Shataranjan, also referred to as Classical Shataranjan in order to distinguish it from Old Shataranjan, was the language of Shataranjans, inhabitants of the tidally-locked planet of Shataran, located around 500 light years from the Solar System.
There are two main descendants, the one spoken on the always bright side which is eternally illuminated by their star, and the other spoken in the darkness of the hemisphere facing against the star.
Shataranjan šātarānan mā | |||
---|---|---|---|
Type | |||
Agglutinative/Fusional | |||
Alignment | |||
Nominative-Accusative | |||
Head direction | |||
Mixed | |||
Tonal | |||
No | |||
Declensions | |||
Yes | |||
Conjugations | |||
Yes | |||
Genders | |||
No | |||
Nouns decline according to... | |||
Case | Number | ||
Definiteness | Gender | ||
Verbs conjugate according to... | |||
Voice | Mood | ||
Person | Number | ||
Tense | Aspect |
Phonology[]
Consonants[]
The consonant inventory in noteworthy for having a retroflex series of sounds, no labiodentals and a contrast between voiced and voiceless bilabial trills. All nasals and occlusives can be geminated.
Bilabial | Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
plain | sibilant | plain | |||||||
Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |||||
Occlusive | unv. | p | t | ts | ʈʂ | tɕ | k | ||
v. | b | d | dz | ɖʐ | dʑ | g | |||
Continuant | unv. | ɸ | ɬ | s | ʂ | ɕ | ç | x | h |
v. | w | l | z | ɻ | ʑ | j | |||
Trill | ʙ̥, ʙ |
Vowels[]
Front | Central | Back | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
short | long | short | long | short | long | |
High | i | iː | u | uː | ||
Mid | e | eː | o | oː | ||
Low | a | aː |
Phonotactics[]
The syllable structure is (C)(L)V(L)(C).
Transcription[]
If diacritics are not available, carons, acutes and macrons may be substituted with v, y and doubling the vowel, respectively (č = cv, ś = sy, ū = uu). /ŋ, ɬ, ç/ may be transcribed with the digraphs <ng>, <hl> and <hy>, respectively.
m | n | ɲ | ŋ | p | t | ts | ʈʂ | tɕ | k | b | d | dz | ɖʐ | dʑ | g | ɸ | ɬ | s | ʂ | ɕ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
m | n | ń | ŋ | p | t | c | č | ć | k | b | d | dz | dž | dź | g | f | ł | s | š | ś |
ç | x | h | w | l | z | ɻ | ʑ | j | ʙ̥ | ʙ | i | e | a | o | u | iː | eː | aː | oː | uː |
ç | x | h | w | l | z | r | ź | j | pr | br | i | e | a | o | u | ī | ē | ā | ō | ū |
Grammar[]
Shataranjan is a predominantly agglutinative language with some fusional traits. It is notable for having evidentiality and a system of classifiers.
Verbs[]
Verbs in Shataranjan are highly inflected, similar to Old Shataranjan. Verbs conjugate for mood, evidentiality, aspect, tense, person and number.
Singular | Plural | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1P | 2P | 3P | 1P | 2P | 3P | |||
Indicative | Firsthand evidence | Present | jund | juda | jut | judńo | jućo | judźo |
Progressive | judun | judu | jud | juduńo | juduśo | judujo | ||
Imperfective | judnin | judni | juńdź | judnińo | judniśo | judnijo | ||
Perfective | judźunne | judźuna | judźun | judźunńo | judźuńśo | judźuńo | ||
Future | juddan | juddā | judda | juddāńo | juddāśo | juddājo | ||
Indirect evidence | Present | judźutxan | judźutxā | judźutxa | judźutxańo | judźutxaśo | judźutxajo | |
Progressive | judźutxaun | judźutxau | judźutxu | judźutxauńo | judźutxauśo | judźutxaujo | ||
Imperfective | judźutxanin | judźutxani | judźutxań | judźutxanińo | judźutxaniśo | judźutxanijo | ||
Perfective | judźutxajunne | judźutxajuna | judźutxajun | judźutxajunńo | judźutxajuńśo | judźutxajuńo | ||
Future | judźutxadan | judźutxadā | judźutxada | judźutxadāńo | judźutxadāśo | judźutxadājo | ||
Conditional | Firsthand evidence | Present | jutxan | jutxā | jutxa | jutxańo | jutxaśo | jutxajo |
Progressive | jutxaun | jutxau | jutxu | jutxauńo | jutxauśo | jutxaujo | ||
