight birds.
+
Lacking grammatical number, the noun ''haya'' ({{Dl_lang||鳥||ha.ja}}) may refer to a single bird or several birds. Where number is important, it can be indicated by providing a quantity (often with a counter word). For example, ''haya ho ik'' ({{Dl_lang||鳥八翼||ha.ja.hɔ.ɪk̚}}) means eight birds.
   
 
===Pronouns===
 
===Pronouns===

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Name: Rangyayo

Type: Agglutinative

Alignment: Nominative-Accusative

Head Direction: Final

Number of genders: 0

Declensions: No

Conjugations: Yes

Nouns declined
according to
Case Number
Definitiveness Gender
Verbs conjugated
according to
Voice Mood
Person Number
Tense Aspect
Gender Cases Numbers Tenses Persons Moods Voices Aspects
Verb No No No Yes No Yes Yes Yes
Nouns No No No No No No No No
Adjectives No No No No No No No No
Numbers No No No No No No No No
Participles No No No No No No No No
Adverb No No No No No No No No
Pronouns Yes No Yes No Yes No No No
Adpositions No No No No No No No No
Article No No No No No No No No
Particle No No No No No No No No

Phonology

Consonants

The following are phonemic transcriptions of Rangyan consonants.

Bilabial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m n ŋ1
Plosive plain p b t d k g
aspirated
Fricative s z2 h3
Affricate plain ts dz4
aspirated tsʰ4
Liquid ɾ~l5
Approximant w j
  1. /ŋ/ appears only in the syllable coda.
  2. /s, z/ are palatalised [ɕ, ʑ] before /i, j/
  3. /h/ is palatalised [ç] before /i, j/; and is bi­la­bialised [ɸ] before /u, w/
  4. /ts, dz, tsʰ/ are palatalised [tɕ, dʑ, tɕʰ] before /i, j/
  5. /ɾ/ is an alveolar flap [ɾ] in the syllable onset; and is [l] in the syllable coda which can only be found in foreign loanwords.

Vowels

Monophthongs

Front Central Back
Close i1 ɨ u2
Open-mid ɛ ɔ
Open a
  1. /i/ is pronounced /ɪ/ before velar codas /ŋ, k̚/
  2. /u/ is /ʊ/ before velar codas /ŋ, k̚/

Diphthongs

In the Rangyan language, because semivowels /j/ and /w/ may follow consonants in initial position in a word, which no other consonant can do, and perhaps due also to yenmun orthography, which transcribes them as vowels, they are sometimes considered to be elements of diphthongs and triphthongs rather than separate consonant phonemes.

j- w- -i
ja wa
ɔɪ
ju1 uɪ~wi2
  1. /ju/ is pronounced /jʊ/ before velar codas /ŋ, k̚/
  2. /uɪ/ is a falling diphthong [uɪ] after a consonant in an open syllable; and is a rising diphthong [wi] when it is a syllable of its own or in a closed syllable.

Triphthongs

j- w-
jaɪ waɪ
jeɪ weɪ

Positional allophones

Rangyan consonants have two principal positional allophones: initial and final. The initial form is found at the beginning of a syllable and the final form is found at the end of a syllable.

Phoneme p t k ɾ
Initial allophone p t k ɾ
Final allophone l

All plosives [p, t, k] are unreleased [p̚, t̚, k̚] at the end of a syllable. Final [ɾ] is a liquid [l] which can only be found in foreign loanwords.

Phonotactics

Rangyan syllable structure is maximally CgVC, where the first C is the initial consonant; g is a semivowel glide /j/ or /w/; V is a vowel; the second C is a coda. Any consonant but /ŋ/ may occur initially, whereas only /m, n, ŋ, p, t, k/ may occur finally in non-foreign words, and /s, l/ in foreign words.

Below is the table of all syllable finals (gVC) in Rangyan.

