Schaikeul

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	Stats Nouns 100% Verbs 100% Adjectives 33% Syntax 100% Words of 1500

Schaikeul '
Type
Alignment
Head direction
Tonal
No
Declensions
No
Conjugations
No
Genders
No
Nouns decline according to...
Case	Number
Definiteness	Gender
Verbs conjugate according to...
Voice	Mood
Person	Number
Tense	Aspect

Phonology

Consonants

	Bilabial	Labio-dental	Alveolar	Post-alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Nasal	m (m)		n (n)			ŋ (ng)
Plosive	pʰ (p) b (b)		tʰ (t) d (d)			kʰ (k) g (g)
Fricative		f (f) v (v)	s (s) z (z)	ʃ (sch) ʒ (zh)			ʁ (rh)	h (h)
Affricate				ʧ (ch) ʤ (j)
Approximant					j (y)	w (w)
Flap or tap			ɾ (r)
Lateral app.			l (l)

Vowels

	Front	Near-front	Central	Back
Close	i (i) y (ÿ)			ɯ (eu) u (u)
Near-close		ɪ (ì)
Close-mid				ᴏ (o)
Mid			ə (e)
Open-mid	ɛ (è) œ (oe)\
Open	a (a)

Alphabet

Schaikeul has its own writing system. However, the Latin alphabet is used to teach the language. 

The modified Latin alphabet represents 23 consonants, 5 of which are represented by multigraphs:

B b Ch ch D d F f G g H h J j K k L l M m N n O o P p R r Rh rh S s T t
V v W w Y y Z z Sch sch Zh zh Ng ng X x

and represents 9 vowels: 

A a È è I i O o U u Ÿ ÿ Eu eu Ì ì E e Oe oe

The grapheme ⟨X⟩,⟨x⟩ represents [ks].

The order of the letters of the alphabet are as follows: 

i ÿ eu u ì o e è a h rh w k g ng y ch j sch zh l r s z t d n f v p b m

Phonotactics

Schaikeul allows multiconsonantal onsets and codas, but syllables with such onsets cannot have a semivowel. Syllables that can have semivowels allow multiconsonantal codas, but do not allow multiconsonantal onsets.    Diphthongs are not allowed in Schaikeul. However, adjacent vowels may sound like diphthongs when spoken.  Therefore, the largest syllables are MVM and CSVM; where "M" stands for multiple consonants, and "S" represents the semivowel.

Grammar

Schaikeul is primarily SVO, but SOV, OSV, and VSO are also used in literature and to denote topics.  

Pronouns 

Schaikeul pronouns are divided into three groups: Common, Literary, and Official. 

"Common" pronouns are used in everyday conversations only. They vary in degrees of politeness. Common pronouns are never used when writing formal works such as essays, treatises, and documents. They are, however, allowed in creative pieces and fiction.  

"Literary" pronouns, as their name suggests, are used in literary forms, though they are found in some official documents. Literary pronouns are usually not spoken, and politeness does not vary.

"Official" pronouns are found in documents and any form of formal writing. Official pronouns are the most common pronouns in writing. In general, official pronouns are used when addressing superiors, but not anyone you are familiar with. Government officials, employers, and military officers are addressed with official pronouns.  

Number	Person (+Gender)	Pronoun
Singular	First-Person	Na
		Wasso
		Zaix
	Second-Person	Ki
		Gal
		Mei
	Third-Person (male)	Ra
		Sorè
		Hwa
	(female)	Scho
		Souyo
		Zhèl
	Third-Person (non-human)	Sunei
Plural	First-Person	Wo
		Atai
	Second-Person	Ÿn
	Third-Person	Kinu

Pro-forms 

		Demonstrative		Quantifier					Interrogative
		Proximal	Distal	Existential	Elective	Universal	Negative	Alternative
Determiner		i, ièo	nu, noeul	sot	joeul	sèìn	mu	tè	nanè
Pronoun	Human	ikkiru	nukkiru	sokkiru	jokkiru	sèkkiru	mukkiru	tèkkiru	nakkiru
	Non-human	inè	nunè	sonè	jonè	sènè	munè	tènè	nanè
	Out of many	igè	nugè	sogè	jogè	sègè	mugè	tègè	nagè
Pro-adverb	Location	illyo	nullyo	sollyo	jollyo	sèlyo	mullyo	tèllyo	nallyo
	Time	iru	nuru	soru	joru	sèru	muru	tèru	naru
	Manner	idu	noeuldu	sodu	jodu	sèdu	mudu	tèdu	zèndou
	Reason	ièdou	noeuldou	∅	∅	∅	∅	∅	nandou
	Quantity	ikiyu	nokyu	sokyu	jokyu	sèkyu	mukyu	∅	nanyu

Verbs

Verbs conjugate to tense, aspect, mood, and voice. 

