No edit summary |
No edit summary |
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Line 113: | Line 113: | ||
!Trill |
!Trill |
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| |
| |
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− | |r |
+ | |r |
| |
| |
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| |
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Line 121: | Line 121: | ||
| |
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|} |
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+ | *All consonants can occur as geminates and there are many minimal pairs. |
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===Vowels=== |
===Vowels=== |
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Line 204: | Line 205: | ||
! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Rr |
! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Rr |
||
! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Ṙṙ |
! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Ṙṙ |
||
⚫ | |||
! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Ss |
! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Ss |
||
! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|<span style="font-weight:bold;">Ṡṡ</span> |
! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|<span style="font-weight:bold;">Ṡṡ</span> |
||
! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Tt |
! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Tt |
||
⚫ | |||
|- |
|- |
||
| style="text-align:center;"|/n/ |
| style="text-align:center;"|/n/ |
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Line 215: | Line 216: | ||
| style="text-align:center;"| /ɻ/ |
| style="text-align:center;"| /ɻ/ |
||
| style="text-align:center;"|/r/ |
| style="text-align:center;"|/r/ |
||
⚫ | |||
| style="text-align:center;"|/s/ |
| style="text-align:center;"|/s/ |
||
| style="text-align:center;"|/ʂ/ |
| style="text-align:center;"|/ʂ/ |
||
| style="text-align:center;"|/t/ |
| style="text-align:center;"|/t/ |
||
⚫ | |||
|- |
|- |
||
⚫ | |||
! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Uu |
! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Uu |
||
! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Ww |
! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Ww |
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Line 228: | Line 228: | ||
! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Żż |
! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Żż |
||
! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|' |
! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|' |
||
⚫ | |||
! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"| |
! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"| |
||
! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"| |
! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
⚫ | |||
| style="text-align:center;"|/u/ /w/ |
| style="text-align:center;"|/u/ /w/ |
||
| style="text-align:center;"|/ɯ/ |
| style="text-align:center;"|/ɯ/ |
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Line 239: | Line 239: | ||
| style="text-align:center;"|/ɮ/ |
| style="text-align:center;"|/ɮ/ |
||
| style="text-align:center;"|/ʔ/ |
| style="text-align:center;"|/ʔ/ |
||
⚫ | |||
| style="text-align:center;"| |
| style="text-align:center;"| |
||
| style="text-align:center;"| |
| style="text-align:center;"| |
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Line 275: | Line 276: | ||
! scope="row"|1SG |
! scope="row"|1SG |
||
| style="text-align:center;"|a |
| style="text-align:center;"|a |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;"|sy |
| style="text-align:center;"|k'a |
| style="text-align:center;"|k'a |
||
|- |
|- |
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Line 295: | Line 296: | ||
! scope="row"|2PL |
! scope="row"|2PL |
||
| style="text-align:center;"|se |
| style="text-align:center;"|se |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;"|zi |
| style="text-align:center;"|t'e |
| style="text-align:center;"|t'e |
||
|- |
|- |
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Line 332: | Line 333: | ||
|- |
|- |
||
! scope="row"|Inceptive |
! scope="row"|Inceptive |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;"|sanu |
|beginning of a new action |
|beginning of a new action |
||
|- |
|- |
||
Line 340: | Line 341: | ||
|- |
|- |
||
! scope="row"|Terminative |
! scope="row"|Terminative |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;"|uu |
|end of an action/state |
|end of an action/state |
||
|- |
|- |
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Line 356: | Line 357: | ||
|- |
|- |
||
! scope="row"|Intentional |
! scope="row"|Intentional |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;"|naio |
|the action was intentional |
|the action was intentional |