Finals Codas
(none) m n ŋ p t k
Monophthong
nuclei
a a am an ap at ak
ɛ ɛ ɛm ɛn ɛŋ ɛp ɛt ɛk
ɔ ɔ ɔm ɔn ɔŋ ɔp ɔt ɔk
u u um un ʊŋ up ut ʊk
ɨ ɨ ɨm ɨn ɨŋ ɨp ɨt ɨk
i i im in ɪŋ ip it ɪk
Diphthong
nuclei
ja ja jam jan jaŋ jap jat jak
jɛm jɛn jɛŋ jɛp jɛt jɛk
jɔm jɔn jɔŋ jɔp jɔt jɔk
ju ju jum jun jʊŋ jup jut jʊk
wa wa wan waŋ wat wak
wɛn wɛŋ wɛt wɛk
wi wi1 win wɪŋ wit wɪk
ɔɪ ɔɪ
2
Triphthong
nuclei
jaɪ jaɪ
jeɪ jeɪ
waɪ waɪ
weɪ weɪ
  1. pronounced [wi] when it is a syllable of its own or before codas /n, t̚, s, l/; and pronounced [wɪ] before codas /ŋ, k̚/
  2. pronounced [uɪ] after an onset in an open syllable.

Additional finals /wam/, /wɛm/, /wim/, /wap/, /wɛp/, /wip/ can be found in foreign loanwords.

Vowel harmony

Traditionally, the Rangyan language has had strong vowel harmony; that is, in pre-modern Rangyan, not only did the inflectional and derivational affixes change in accordance to the main root vowel, but native words also adhered to vowel harmony. However, this rule is no longer observed strictly in modern Rangyan. In modern Rangyan, it is only applied in certain cases such as onomatopoeia and interjections.

There are three classes of vowels in Rangyan: positive, negative and neutral. The vowel classes loosely follow the vowel heights. Exchanging positive vowels with negative vowels usually creates different nuances of meaning, with positive vowels sounding fast, hot, dry, hard, solid, focused or aggressive, and negative vowels sounding slow, cold, wet, soft, insubstantial, diffuse or tranquil.

Monophthongs Diphthongs Triphthongs
Positive a, ɔ ja, wa, aɪ, jɔ, ɔɪ jaɪ, waɪ
Negative ɛ, u jɛ, wɛ, eɪ, ju, uɪ~wɪ jeɪ, weɪ
Neutral i, ɨ

Pitch accent

Rangyan pitch accent can be presented with a two-pitch-level model. In this representation, each syllable is either high (H) or low (L) in pitch.

  1. If the accent is on the first syllable, then the first syllable is high-pitched and the others are low: HLL...
  2. If the accent is on a syllable other than the first, then the first syllable is low, the following syllables up to and including the accented one are high, and the rest are low: LHLL..., LHHLL..., LHHHLL...
  3. If the word does not have an accent, the first syllable is low and the others are high: LHH... This high pitch spreads to unaccented grammatical particles that attach to the end of the word, whereas these would have a low pitch when attached to an accented word.

Examples are given in the table below. The number before each pitch pattern tells you the syllable where the last high pitch is.

Pitch pattern Sample word Meaning
(0) LHH... kigomi 기꼬미 I
(1) HLL... yu 유느 do; perform
(2) LHLL... jin'ai 찐애 dust
(3) LHHLL... asobeda 아소뻐따 he/she/it
(4) LHHHLL... aneruminün 아너루미는 you

Grammar

Nouns

Rangyan has no grammatical number, gender or articles. Thus, Rangyan nouns are non-inflecting. The noun iku (; /i.ku/) can be translated as "dog", "dogs", "a dog", "the dog", "some dogs" and so forth, depending on context. However, as part of the extensive pair of grammatical systems that Rangyan possesses for honorification and politeness, nouns too can be modified. Nouns take politeness prefix a- (; /a/) to produce their respectful forms. A few examples are given in the following table.

Plain Honorific Meaning
kao (; /ka.ɔ/) a-kao (아夫; /a.ka.ɔ/) husband
nori (; /nɔ.ɾi/) a-nori (아名; /a.nɔ.ɾi/) name
bu (; /bu/) a-bu (아目; /a.bu/) eye
hiku (; /çi.ku/) a-hiku (아毛; /a.çi.ku/) hair (on body)

Rangyan does not differentiate between count and mass nouns. A small number of nouns have collectives formed by reduplication, for example, oro (; /ɔ.ɾɔ/) "person" and orooro (人々; /ɔ.ɾɔ.ɔ.ɾɔ/) "people". However, reduplication is not productive. Words in Rangyan referring to more than one of something are collectives, not plurals. Orooro, for example, means "a lot of people" or "people in general". It is never used to mean "two people". A phrase like rangya ke orooro (琅野거人々; /ɾaŋ.ja.kɛ.ɔ.ɾɔ.ɔ.ɾɔ/) would be taken to mean "the people of Rangya", or "the population of Rangya", not "two people from Rangya" or even "a few people from Rangya".

