By all means, please contribute to the language's culture and/or history.
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Sdrafyaot (IPA: ˈstrafyəot), known in English as Stravian or officially Neostravian, is a partially constructed language of heavy North Germanic influence that is the leading of the three national language of the Kingdom of Stravia. The language was constructed originally in 1314 by the Acstuvaci Rebellion leaders Ólafar Gudrunsson, Þorin Erosvard, Vilhjálm Helnkenge and other associates in response to the Paleostravian language being illegalized by the Christian missionaries in the 13th century and following the First Stravian Rising. The language has since evolved to become the Stravian language as it is known today.
Name: Sdrafyaot
Type: Synthetic Alignment: Nominative-Accusative Head Direction: Mixed Number of genders: None Declensions: Yes Conjugations: Yes
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Classification[]
Stravian is an a posteriori Indo-European language and part of the Nordic Germanic group, as it is an evolved form of the West Norse Language. Stravian shows influence from Paleostravian, Icelandic and Old West Norse.
Phonology & Orthography[]
Consonants[]
The Stravian language has a some significant dialectal difference in phonology, found mostly due to the North/South divide of the Stravian nation, with the southern dialects influenced greater by Icelandic. The language contains monophthongs and diphthongs, which are represented by mono- and digraphs. Only monographs are considered distinct letters in the Stravian alphabet. The language is mostly orthographically phonemic.
Bilabial | Labio-Dental | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n̥ | n | ŋ | ||||||||||
Stop | p | b | t | d | k | g | ||||||||
Fricative | f | v | θ | ð | s | x | ||||||||
Approximant | l̥ | l | j | h | ||||||||||
Trill | r̥ | r |
Voiced stops and nasals devoice in voiceless clusters.
The phoneme [v] is approximated to [ʋ] following voiceless consonants.
The voiced trill [r] may be reduced to a single tap intervocalically.
Word ending, the following lenition occurs: [v] to [ʋ], [ð] to [ð̞], [d] to [ð̠], and [g] to [ɣ].
Vowels[]
Front
(Long) |
Centralised
(Short) |
Back | Diphthongs | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Close | i | y | ɪ | ʏ | u |
ei̯ eu̯ oi̯ ou̯ ai̯ au̯ | |
Close-mid | e | ø | e̞ | œ | o | ||
Open-mid | ɛ | æ | |||||
Open | a | ä |
Vowels are retracted or centralised in some speakers when short.
Phonotactics[]
The following image describes phonotactic syllable structure:
† May not precede [j]
Additionally, voiced nasals, and voiceless stops and fricatives can be geminated.
Nasals are syllabic if word ending after stops or nasals.
The phonemes [l] and [r] are syllabic if word ending.
Alphabet[]
The Stravian alphabet is ordered:
Majuscule: A Æ B C D Ð E F G H I J L M N O Ø P R S T Þ U V Y
Minuscule: a æ b c d ð e f g h i j l m n o ø p r s t þ u v y
The letters k, q, w, x and z, as well as the Icelandic letter ö, do not appear in the Stravian alphabet, but may be used in loanwords or proper nouns. However they are often replaced with the native Stravian c, cv, v, cs, s and ø respectively.