Imperfective | jutxanin | jutxani | jutxań | jutxanińo | jutxaniśo | jutxanijo | ||
Perfective | jutxajunne | jutxajuna | jutxajun | jutxajunńo | jutxajuńśo | jutxajuńo | ||
Future | jutxadan | jutxadā | jutxada | jutxadāńo | jutxadāśo | jutxadājo | ||
Indirect evidence | Present | jutfenz | jutfeza | jutfes | jutfezńo | jutfeśo | jutfeźo | |
Progressive | jutfezun | jutfezu | jutfez | jutfezuńo | jutfezuśo | jutfezujo | ||
Imperfective | jutfeznin | jutfezni | jutfeńdź | jutfeznińo | jutfezniśo | jutfeznijo | ||
Perfective | jutfeźunne | jutfeźuna | jutfeźun | jutfeźunńo | jutfeźuńśo | jutfeźuńo | ||
Future | jutfezdan | jutfezdā | jutfezda | jutfezdāńo | jutfezdāśo | jutfezdājo | ||
Imperative | Direct order | Present | judźund | judźuda | judźut | judźudńo | judźućo | judźudźo |
Progressive | judźudun | judźudu | judźud | judźuduńo | judźuduśo | judźudujo | ||
Imperfective | judźudnin | judźudni | judźund | judźudnińo | judźudniśo | judźudnijo | ||
Perfective | judźudźunne | judźudźuna | judźudźun | judźudźunńo | judźudźuńśo | judźudźuńo | ||
Future | judźuddan | judźuddā | judźudda | judźuddāńo | judźuddāśo | judźuddājo | ||
Indirect order | Present | judźutfenz | judźutfeza | judźutfes | judźutfezńo | judźutfeśo | judźutfeźo | |
Progressive | judźutfezun | judźutfezu | judźutfez | judźutfezuńo | judźutfezuśo | judźutfezujo | ||
Imperfective | judźutfeznin | judźutfezni | judźutfeńdź | judźutfeznińo | judźutfezniśo | judźutfeznijo | ||
Perfective | judźutfeźunne | judźutfeźuna | judźutfeźun | judźutfeźunńo | judźutfeźuńśo | judźutfeźuńo | ||
Future | judźutfezdan | judźutfezdā | judźutfezda | judźutfezdāńo | judźutfezdāśo | judźutfezdājo | ||
Yes/No interrogative | Present | jutćint | jutćita | jutćit | jutćidńo | jutćićo | jutćijo | |
Progressive | jutćitun | jutćitu | jutćit | jutćituńo | jutćituśo | jutćitujo | ||
Imperfective | jutćidnin | jutćidni | jutćińć | jutćidnińo | jutćidniśo | jutćidnijo | ||
Perfective | jutćićunne | jutćićuna | jutćićun | jutćićunńo | jutćićiśo | jutćićijo | ||
Future | jutćiddan | jutćiddā | jutćidda | jutćiddāńo | jutćiddāśo | jutćiddājo | ||
Wh-interrogative | Present | juteun | jutewa | juteu | juteuńo | juteuśo | juteujo | |
Progressive | jutēun | jutēwa | jutēu | jutēuńo | jutēwśo | jutēujo | ||
Imperfective | juteunin | juteuni | juteuń | juteunińo | juteuniśo | juteunijo | ||
Perfective | juteujunne | juteujuna | juteujun | juteujunńo | juteujuńśo | juteujuńo | ||
Future | juteudan | juteudā | juteuda | juteudāńo | juteudāśo | juteudājo |
Verbs of motion[]
Shataranjan does not have a verb that covers the function of "to go" in all of its senses, instead the manner by which the action is carried out must be specified by the type of the verb.
Shataranjan verb | English translation |
---|---|
nār | to walk |
dā | to run |
fetʼ | to sail |
Classifiers[]
Shataranjan has inherited Old Shataranjan's system of classifiers. A classifier takes case marking that would normally be placed on the noun, while the noun itself takes a partitive case ending.
Classifier | Usage |
---|---|
niŋ | generic |
zeu | people (Shataranjans) |
łuŋ | soldiers |
nī | large animals |
rīs | small animals |
čār | weapons/tools |
xim | livable buildings |
dles | tribes, villages |
cāu | flat objects |
wort | plants |
meu | groups of living beings |
nōn | groups of smaller objects |
bi | written documents |
Lexicon[]
Most words in Shataranjan are formed by derivation and compounding, however sometimes new meanings are given to a word by applying a classifier different from the one commonly used to it.
Shataranjan has obtained numerous loanwords from substrate languages that used to be spoken in the territories of the Empire. It has also been influenced by Urasranamah vocabulary, having a substantial amount of loanwords from that literary language.
Example text[]
Miscellaneous[]