Lacking grammatical number, the noun haya (; /ha.ja/) may refer to a single bird or several birds. Where number is important, it can be indicated by providing a quantity (often with a counter word). For example, haya ho ik (鳥八翼; /ha.ja.hɔ.ɪk̚/) means eight birds.

Pronouns

First person Speaker Speech Note
khi ; both plain often written in yenmun by women
mora male plain
kigomi 기꼬미 both humble
otto male humble
ube ; 우뻐 female humble sometimes written in yenmun for a more feminine feel
Second person Speaker Speech Note
one both plain
ebi ; 어삐 both plain female singular you
ane 아너 both respectful
anemi 아너미 both very respectful
anerumi 아너루미 both very respectful the most formal polite version
soka both respectful male singular you
imme 임머; both respectful female singular you; often written in yenmun
Third person Speaker Speech Note
hoda both plain
oda 오따 male plain slang version of hoda; used by men; rarely used in written language
suki ; 수기 both plain she; sometimes written in yenmun for a more feminine feel
asoda 아소따 both respectful
asobeda 아소뻐따 both very respectful

Suffixes are added to pronouns to make them collective, for example, kigomi-te (기꼬미더; /ki.gɔ.mi.tɛ/) "we" and asobeda-nün (아소뻐따는; /a.sɔ.bɛ.da.nɨn/) "they".

Suffix Speaker Speech Note
te ; both plain
humble
added to plain or humble forms of pronouns
usually written in yenmun (khite 我더); sometimes in hanji if appended to pronouns written in hanji (morate 吾等); almost never in hanji for pronouns in yenmun (kigomite 기꼬미더)
nün ; both respectful added to respectful forms of pronouns
usually in hanji (sokanün 君輩) unless appended to pronouns written in yenmun (aneruminün 아너루미는)

Reflexive Pronouns

Rangyan has three reflexive pronouns jishin, jiki and osu, all meaning "self". However, there are subtle differences in usage among the three reflexive pronouns.

  • jishin (自身; /dʑi.ɕin/) tends to take a local antecedent and is used more often for first person antecedents;
  • jiki (自己; /dʑi.ki/) takes long-distance antecedents much more than local ones;
  • osu (; /ɔ.su/) is less used than the other two and takes local and long-distance antecedents equally well. The antecedent to which it refers can be inferred by context, which is generally the subject of the sentence.

Verbs

Verbs are the most complex lexical category in Rangyan. Their structure when used as the predicate of a clause is prefix + verb stem + up to five suffixes, and can be illustrated with this table.

Honorific Verb stem Modality Voice Aspect Polarity Tense
-
plain
yab-
eat
-
indicative
-
active
-
simple
-
affirmative

present
a-
polite
yon-
drink
-ukin-
conditional
-it-
passive
-an-
progressive
-om-
negative
-ushi
past
nin-
give
-eor-
subjunctive
-ets-
perfect
-arai
future
hakk-
laugh
-isek-
imperative
hont-
fly
-iyuk-
optative
ter-
fall
-uyog-
desiderative
khitj-
hunt
-imos-
potential
khen-
kill
-iwar-
dubitative

This is a conjugation table for the verb yabü (食쁘; /ja.bɨ/) "eat". Honorific and modality are not included to keep the table shorter.