||
|- |
|- |
||
Line 388: | Line 389: | ||
! scope="row"|Conditional |
! scope="row"|Conditional |
||
| style="text-align:center;"|tho |
| style="text-align:center;"|tho |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;"|ca |
| style="text-align:center;"|event is dependant upon another conditional |
| style="text-align:center;"|event is dependant upon another conditional |
||
|- |
|- |
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Line 398: | Line 399: | ||
! scope="row"|Desiderative |
! scope="row"|Desiderative |
||
| style="text-align:center;"|iu |
| style="text-align:center;"|iu |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;"|dy |
| style="text-align:center;"|expresses desires or hopes |
| style="text-align:center;"|expresses desires or hopes |
||
|- |
|- |
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Line 421: | Line 422: | ||
| style="text-align:center;"|visible to speaker (but not necessarily to adressee) |
| style="text-align:center;"|visible to speaker (but not necessarily to adressee) |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | ! scope="row"| |
+ | ! scope="row"|pai |
| style="text-align:center;"|invisible to speaker |
| style="text-align:center;"|invisible to speaker |
||
|- |
|- |
||
Line 427: | Line 428: | ||
| style="text-align:center;"|visible to adressee only |
| style="text-align:center;"|visible to adressee only |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | ! scope="row"| |
+ | ! scope="row"|lla |
| style="text-align:center;"|invisible to both speaker and adressee |
| style="text-align:center;"|invisible to both speaker and adressee |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | ! scope="row"| |
+ | ! scope="row"|iansa |
| style="text-align:center;"|abstract noun |
| style="text-align:center;"|abstract noun |
||
|} |
|} |
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Line 464: | Line 465: | ||
| style="text-align:center;"|out of water |
| style="text-align:center;"|out of water |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | ! scope="row"| |
+ | ! scope="row"|syṙi |
| style="text-align:center;"|encircling an object |
| style="text-align:center;"|encircling an object |
||
|- |
|- |
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Line 479: | Line 480: | ||
| style="text-align:center;"|off of a horizontal surface |
| style="text-align:center;"|off of a horizontal surface |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | ! scope="row"|c' |
+ | ! scope="row"|c'asai |
| style="text-align:center;"|through something |
| style="text-align:center;"|through something |
||
|- |
|- |
||
Line 511: | Line 512: | ||
| style="text-align:center;"|cylindrical object |
| style="text-align:center;"|cylindrical object |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | ! scope="row"| |
+ | ! scope="row"|issa |
| style="text-align:center;"|edible objects |
| style="text-align:center;"|edible objects |
||
|- |
|- |
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Line 517: | Line 518: | ||
| style="text-align:center;"|non-edible plantlife |
| style="text-align:center;"|non-edible plantlife |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | ! scope="row"| |
+ | ! scope="row"|wio |
| style="text-align:center;"|liquid (or container of) |
| style="text-align:center;"|liquid (or container of) |
||
|- |
|- |
||
Line 530: | Line 531: | ||
|} |
|} |
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===Nouns=== |
===Nouns=== |
||
+ | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" |
||
⚫ | |||
+ | ! scope="col"|case |
||
+ | ! scope="col"|definiteness-number |
||
+ | ! scope="col"|posessive prefix |
||
+ | ! scope="col"|stem |
||
⚫ | |||
Nouns in Shinsali are inflected as well as verbs. Nouns decline for 5 cases, definiteness, plurality, and take on prefixes for posession. |
Nouns in Shinsali are inflected as well as verbs. Nouns decline for 5 cases, definiteness, plurality, and take on prefixes for posession. |
||
====Noun cases==== |
====Noun cases==== |
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|- |
|- |
||
! scope="row"|Nominative |
! scope="row"|Nominative |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;"|∅- |
||
⚫ | |||
|- |
|- |
||
! scope="row"|Accusative |
! scope="row"|Accusative |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;"|at- |
||
⚫ | |||
|- |
|- |
||
! scope="row"|Genitive |
! scope="row"|Genitive |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;"|off- |
||
⚫ | |||
|- |
|- |
||
! scope="row"|Dative |
! scope="row"|Dative |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;"|is- |
||
⚫ | |||
|- |
|- |
||
! scope="row"|Prepositional |
! scope="row"|Prepositional |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;"|ym- |
||
⚫ | |||
|} |
|} |
||