Orthography[]
Grapheme | Name | Phonetic Realization | Example | Translation | English Equivalent |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
a
ai/ái au/áu |
á [aː] | [a] ~ [ä]
[ai̯] [au̯] |
stjarna
bair rauð |
star
city red |
hand / father
light cow |
á | [aː] | sjág | from | hand (long) | |
æ | ǽ [ɛː] | [ɛ] ~ [æ] | hæt | hat | pet |
ǽ | [ɛː] | hotǽl | hotel | pet (long) | |
b | be [be] | [b]
[p] when devoiced |
buc
isbjur |
book
polar bear |
bat
sip |
c
ch |
ce [ke] | [k]
[x] |
celo
ech |
towards
you |
cross
loch (Scottish) |
d | de [de] | [d]
[ð̠] when final [t] when devoiced |
dan
claid vodca |
then
dress vodka |
dot
with (retracted) soot |
ð | ða [ða] | [ð]
[ð̞] when final |
ðeg
tað |
day
it |
this
with (approximated) |
e
ei/éi eu/éu |
é [eː] | [e] ~ [e̞]
[ei̯] [eu̯] |
geþi
nei eura |
please
new ear |
hey (without y)
day tell (Cockney) |
é | [eː] | jés | yes | hey (long) | |
f | fa [fa] | [f] | hafa | have | fire |
g | ge [ge] | [g]
[ɣ] [k] when devoiced |
auga
leg segt |
eye
leg last |
gone
lough (Irish) neck |
h
hl hn hr |
hal [hal] | [h]
[l̥] [n̥] [r̥] |
Hosti
hlaia hní hrista |
autumn
dress knee shake |
hop
voiceless l voiceless n voiceless r |
i | í [iː] | [i] ~ [ɪ] | ig | I | keep |
í | [iː] | í | in | keep (long) | |
j | joct [jokt] | [j] | Juni | June | you |
l | ál [aːl] | [l]
[l̩] when word ending |
laira
costl |
learn
castle |
let
castle |
m | ám [aːm] | [m]
[m̥] when devoiced [m̩] when final after stops/nasals |
mergn
slaimt sinm |
morning
bad these |
mind
voiceless m denim |
n
ng |
án [aːn] | [n]
[n̥] when devoiced [n̩] when final after stops/nasals [ŋ] [ŋ̊] when devoiced |
ofin
Ventur vatn fingri langt |
above
winter water finger far |
not
voiceless n button king voiceless ng |
o
oi/ói ou/óu |
ó [oː] | [o]
[oi̯] [ou̯] |
o
imoir móu |
and
ant may |
road with no w sound
oil low |
ó | [oː] | jórð | ground | road (long) | |
ø | ǿ [øː] | [ø] ~ [œ] | øscra | scream | French sœur |
ǿ | [øː] | ǿnst | opposite | German schön | |
p | pe [peː] | [p] | pacta | package | pound |
r | eir [ei̯r] | [r]
[r̩] when final after stops/nasals |
trig
cindr |
three
child |
trilled r
better (trilled) |
s | sa [sa] | [s] | soln | sun | sock |
t | te [te] | [t] | tá | thanks | top |
þ | þa [θa] | [θ] | þoc | fog | think |
u | ú [uː] | [u] | gulr | yellow | flute |
ú | [uː] | fút | clothing | shoe | |
v | va [va] | [v]
[ʋ] when succeeding voiceless consonants |
vi
hval |
we
whale |
vent
west with slight v sound |
y | ý [yː] | [y] ~ [ʏ] | hynt | dog | German müssen |
ý | [yː] | sumýr | some | German über |
Stress falls on the first syllable of multi-syllabic words, except when it is marked by an accented long vowel.
Grammar - Moljeging[]
Copulae - Tengasogans[]
The Stravian language has only one copula, eð (to be), which comes in 9 forms dependent on tense, person and number.
Present | Past/Perfect | Future | |
---|---|---|---|
Singular | eð | eðun | eður |
Formal Singular | eði | eðin | eðir |
Plural/Multiple | eða | eðan | eðar |
Articles - Ærticales[]
As Stravian words are genderless, the definite article is de, which is used for singular nouns, and may be omitted in titles or proper nouns. The plural form is din.
de man - the man
(de) Jorð - (the) Earth
din dalnes - the valleys
The sole positive indefinite article is in.
in husjar - a house
There is one negative indefinite article - sín - which denoted not having or not being something. The word can also denote not doing if placed before a verb, or can denote not being of a certain quality when used as a prefix (se-) on adjectives and adverbs. This does not change the stress on the word, which remains on the root.
Ig hafa sín buc. - I do not have a book. (Lit. I have no book.)
Du eð sín talida. - You are not talking.
Ør eð seblar. - It is not blue.
Er eð seflasclig laira. - He is not learning quickly (Lit. He is not quickly learning.)
Nouns - Nauns[]
Nouns decline only to number, and have only a singular and plural form. The plural form is denoted by -es or by -s where phonotactics allow.