Verb stem + Conjugation Meaning
present yabü eat
past yabushi 뿌시 ate
future yabarai 빠래 will eat
present progressive yabanü 빠느 is eating
past progressive yabanushi 빠누시 was eating
future progressive yabanarai 빠나래 will be eating
present perfect yabetsü 뻐즈 have eaten
past perfect yabetsushi 뻐주시 had eaten
future perfect yabetsarai 뻐자래 will have eaten
passive present yabitü 삐드 is eaten
passive past yabitushi 삐두시 was eaten
passive future yabitarai 삐다래 will be eaten
passive present progressive yabitanü 삐다느 is being eaten
passive past progressive yabitanushi 삐다누시 was being eaten
passive future progressive yabitanarai 삐다나래 will be being eaten
passive present perfect yabitetsü 삐더즈 have been eaten
passive past perfect yabitetsushi 삐더주시 had been eaten
passive future perfect yabitetsarai 삐더자래 will have been eaten
negative present yabomü 뽀므 do not eat
negative past yabomushi 뽀무시 did not eat
negative future yabomarai 뽀마래 will not eat
negative present progressive yabanomü 빠노므 is not eating
negative past progressive yabanomushi 빠노무시 was not eating
negative future progressive yabanomarai 빠노마래 will not be eating
negative present perfect yabetsomü 뻐조므 have not eaten
negative past perfect yabetsomushi 뻐조무시 had not eaten
negative future perfect yabetsomarai 뻐조마래 will not have eaten
negative passive present yabitomü 삐도므 is not eaten
negative passive past yabitomushi 삐도무시 was not eaten
negative passive future yabitomarai 삐도마래 will not be eaten
negative passive present progressive yabitanomü 삐다노므 is not being eaten
negative passive past progressive yabitanomushi 삐다노무시 was not being eaten
negative passive future progressive yabitanomarai 삐다노마래 will not be being eaten
negative passive present perfect yabitetsomü 삐더조므 have not been eaten
negative passive past perfect yabitetsomushi 삐더조무시 had not been eaten
negative passive future perfect yabitetsomarai 삐더조마래 will have not been eaten

Demonstratives

Demonstratives occur in the i-, ne-, and ko- series. The i- (proximal) series refers to things closer to the speaker than the hearer, the ne- (mesial) series for things closer to the hearer, and the ko- (distal) series for things distant to both the speaker and the hearer. With ma-, demonstratives turn into the corresponding interrogative form.

Proximal (i-) Mesial (ne-) Distal (ko-) Interrog. (ma-)
Adjective i
this
ne
that
ko
that over there
ma
what
Thing (-ko) iko 이고
this one
neko 너고
that one
koko 고고
that one over there
mako 마고
which one
Person (-wa) iwa 이와
this person
newa 너와
that person
kowa 고와
that person over there
mawa 마와
who
Place (-su) isu 이수
here
nesu 너수
there
kosu 고수
over there
masu 마수
where

Demonstratives limit, and therefore precede, nouns; thus i maro (이石; /i.ma.ɾɔ/) for "this stone", ne maro (너石; /nɛ.ma.ɾɔ/) for "that stone", and ko maro (고石; /kɔ.ma.ɾɔ/) for "that stone over there".

Adjectives

All Rangyan adjectives end in -i, for example, ko'i (大이; /kɔ.i/) "big" and hyogi (重끼; /çjɔ.gi/) "heavy". Their syntactic role is to modify a noun or pronoun, giving more information about the noun or referent of pronoun. In Rangyan, adjectives form an open class of words, that is, it is relatively common for new adjectives to be formed via such processes as derivation.

A given occurrence of a Rangyan adjective can generally be classified into one of the two major kinds of uses:

  • Attributive adjectives are part of the noun phrase headed by the noun they modify, for example, ko'i is an attributive adjective in ko'i fupi (大이熊; /kɔ.i.ɸu.pi/) "big bear". Since Rangyan is a head-final language, attributive adjectives always precede their nouns.
  • Predicative adjectives are linked via a copula to the noun or pronoun they modify, for example, ko'i is a predicate adjective in fupi no ko'i karü (熊노大이가르; /ɸu.pi.nɔ.kɔ.i.ka.ɾɨ/) "bear is big".

Adjective order

In Rangyan language, attributive adjectives usually occur in this default order, with other orders being permissible:

  1. demonstrative
  2. intensifier (adverb of degree)
  3. opinion
  4. size
  5. age
  6. shape
  7. colour
  8. proper adjective (e.g. nationality, origin, material)
  9. noun adjunct (noun used as adjective)
  10. head noun

Example:

ne ya'i nitsi ugi hapi (너야이小지黒끼鳥; /nɛ.ja.i.ni.tsi.u.gi.ha.pi/)
"that good small black bird"

Dem. Intensifier Opinion Size Age Shape Colour Proper adj. Noun adjunct Head noun
ne
that
ya'i
good
nitsi
small
ugi
black
hapi
bird

Comparative

Rangyan adjectives, unlike their English counterparts, do not have a comparative form. To compare two things (NP1 and NP2), the noun phrase being compared (NP2), together with the postpositional comparative particle e, are placed between the subject noun phrase (NP1) and the predicative adjective in a sentence ended with a copula.