Copula

Schaikeul has three copulas: yè, ih, and ssan.

yè is used to equate one thing with another, it also means "to exist". 

ih means "to become", and ssan means "to seem like"

Conjugations

Verbs ending in a vowel:

		Indicative	Conditional	Volitive	Imperative	Negative
Simple	Present	∅	-ta	-sèki	-ge	-schai
	Past	-nè	-da	-nèki	∅	-neschai
	Future	-rè	∅	-rèki	∅	-reschai
Progressive	Present	-neun	-teun	∅	∅	-neuschai
	Past	-reun	-deun	∅	∅	-reuschai
	Future	-rheun	∅	∅	∅	-rheuschai
Perfect	Present	-m	-tagèn	∅	∅	-meschai
	Past	-bèn	-dazèn	∅	∅	-beschai
	Future	-zèn	-tarhèn	∅	∅	-zeschai

Infinitive	Gerund	Present Participle	Past Participle
∅	-do	-na	-ra

Verbs ending in a consonant:

		Indicative	Conditional	Volitive	Imperative	Negation
Simple	Present	∅	-ita	-isèki	-ige	-ischai
	Past	-inè	-ida	-inèki	∅	-ineschai
	Future	-ìrè	∅	-irèki	∅	-ireschai
Progressive	Present	-ineun	-iteun	∅	∅	-ineuschai
	Past	-ireun	-ideun	∅	∅	-ireuschai
	Future	-irheun	∅	∅	∅	-irheuschai
Perfect	Present	-is	-itagèn	∅	∅	-ischai
	Past	-ibèn	-idazèn	∅	∅	-ibeschai
	Future	-izèn	-itarhèn	∅	∅	-izeschai

Infinitive	Gerund	Present Participle	Past Participle
∅	-odo	-ona	-ora

Passive Voice

To construct the passive voice, add the prefix "be-" to the verb. For example, "has been eaten" would be "behazhen", which consists of "be-" (passive prefix), "-hazh-" (to eat), and "-en" (present perfect indicative suffix). 

Compound Verbs

Add "-vel" to the initial verb, which carries all markers. Add "-(eu)do" to the main verb, which carries the meaning. For example, "start reading" would be "schaixvel sorukèdo", which consists of "schaix" (to start), "-vel" (compound marker), "-sorukè" (to read) and "-do" (main verb marker). 

Modal Verbs

Modal verbs will not carry any markers, and therefore do not conjugate. Instead, the main verb will carry all markers and will conjugate.

Ability	Permission	Suggestion	Obligation	Assumption	Likelihood	Challenge
nim (can)	hara (may)	skè (should)	mazo (must)	inim (should)	hè (may)	darè (dare)

Nouns

Nouns decline to number and do not have any articles. 

Nouns can be made plural either by adding "-i" or repeating the noun. 

For example, the noun "kiru" (person) can become "kirui" (people) or "kirukiru" (all people) when pluralized. 

Note that pluralizing a noun by repeating it will have a meaning that is similar to the noun with the universal determiner, but can only be used in literary works and official documents. Therefore, "kirukiru" cannot be substituted for "sèkiru".

Adjectives and Adverbs

Schaikeul adjectives are essentially verbs. They will follow the same conjugation rules as verbs. Adjectival conjugations are limited, as they do not have future tense and only have indicative forms.

Conjugation

Adjectives that end with a vowel: 

	Positive	Negative	Predicative Positive	Predicative Negative	Attributive Marker	Adverb
Present	∅	-eschai	yè	yèschai	no	-ndè
Past	nè	-neschai	yènè	yèneschai	no	∅

Adjectives that end with a consonant: 

	Positive	Negative	Predicative Positive	Predicative Negative	Attributive Marker	Adverb
Present	-eu	-ai	yè	yèschai	no	-eundè
Past	-eun	-eunai	yènè	yèneschai	no	∅

The attributive marker links the adjective to the noun and pairs with the positive and negative conjugations. For example, adjective A (after conjugating) will have no attached to noun X. The result is: A no X. 