bair → baires - city → cities
fjatla → fjatlas - mountain → mountains
hynt → hynts - dog → dogs
Pronouns - Fornauns[]
Subject | Object | Possessive
Adjective |
Possessive | Reflexive | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st Person Singular | ig | mig | min | mina | migr |
1st Person Plural | vi | vig | vin | vina | vigr |
2nd Person Singular | du | dig | dun | duna | digr |
2nd Person Plural | sju | sig | sun | suna | sigr |
2nd Person Male Formal | Jer | Jer | Jern | Jernin | Jernr |
2nd Person Female Formal | Fra | Fra | Fran | Franin | Franr |
2nd Person Generic Formal | Tu | Tig | Tun | Tunin | Tunr |
3rd Person Male Singular | er | der | ern | erna | ernr |
3rd Person Female Singular | ir | dir | irn | irna | irnr |
3rd Person Neuter Singular | ør | dør | ørn | ørna | ørnr |
3rd Person General Singular | ar | dar | arn | arna | arnr |
3rd Person General Plural | þju | þjug | þjun | þjuna | þjug |
Generic Person | mán | mána | maun | manin | manr |
Demonstratives | Near | Far |
---|---|---|
Singular | set | þa |
Plural | seur | þaur |
Adjectives - Lysaurdes[]
Adjectives in Stravian may be placed before - as possessive adjectives and number always are - but most often after their respective nouns, which declines only when plural.
in epli rauð - a red apple
tver eplis rauð - two red apples
min tver eplis stort rauð - my two big red apples
Verbs - Sogans[]
Verbs are conjugated according to tense, person and number. A verb lies at the nucleus of a clause, with a copula, modal or auxiliary verb following the subject if necessary. The main verbs come in 3 forms due to tense - present, past, future. The present tense uses the infinitive form of the verb, which in standard verbs always ends -a. The past tense is formed by -i, and the future tense by the suffix -ar.
Copulae, modal or auxiliary verbs have an infinitive (used for interrogative and perfect sentences) and 9 forms due to tense, person and number.
All the following examples use ig (I) as the subject and dig (you) as the object.
Modal examples use hafa (have) and geta (can).
Verb Use | Stravian | English |
---|---|---|
Infinitive | talida | talk |
Simple Present | Ig talida cel dig. | I talk to you. |
Simple Past | Ig talidi cel dig. | I talked to you. |
Simple Future | Ig talidar cel dig. | I will talk to you. |
Progressive Present | Ig eð talida cel dig. | I am talking to you. |
Progressive Past | Ig eðun talidi cel dig. | I was talking to you. |
Progressive Future | Ig eður talidar cel dig. | I will be talking to you. |
Perfect Present | Ig héfa talida cel dig. | I have talked to you. |
Perfect Past | Ig héfi talidi cel dig.. | I had talked to you. |
Perfect Future | Ig hýf talidar cel dig. | I will have talked to you. |
Passive Present | Ig eð ét talida ol dig. | I am talked to by you. |
Passive Past | Ig eðun ét talidi ol dig. | I was talked to by you. |
Passive Future | Ig eður ét talidar cel ol dig. | I will be talked to by you. |
Conditional Active Present | Ig géta talida cel dig. | I can talk to you. |
Conditional Active Past | Ig géti talidi cel dig. | I could talk to you. (Past) |
Conditional Active Future | Ig gét talidar cel dig. | I could talk to you. (Future) |
Con. Perfect Active | Ig geta hafa talidi cel dig. | I could have talk to you. |
Con. Passive Present | Ig géta eð ét talida ol dig. | I can be talked to by you. |
Con. Passive Past | Ig géti eðun ét talidi ol dig. | I could be talked to by you. (Past) |
Con. Passive Future | Ig gét eður ét talidar ol dig. | I could be talked to by you. (Future) |
Con. Perfect Passive | Ig geta hefa eðun ét talidi ol dig. | I could've been talked to by you. |
Interrogative Con. Active Present | Geta ig talida cel dig? | Can I talk to you? |
Interrogative Con. Active Past | Geta ig talidi cel dig? | Could I talk to you? (Past) |
Interrogative Con. Active Future | Geta ig talidar cel dig? | Could I talk to you? (Future) |
Int. Con. Perfect Active, Passive, Perfect Passive | As with conditional syntax, but with interrogative placed at start. | |
Affirmative Imperative | Talida! | Talk! |
Negative Imperative | Sín talida! | Don't talk! / No talking! |
Adverbs - Atvicsaurdes[]
Adverbs always fall before their respective verbs or adjectives.
Syntax - Setningfrið[]
Stravian clauses follow a subject-verb-object (SVO) structure, as with most Germanic languages. A modal or auxiliary verb will move between the subject and the verb, while a copula will follow the subject or modal/auxiliary verb. In interrogatives, the copulas, modal or auxiliary verb will lead the clause.
For example:
Stravian: Ig eðun igair talidi cel Vilhjælm syr ern husjar nei.