Example:

ne iku no i hapi e ko'i karü (너犬노이鳥어大이가르; /nɛ.i.ku.nɔ.i.ha.pi.ɛ.kɔ.i.ka.ɾɨ/)
"That dog is bigger than this bird."

NP1 NP2 Predicate
ne iku-no i hapi-e ko'i karü
that dog-TOP this bird-COMP big COP

Superlative

Rangyan adjectives also lack a superlative form. The adverb itban'in (一番인; /it̚.ban.in/) "most; lit. number one" is placed before adjectives for superlative degree of comparison.

Example:

ne iku no itban'in ko'i karü (너犬노一番인大이가르; /nɛ.i.ku.nɔ.it̚.ban.in.kɔ.i.ka.ɾɨ/)
"That dog is the biggest."

ne iku-no itban'in ko'i karü
that dog-TOP most big COP

Adverbs

An adverb is any word that modifies verbs, adjectives, clauses, sentenses and other adverbs. Not all but many Rangyan adverbs are formed by adding -n to adjectives. For example, khuki (狭기; /kʰu.ki/; "narrow") yields khukin (狭긴; /kʰu.kin/; "narrowly") and ya'i (良이; /ja.i/; "good") yields ya'in (良인; /ja.in/ "well"). This derviation is quite productive but there are a few adjectives from which adverbs may not be derived.

Particles

Particles in Rangyan are postpositional, as they immediately follow the modified component.

Particle Function
no topic
ye inclusive topic
nu nominative case; identifier; subject
ü accusative case; direct object
ru dative case; indirect object
ke genitive case; possession
yo instrumental case; by means of
kai locative case; location
khu allative case; direction
yu ablative case; from
to up to; until; as far as; indicates a time or place as a limit
e comparative
o conjunction; and
mo interrogation; question
kho tag question; asks agreement or confirmation
ra emphasis; certainty

Writing system

The modern Rangyan writing system uses two main scripts:

  • Hanji (漢字; /han.dʑi/), ideographs from Chinese characters, and
  • Yenmun (諺文연문; /jɛn.mun/), a Korean phonemic alphabet organised into syllabic blocks that make up words.

To a lesser extent, modern written Rangyan also uses the Latin alphabet. Examples include abbreviations such as "CD" and "DVD".

Romanised Rangyan, called romaji (로마字; /ɾɔ.ma.dʑi/), is frequently used by foreign students of Rangyan, who have not yet mastered the two main scripts, and by native speakers for computer input.

Usage of scripts

Hanji

Yenmun

Yenmun is a phonemic alphabet organized into syllabic blocks. Each block consists of at least two of the 24 yenmun letters (jimo), with at least one each of the 14 consonants and 10 vowels. These syllabic blocks can be written horizontally from left to right as well as vertically from top to bottom in columns from right to left. Originally, the alphabet had several additional letters for pre-modern Korean, however, these letters have never been used in Rangyan.

Jimo

Jimo (字母찌모; /dʑi.mɔ/) are the units that make up the yenmun alphabet. Ji means letter or character, and mo means mother, so the name suggests that the jimo are the building-blocks of the script.

There are 39 jimo, of which 24 are equivalent to letters of the Latin alphabet. The other 15 jimo are clusters of two or sometimes three of these letters. Of the 24 simple jimo, 14 are consonants (tsiim子音; /tɕi.im/; "child sounds") and 10 are vowels (moim母音; /mɔ.im/; "mother sounds"). 5 of the simple consonant letters are doubled to form the five voiced consonants (see below). The 10 basic vowel jimo can be combined to form 10 more complex ones. Here is a summary:

  • 14 simple consonant letters: ㄱ, ㅋ, ㅇ, ㄷ, ㅌ, ㄴ, ㅂ, ㅍ, ㅁ, ㅈ, ㅊ, ㅅ, ㅎ, ㄹ
  • 5 double letters (voiced): ㄲ, ㄸ, ㅃ, ㅉ, ㅆ
  • 6 simple vowel letters: ㅏ, ㅓ, ㅗ, ㅜ, ㅡ, ㅣ
  • 4 simple iotized vowel letters (semi consonant-semi vowel): ㅑ, ㅕ, ㅛ, ㅠ
  • 10 diphthongs: ㅐ, ㅒ, ㅔ, ㅖ, ㅘ, ㅙ, ㅚ, ㅝ, ㅞ, ㅟ

Four of the simple vowel jimo are derived by means of a short stroke to signify iotation (a preceding i sound): ㅑ /ja/, ㅕ /jɛ/, ㅛ /jɔ/, and ㅠ /ju/. These four are counted as part of the 24 simple jimo because the iotating stroke taken out of context does not represent /j/. In fact, there is no separate jimo for /j/.

Of the simple consonants, ㅋ, ㅌ, ㅍ, and ㅊ are aspirated derivatives of ㄱ, ㄷ, ㅂ, and ㅈ, respectively, formed by combining the unaspirated letters with an extra stroke.

The doubled letters are ㄲ, ㄸ, ㅃ, ㅉ, ㅆ. Double jimo do not represent geminate consonants, but rather a voiced phonation.

Jimo order

The alphabetical order of yenmun does not mix consonants and vowels as Western alphabets do. Rather, the order is that of the Indic type, first velar consonants, then coronals, labials, sibilants, etc. However, the vowels come after the consonants rather than before them as in the Indic systems.

Historical order

The consonantal order of yenmun in 1446 in the document titled Funmintsengim (訓民正音; /ɸun.min.tsɛŋ.im/) "The Proper Sounds for the Instruction of the People" was,

ㄱ ㅋ ㆁ ㄷ ㅌ ㄴ ㅂ ㅍ ㅁ ㅈ ㅊ ㅅ ㆆ ㅎ ㅇ ㄹ ㅿ

and the order of vowels was,

ㆍ ㅡ ㅣ ㅗ ㅏ ㅜ ㅓ ㅛ ㅑ ㅠ ㅕ
Modern Rangyan order

In the Rangyan order, double jimo are placed immediately after their single counterparts. No distinction is made between silent and nasal ㅇ:

ㄱ ㄲ ㅋ ㅇ ㄷ ㄸ ㅌ ㄴ ㅂ ㅃ ㅍ ㅁ ㅈ ㅉ ㅊ ㅅ ㅆ ㅎ ㄹ
ㅏ ㅐ ㅑ ㅒ ㅓ ㅔ ㅕ ㅖ ㅗ ㅘ ㅙ ㅚ ㅛ ㅜ ㅝ ㅞ ㅟ ㅠ ㅡ ㅣ 

The modern monophthongal vowels come first, with the derived forms interspersed according to their form: first added i, then iotized, then iotized with added i. Diphthongs beginning with w are ordered according to their spelling, as ㅏ or ㅓ plus a second vowel, not as separate digraphs.

The order of the final jimo is,

(null) ㄱ ㅇ ㄷ ㄴ ㅂ ㅁ ㅅ ㄹ

"Null" stands for no final jimo, and the final jimo ㅅ and ㄹ can only be found in foreign loanwords.

Direction of writing

Written language reforms

Romanisation

There are a number of methods of rendering Rangyan in Roman letters. The Mackenzie method of romanisation, designed for English speakers, is a de facto standard widely used inside and outside Rangya.

Onset
Mackenzie k g kh (null) t d th n p b ph m ts j ch s, sh z, zh h, f r
IPA k g (null) t d n p b m ts~tɕ dz~dʑ tsʰ~tɕʰ s~ɕ z~ʑ h~ç~ɸ ɾ
Nucleus
Mackenzie a ai ya yai e ei ye yei o wa wai oi yo u we wei ui, wi yu ü i
IPA a ja jaɪ ɛ jeɪ ɔ wa waɪ ɔɪ u~ʊ weɪ uɪ~wi ju~jʊ ɨ i~ɪ
Coda
Mackenzie k ng t n p m s l
IPA ŋ n m s l

Codas -s and -l can only be found in foreign loanwords.