====Definiteness and plurality==== |
====Definiteness and plurality==== |
||
− | Definiteness and plurality are indicated fusionally in a single prefix. |
+ | Definiteness and plurality are indicated fusionally in a single prefix. If a posessive prefix is used alongside a plural prefix, the definite prefix is used. |
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" |
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" |
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|- |
|- |
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Line 560: | Line 568: | ||
|- |
|- |
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! scope="row"|Indefinite singular |
! scope="row"|Indefinite singular |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;"|∅- |
||
⚫ | |||
|- |
|- |
||
! scope="row"|Definite singular |
! scope="row"|Definite singular |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;"|tam- |
||
⚫ | |||
|- |
|- |
||
! scope="row"|Indefinite plural |
! scope="row"|Indefinite plural |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;"|on- |
||
⚫ | |||
|- |
|- |
||
! scope="row"|Definite plural |
! scope="row"|Definite plural |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;"|wn- |
||
⚫ | |||
|} |
|} |
||
====Posessive Prefixes==== |
====Posessive Prefixes==== |
||
Line 578: | Line 586: | ||
|- |
|- |
||
! scope="row"|1SG |
! scope="row"|1SG |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;"|zam- |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | ! scope="row"|2SG |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;"|ais- |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | ! scope="row"|3SG |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;"|uyr- |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | ! scope="row"|1PL |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;"|ial- |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | ! scope="row"|2PL |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;"|ṅaz- |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | ! scope="row"|3PL |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;"|ap- |
||
+ | |} |
||
⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
+ | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table article-table-selected" |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | ! scope="row"| |
||
+ | ! scope="col"|NOM |
||
+ | ! scope="col"|ACC |
||
+ | ! scope="col"|DAT |
||
+ | ! scope="col"|GEN |
||
+ | ! scope="col"|PRP |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | ! scope="row"|1SG |
||
⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
! scope="row"|2SG |
! scope="row"|2SG |
||
⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
+ | | |
||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
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! scope="row"|3SG |
! scope="row"|3SG |
||
+ | | |
||
+ | | |
||
+ | | |
||
+ | | |
||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
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! scope="row"|1PL |
! scope="row"|1PL |
||
+ | | |
||
+ | | |
||
+ | | |
||
+ | | |
||
| |
| |
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|- |
|- |
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! scope="row"|2PL |
! scope="row"|2PL |
||
+ | | |
||
+ | | |
||
+ | | |
||
+ | | |
||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
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! scope="row"|3PL |
! scope="row"|3PL |
||
+ | | |
||
+ | | |
||
+ | | |
||
+ | | |
||
| |
| |
||
|} |
|} |
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⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
==Vocabulary== |
==Vocabulary== |
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Revision as of 02:13, 30 August 2014
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|
Shinsali Icwlatam | |||
---|---|---|---|
Type | |||
Agglutinative-Polysynthetic | |||
Alignment | |||
Nominative-Accusative | |||
Head direction | |||
Final | |||
Tonal | |||
No | |||
Declensions | |||
Yes | |||
Conjugations | |||
Yes | |||
Genders | |||
No | |||
Nouns decline according to... | |||
Case | Number | ||
Definiteness | Gender | ||
Verbs conjugate according to... | |||
Voice | Mood | ||
Person | Number | ||
Tense | Aspect |
General information
Phonology
Consonants
Labial | Central Alveolar | Lateral Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Pharyngeal | Glottal | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ɳ | ŋ | ||||
Plosive | p pʰ pʼ b | t tʰ tʼ d | ʈ ʈʰ ʈʼ ɖ | k kʰ kʼ g | ʔ | |||
Fricative | f | s z | ɬ ɮ | ʂ | x | ħ ʕ | h | |
Affricate | t͡s t͡sʰ t͡sʼ d͡z | ʈ͡ʂ ʈ͡ʂʰ ʈ͡ʂʼ | k͡x | |||||
Approximant | l | ɻ | j | w | ||||
Trill | r |
- All consonants can occur as geminates and there are many minimal pairs.