Transliteration: I was yesterday talking to William about his house new.
Translation: Yesterday, I was talking to William about his new house.
Affixes - Aurdsceitings[]
Inflections - Beigins[]
Verb Root - Sogan Rout
Affix (Stravian) | Affix (English) | Example (Stravian) | Example (English) |
---|---|---|---|
can- | -ed (past/perfect tense) | talida → cantalida | talk → talked |
-r | (future tense) | talida → talidar | talk → will talk |
mas- | mis- (do wrong) | lesga → maslesga | read → misread |
in- | un- (reversal) | gera → ingera | do → undo |
Noun Root - Naun Rout
Affix (Stravian) | Affix (English) | Example (Stravian) | Example (English) |
---|---|---|---|
-es -s -a |
-s (plural form) |
daln → dalnes sjo → sjos bel → bela |
valley → valleys sea → seas car → cars |
-'n | -'s (possessive) | Jon → Jon'n | John → John's |
-en | -let (diminutive) | bair → bairen | city → town |
mis- | mis- (be wrong) | setlann → missetlann | placement → misplacement |
-dm | -dom (domain) | cunge → cungedm | king → kingdom |
-(m)ædur | -ist (member) | bjuving → bjuvingædur | creation → creationist |
-(i)tru | -ism (doctrine, belief) | bjuving → Bjuvingitru | creation → Creationism |
-frad | -logy/-graphy (study) | stein → Steinfrad | stone → Geology |
-fradmann | -logist (professional) | stein → steinfradmann | stone → geologist |
-legh | -hood (group) | broðr → broðrlegh | brother → brotherhood |
-(a)ti | -ship (state of being) | vinur → vinurati | friend → friendship |
Adjective Root - Lysaurd Rout
Affix (Stravian) | Affix (English) | Example (Stravian) | Example (English) |
---|---|---|---|
-(e)rri | -er (quality) | alt → alterri | old → older |
-(i)st | -est (quality) | alt → altist | old → oldest |
-(l)eit | -ish (like, similar) | rauð → rauðeit | red → reddish (ruddy) |
-ov (º) | ordinals | ein → einov (1º) | one → first/1st |
Derivations - Reicnins[]
Verb Root - Sogan Rout
Affix (Stravian) | Affix (English) | Example (Stravian) | Example (English) |
---|---|---|---|
-a → -in | -(a)tion (noun, activity) | benda → bendin | suggest → suggestion |
-dur | -er (noun, agent) | raða → raðadur | employ → employer |
-din | -ee (noun, patient) | raða → raðadin | employ → employee |
-nn | (noun, manner) | ganga → gangann | to walk → a walk |
-l |
(noun, ability) |
heura → heur sja → sjal |
to hear → hearing to see → sight |
-a → -ogh | (noun, result) | clyra → clyrogh | to scratch → a scratch |
-a → -oning | -ing/-ance (noun, object/abstract) | bjyga → bjygoning | to build → a building |
-a → -ic | -y/-ing (adjective) | oeta → oetic | to push → pushy |
-nligt | -able (adjective, ability) | isnjarta → isnjartanligt | to touch → touchable |
Noun Root - Naun Rout
Affix (Stravian) | Affix (English) | Example (Stravian) | Example (English) |
---|---|---|---|
-(ð)a | -(i)fy/-ise (verb) | vegsæmd → vegsæmda | glory → glorify |
-(oy)c | -al/-y (adjective, relative) | miðpynt → miðpyntoyc | centre → central |
-ot -land → -in |
-ian/-ish/-ese (adjective, relative) |
Sdrafya → Sdrafyaot Island → Isin |
Stravia → Stravian (language) Iceland → Icelandic (language) |
-(s)insc | -ian/-ish/-ese (adjective, personal) | Veils → Veilsinsc | Wales → Welsh (person) |
-(s)it | -ful (adjective, quality) | hautvis → hautvisit | tact → tactful |
ce- -(s)it | -less (adjective, quality) | hautvis → cehautvisit | tact → tactless |
Adjective Root - Lysaurd Rout
Affix (Stravian) | Affix (English) | Example (Stravian) | Example (English) |
---|---|---|---|
-(t)eð | -ness (noun) | sorgt → sorgteð | sad → sadness |
-(v)a | -ise (verb) | noytimt → noytimta | modern → modernise |
-lig | -ly (adverb) | ljosc → ljosclig | light → lightly |