The predicative adjective is based on the copula yè. The copula itself will undergo all conjugations, and the adjective will remain the same. With adjective A and noun X, "X is A" will be Y yè X. 

When more than one attributive adjective is attached to a noun, the adjectives will be listed with no. Similarly with predicative adjectives, they will be listed with yè. 

Adverbs do not conjugate and usually precede the modified verb or adjective. 

Comparison

Adverbs for comparison precede the adjectives they modify.

• kèdè is the comparative form.
• sakundè is the superlative form.

When two objects are being compared, the adjective will take the comparative form and the word van is precedes the second object. So, "X is A-er than Y" would be X yè A-kèdè van Y, where X and Y are objects and A stands for a single or multiple adjectives. 

The attrubitive marker, when used, will be placed after the comparative/superlative form. So, "The A-est X" would be A-sakundè no X.

Derivations

• Verbs to nouns: -do
• Verbs to adjectives: -nim
• Adjectives to verbs: hen-
• Adjectives to nouns: -do / -èdo
• Adjectives to adverbs: -ndè / -eundè
• Nouns to verbs: -ma / -euma
• Nouns to adjectives: sang-

Numerals

Numerals in Schaikeul are attributive. When they are used, they will replace any quantifiers and the noun itself will be in its singular form. Numbers in Schaikeul also follow the long scale rather than the short scale.

Cardinal Numbers

Numeral	Schaikeul	Short Scale	Long Scale
0.001	sènst	"Thousandth"	"Thousandth"
0.01	hwaxst	"Hundredth"	"Hundredth"
0.1	yast	"Tenth"	"Tenth"
0	nìt	"Zero"	"Zero"
1	zhè	"One"	"One"
2	sang	"Two"	"Two"
3	trhai	"Three"	"Three"
4	syot	"Four"	"Four"
5	im	"Five"	"Five"
6	rhu	"Six"	"Six"
7	cha	"Seven"	"Seven"
8	ba	"Eight"	"Eight"
9	kyo	"Nine"	"Nine"
10	ya	"Ten"	"Ten"
11	yana	"Eleven"	"Eleven"
20	nya	"Twenty"	"Twenty"
21	nyazhè	"Twenty-one"	"Twenty-one"
40	syotya	"Forty"	"Fourty"
100	hwax	"Hundred"	"Hundred"
1,000	sèn	"Thousand"	"Thousand"
10⁶	myot	"Million"	"Million"
10⁹	wa	"Billion"	"Milliard"
10¹²	sang-myot	"Trillion"	"Billion"
10¹⁵	sang-wa	"Quadrillion"	"Billiard"
10¹⁸	trhai-myot	"Quintillion"	"Trillion"
10²¹	trhai-wa	"Sextillion"	"Trilliard"

Note that numerals such as 100 are read as if the "one" did not exist. 100 would be read as hwap, not zhè-hwap.

Ordinal Numbers

Ordinal forms are made by adding -st to the end of the numeral. So "sixth" would be rhust.

Negative Numbers

Negative numbers are made by the word schai, which precedes the numeral.

Decimals and Fractions

Decimals will have their digits read instead of giving the value. The decimal points is read as ku. So, 3.14159265 would be read as san-ku-zhè-syot-zhè-im-kyo-ni-rhu-im. 

Fractions can be read in the following ways:

• "A B-ths", where B is in the ordinal form. "Three-elevenths" is san-yazchèst.
• "A out of B". "Three out of eleven" is san ju yazchè.'

Multiplicative 

The multiplicative form describes the noun in an n-fold system, where the quantity of the noun is n. Multiplicative words include adverbs ("once", "twice", "thrice") and adjectives/verbs ("single", "double", "triple").  To create multiplicative adjectives, the suffix -(g)en is added. Adverbs will be derived. 

Examples: 

• "Single" - zhègen
• "Double" - sangen
• "Triple" - trhaigen

Prepositions

Schaikeul prepositions must precede the noun phrase, stranding is not allowed. 