Vowels
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | i | ɯ u | |
Mid | ə | ||
Open-mid | ɛ | ɔ | |
Open | a |
Vowels can form closing and opening diphthongs with /j/ and /w/.
Alphabet
Aa | Bb | Cc | Ċċ | Dd | Ḍḍ | Ee | Ff | Gg | Ġġ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
/a/ | /b/ | /t͡s/ | /ʈ͡ʂ/ | /d/ | /ɖ/ | /ɛ/ | /f/ | /g/ | /ʕ/ |
Hh | Ḥḥ | Ii | Jj | Kk | Ḳḳ | Ll | Ḷḷ | Mm | Ṁṁ |
/h/ | /ħ/ | /i/ /j/ | /d͡z/ | /k/ | /k͡x/ | /l/ | /ɬ/ | /m/ | /ɳ/ |
Nn | Ṅṅ | Oo | Pp | Rr | Ṙṙ | Ss | Ṡṡ | Tt | Ṭṭ |
/n/ | /ŋ/ | /ɔ/ | /p/ | /ɻ/ | /r/ | /s/ | /ʂ/ | /t/ | /ʈ/ |
Uu | Ww | Xx | Yy | Zz | Żż | ' | |||
/u/ /w/ | /ɯ/ | /x/ | /ə/ | /z/ | /ɮ/ | /ʔ/ |
Aspiration is marked with with ‹h› and ejective consonants are marked with ‹'›, both following the basic glyph. Consonants that can be written preceeding both of ‹h› or ‹'› are ‹p c ċ k t ṭ›.
Phonotactics
The syllable structure is simple (C)(L/A)V(C). There are no consonant clusters other than syllble-initial consonant-liquid/approximant clusters. However, some consonant clusters never occur such as alveolar-retroflex or vice versa and pharyngeal consonants with a liquid or resonant.
Grammar
Verbs
Shinsali verbs are very complex. They are aspect- and mood-heavy, but have no morphological tense. Verbs of motion, as with many languages, are more complex than other verbs. In Shinsali, verbs of motion indicate deictic information as well as indicating the shape of the object in motion. Verbs are almost exlusively prefixing but verbs of motion take on suffixes to indicate other infomation, such as deictal suffixes and a suffix indicating the shape of the object in motion. The deictal prefixes are used to denote the relation of the speaker and the subject.
subject | direct object | object | aspect | mood | deictal prefixes | stem | deictal suffixes | shape suffix |
---|
Pronominal Prefixes
If there is a third-person suffix there must be a deictal prefix that indicates the relation of the speaker and a third-person object unless the object is invisible to the speaker and the adressee(s). There are standalone pronouns but they are only used with prepositions.
Nominative | Dative | Accusative | |
---|---|---|---|
1SG | a | sy | k'a |
2SG | o | ja | le |
3SG | uo | ṁa | cw |
1PL | w | ny | to |
2PL | se | zi | t'e |
3PL | i | p'a | cha |
Aspect prefixes
Infix | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
Imperfective | ∅ | ongoing nature |
Perfective | no | viewed as a simple whole |
Progressive | la | viewed as ongoing and evolving |
Stative | iu | viewed as ongoing but not evolving |
Momentaneous | ro | takes place at one point in time |
Inceptive | sanu | beginning of a new action |
Inochiative | ḷe | begininng of a new state |
Terminative | uu | end of an action/state |
Repetitive | gi | the action is repeated |
Conative | ta | attempted action |
Defective | my | the action almost happened |
Intentional | naio | the action was intentional |
Accidental | ċha | the action was an accident |
Imminent | t'a | the action will happen for sure |
Mood prefixes
Moods in Shinsali are unique in that every mood has a negative form, for example, the negative indicative translates to "not" in English, the negative imperative translates to "Don't ___!", and so on. However, there is no negative dubitative mood.
Positive | Negative | Meaning | |
---|---|---|---|
Indicative | ∅ | kai | factual statements |
Imperative | niza | sat'a | commands |
Conditional | tho | ca | event is dependant upon another conditional |
Subjunctive | roi | jw | hypothetical statements, polite requests |
Desiderative | iu | dy | expresses desires or hopes |
Dubitative | siu | - | expresses doubt |
Interrogative | ia | ija | questions |
Deictal prefixes
Deictal prefixes indicate the relation of a third-person subject to the speaker and are only used in the precense of a third-person subject.
Prefix | Meaning |
---|---|
c'o | visible to speaker (but not necessarily to adressee) |
pai | invisible to speaker |
uaka | visible to adressee only |
lla | invisible to both speaker and adressee |
iansa | abstract noun |
Verb stem
The verb stem in the most simple part of a Shinsali verb. Multiple verbs in a list (ex: ____ and ____ and _____) or structures like (verb) to (verb) (such as ask to leave, need to cry, etc) are stacked serially in one verbal construction. Stative verbs also act as adjectives (e.g. to be blue, to be good).
Deictal suffixes
Deictal suffixes are only used on verbs of motion and indicate motion. If any of these suffixes "take" an object, it goes in the prepositional case.
Suffix | Meaning |
---|---|
kra | motion towards speaker |
zuo | motion towards adressee |
ṁau | motion away from speaker |
kiy | motion away from adressee |
iukoza | motion around the proximal area |
ranta | into water |
naiwa | out of water |
syṙi | encircling an object |
t'asu | onto a vertical surface |
kha | off of a vertical surface |
kolmy | onto a horizontal surface |
gau | off of a horizontal surface |
c'asai | through something |
jaia | across something |
gwnla | upward or up something |
ḳalyni | downward or down something |
uażni | from one area to another |
Object shape suffixes
These are used for what is in motion. For example, in the sentence "i run" an animate classifier would be used because the object in motion is a first-person speaker. Sometimes they are used in place of an object if specifying it is unnecessary.
Suffix | Description |
---|---|
sit | human |
(y)n | animate object other than humans |
altan | cylindrical object |
issa | edible objects |
akua | non-edible plantlife |
wio | liquid (or container of) |
es | weapon |
asok | clothing or covering |
akṙe | man-made object |
Nouns
case | definiteness-number | posessive prefix | stem |
---|
Nouns in Shinsali are inflected as well as verbs. Nouns decline for 5 cases, definiteness, plurality, and take on prefixes for posession.
Noun cases
Prefix | |
---|---|
Nominative | ∅- |
Accusative | at- |
Genitive | off- |
Dative | is- |
Prepositional | ym- |
Definiteness and plurality
Definiteness and plurality are indicated fusionally in a single prefix. If a posessive prefix is used alongside a plural prefix, the definite prefix is used.
Prefix | |
---|---|
Indefinite singular | ∅- |
Definite singular | tam- |
Indefinite plural | on- |
Definite plural | wn- |
Posessive Prefixes
Prefix | |
---|---|
1SG | zam- |
2SG | ais- |
3SG | uyr- |
1PL | ial- |
2PL | ṅaz- |
3PL | ap- |
Pronouns
Shinsali has standalone pronouns, but they are rarely used outside of the genitive and prepositional cases due to pronominal indication on verbs. However, they are commonly used alongside pronominal prefixes for emphasis.
NOM | ACC | DAT | GEN | PRP | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1SG | |||||
2SG | |||||
3SG | |||||
1PL | |||||
2PL | |||||
3PL |