Preposition	English Equivalent	Meaning and Usage
issÿn	with	in the company of
ìn	in	indicates location; surrounded by within a time constraint
und	until	up to the time of
an	at	indicates a specific location indicates time
wèi	for	for the purpose of directed to
wan	toward	in the direction of
ku	behind, after	to the back of immediately after a period of time
kèzhèk	against	in contrary direction
kèn	before	in front of earlier in time
kan	between	in a position that separates two objects intermediate in quantity or degree
ja	concerning, regarding	on the subject of
som	from	indicates origins
sa	near	to be in proximity to
ni	to	indicates a target (indirect object)
fÿl	for	during a time period
bin	by	by means of indicates actor in a clause with passive voice
mal	on	to be touching to be on the surface of

Conjunctions 

Conjunction	English Equivalent	Logical Representation	Usage/Meaning
ihai	but	--	implies that the following clause contrasts with the preceding clause  implies that the following clause is contrary to prior belief cannot begin a sentence
itayo	or	P ∨ Q	connects at least two alternative words, phrases, clauses, etc.  each alternative can make the passage true
yu...so...	if-then	P → Q	introduces a condition or choice P explains what will happen if the condition is satisfied/if the choice is made
yunai...sonai...	unless	--	except on a specified condition "if not... then not..."
yèppul	whether or not	--	declare a clause, usually initial demonstrates disregard for both positive and negative of following clause
janai...ita...	whether-or	--	declares clause, usually final demonstrates disregard for two alternatives
suyìn	although	--	in spite of that fact that placed at beginning of its clause
soudou	because	P ← Q	explains the cause of Q, which (assuming P → Q) is P
soyìn	therefore	P → Q; P; ∴Q	by consequence; refers to something previously stated
somnoru	since	--	from a certain point of time to the present
sanggè...itayo...	either-or	P ⊕ Q	connects two alternatives, offers two choices one alternative must be true, the other must be false one choice must be fufilled, the other must not
to	and	P ∧ Q	connects two similar words, phrases, clauses, etc.  both P and Q must be satisfied
daru	as	--	at the same time that an event occurred
-nai...-nai...	neither-nor	¬P ∧ ¬Q	introduces two terms indicates both terms are not true -nai is attached to the end of the term
fÿru	while	--	during the same time that an event occurred
modeun	but; however	--	implies that the following clause contrasts with the preceding clause can be used to begin a sentence

Example text

• "There is grandeur in this view of life, with its several powers, having been originally breathed into a few forms or into one; and that, whilst this planet has gone cycling on according to the fixed law of gravity, from so simple a beginning endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been, and are being, evolved."
  Amè mazhèdir ja idu ni sèkiwa no okyufu, bin sunei no sottèsu nufulnesa, someundè ippunibènodo ni sonè itayo zhè nè; to nu, fÿru i pèhèlzènt kirisvèl suyokido somÿn churoku no lègèsch. Som kèntan no schaixeudo, musu mèita no to kyokiwa no nè -iben, to -ineun, jikihèn.
• "We shall go on to the end. We shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas and oceans, we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air, we shall defend our island, whatever the cost may be. We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills; we shall never surrender..."
  Atai kirirèvèl ischtèr und keutot. Atai schèktèrè in Frans; atai schèktèrè in sièvhè to daihè; atai schèktèrè issÿn gaeunim jeushìn to gaeunim kèjjang; atai soschèrè wo no isslan, yèppul nanè du hèamè. Atai schèktèrè mal hibyon, atai schèktèrè mal ryudèlyo, atai schèktèrè in chodyo to in geutrhada, atai schèktèrè in sosan to in kataru; atai schaide tosafurhu.
• "All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood."
  Kirukiru, somnoru sèmiyÿdo, yè fÿjat to yè èital ja kwonyu to challo. Kinu habèndètora raidou to shalshinè, inim schokutot bin yang songdi no du ni fÿrhakiru.
• "A strip of water's spread in the setting sun, Half the river's emerald, half is red. I love the third night of the ninth month,The dew is like pearl; the moon like a bow." -- "Song of Sunset on the River" 
  "Mal nèsèchi sÿ sinschìn rèmin yìn, hanja rèiyèna yè mijìl, hanja yè hurèso. Na schìssang nyo yÿè no trhaist èmìnyon, iyu ssan su to yÿè ssan hwal." --"Rèmin Rèiyèna Rèn"
• "I slumbered this spring morning, and missed the dawn, From everywhere I heard the cry of birds. That night the sound of wind and rain had come, Who knows how many flowers had fallen?" -- "Spring Dawn"
  "I hyonto no chin ih sÿyìminè, to chèschai an sumìn. Som sèlyo ih hèninè nimin no taigol. Nu èminyon kommtinè kasa to règèn no sang. Nakkiru èsanum nanyu hana korukirabèn?  --"Hyonto no Sumìn"